41-524: Pietro Badoglio, 1st Duke of Addis Abeba , 1st Marquess of Sabotino ( US : / b ə ˈ d oʊ l j oʊ / bə- DOH -lyoh , Italian: [ˈpjɛːtro baˈdɔʎʎo] ; 28 September 1871 – 1 November 1956), was an Italian general during both World Wars and the first viceroy of Italian East Africa . With the fall of the Fascist regime in Italy , he became Prime Minister of Italy . Badoglio
82-480: A chitet , the traditional mustering of the provincial levies in Begemder. Ras Kassa raised an army of 160,000 men. Ras Kassa's oldest son, Dejazmach Wondosson Kassa , was Shum of Begemder. With one-third of this total number, Ras Kassa, along with sons Aberra Kassa , Asfawossen Kassa , and Wondosson Kassa, moved north to link up with Ras Seyum in the area around Abbi Addi . In Debra Markos ,
123-507: A lieutenant general , was named as vice-chief of staff ( sottocapo di stato maggiore ) despite being one of those mainly responsible for the disaster during the Battle of Caporetto on 24 October 1917. With regard to the Battle of Caporetto, although he was blamed in various quarters for his disposition of the forces under his command before the battle, a commission of inquiry rejected most of
164-653: A bloodless occupation of the holy capital of Axum . The old Fascist entered the city riding triumphantly on a white horse. However, the invading Italians he commanded looted the Obelisk of Axum and, in 1937, it was taken to Rome. Meanwhile, the Ethiopians had mobilized on the northern front. On 17 October, for four hours in Addis Ababa the 70,000 strong Mahel Safari jogged past the Emperor. The Mahel Safari
205-664: A lieutenant ( tenente ) in artillery . Badoglio was involved in the First Italo-Ethiopian War and the Italo-Turkish War . At the beginning of Italian participation in the First World War , he was a lieutenant colonel ( tenente colonnello ); he rose to the rank of major general following his handling of the capture of Monte Sabotino in May 1916 and by the late months of 1917, by now already
246-479: A vital part (with Rodolfo Graziani , deputy governor of Cyrenaica) in defeating the Libyan Resistance by waging a near-genocidal campaign. On 20 June 1930, Badoglio wrote to Graziani: "As for overall strategy, it is necessary to create a significant and clear separation between the controlled population and the rebel formations. I do not hide the significance and seriousness of this measure, which might be
287-472: The comune of his birth, Grazzano Badoglio , on 1 November 1956. Duke of Addis Abeba Duke of Addis Abeba ( Italian : Duca di Addis Abeba ) was a hereditary title in the Italian nobility which was bestowed at the Italian conquest of Ethiopia as a victory title by King Victor Emmanuel III for Marshal Pietro Badoglio after he led Italian troops into Addis Ababa on May 5, 1936 in
328-659: The First Italo–Ethiopian War and now that historic defeat was " avenged ". But, in 1935, the Italian capture of Adwa was accomplished with almost no Ethiopian resistance. Haile Selassie had ordered Ras Seyum Mangasha , the commander of the Ethiopian Army of Tigre , to withdraw a day's march away from the Mareb River . Later, he ordered Ras Seyum and Dejazmach Haile Selassie Gugsa , also in
369-649: The Italian armistice with the Allies in Cassibile on behalf of Badoglio, who was named Prime Minister of Italy . Wary of the potentially hostile German response to the Armistice, Badoglio hesitated to formally announce the treaty. On 8 September 1943, the armistice document was published by the Allies in the Badoglio Proclamation , and Badoglio had not informed the Italian armed forces. The units of
410-605: The March of the Iron Will . On the May 5, 1936, Benito Mussolini declared Victor Emmanuel III the new Emperor of Ethiopia and Ethiopia an Italian province . On the same occasion, Marshal Badoglio was appointed the first Viceroy of Ethiopia and made "Duke of Addis Abeba" by the King. De Bono%27s invasion of Abyssinia Italian victory [REDACTED] Italy De Bono's invasion of Ethiopia took place during
451-575: The Mareb River and advanced into Ethiopia from Eritrea without a Declaration of War . In response to the Italian invasion, Ethiopia declared war on Italy. At this point in the campaign, roadways represented a serious drawback for the Italians as they crossed into Ethiopia. On the Italian side, roads had been constructed right up to the border. On the Ethiopian side, these roads often transitioned into vaguely defined paths. General Emilio De Bono
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#1732773191297492-465: The victory title of Duke of Addis Abeba ad personam. On 11 June 1936, Rodolfo Graziani replaced Badoglio as viceroy and governor-general of Ethiopia. Badoglio returned to his duties as supreme chief of the Italian general staff. According to Time magazine, Badoglio even joined the Fascist Party in early June. Badoglio was chief of staff from 1925 to 1940, and had the final say on
533-487: The "southern front". Initially he had two divisions and a variety of smaller units under his command. Soon after De Bono advanced from Eritrea, Graziani would advance into Ethiopia from Somaliland with a force of Italians, Somalis, Eritreans, and Libyans. On 5 October, the I Corps took Adigrat and, by 6 October 1935, Adwa was captured by the II Corps. In 1896, Adwa was the site of a humiliating Italian defeat during
574-488: The Bedouin rebels in the desert. On 24 January 1932 (the third anniversary of his appointment), Badoglio proclaimed the end of Libyan resistance for the first time since the Italian invasion in 1911. On 3 October 1935, because the progress of De Bono's invasion of Abyssinia was judged by Mussolini to be too slow, Badoglio, who had in the meantime launched an epistolary campaign against Emilio de Bono , replaced de Bono as
615-468: The Eritrean Corps captured Mek'ele , Haile Selassie Gugsa's capital in eastern Tigre. This proved to be the limit of how far the Italian invaders would get under the command of De Bono. Increasing pressure from the rest of the world on Mussolini caused him to need fast glittering victories. He was not prepared to hear of obstacles or delays from De Bono. On 16 November, De Bono was promoted to
656-608: The Ethiopian armies confronting him on the northern front. He commanded the Italian invasion army at the First Battle of Tembien , the Battle of Amba Aradam , the Second Battle of Tembien , and the Battle of Shire . On 31 March 1936, Badoglio defeated Emperor Haile Selassie commanding the last Ethiopian army on the northern front at the Battle of Maychew . On 26 April, with no Ethiopian resistance left between his forces and Addis Ababa , Badoglio launched his " March of
697-556: The Iron Will " to take the Ethiopian capital city and end the war. By 2 May, Haile Selassie had fled the country. On 5 May 1936, Marshal Badoglio led the victorious Italian troops into Addis Ababa. Mussolini declared King Victor Emmanuel to be the Emperor of Ethiopia , and Ethiopia became part of the Italian Empire . On this occasion, Badoglio was appointed the first viceroy and governor general of Ethiopia and ennobled with
738-473: The Italian Royal Army, Royal Navy, and Royal Air Force were generally surprised by the change and unprepared for German actions to disarm them. In the early hours of the following day, 9 September 1943, Badoglio, King Victor Emmanuel, some military ministers, and the chief of the general staff escaped to Pescara and Brindisi seeking Allied protection. On 29 September 1943, the longer version of
779-658: The United States, which was not a member of the League (the British and French wanted to keep Mussolini on side in the event of war with Germany, which by 1935 was looking like a distinct possibility). In an effort to find compromise, the Hoare-Laval Plan was drafted (which essentially handed 3/5ths of Ethiopia to the Italians without Ethiopia's consent on the condition the war ended immediately), but when news of
820-454: The area, to move back fifty-five and thirty-five miles from the border. On 7 October, the League of Nations declared Italy the aggressor and started the slow process of imposing sanctions . However, these sanctions did not extend to several vital materials, such as oil. The British and French argued that if they refused to sell oil to the Italians, the Italians would then simply get it from
861-663: The armistice was signed in Malta . On 13 October, Badoglio and the Kingdom of Italy officially declared war on Nazi Germany . Badoglio continued to head the government for another nine months. Due to increased tensions with the Soviet Union , the British government saw Badoglio as a guarantor of an anti-communist post-war Italy. Consequently, Badoglio was never tried for Italian war crimes committed in Africa. Badoglio died in
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#1732773191297902-462: The capital of Gojjam Province , Ras Imru Haile Selassie raised an army of 25,000. He moved north into the area around Shire . In Semien and Wolkait, Fitawrari Ayalew Birru was already threatening the Eritrean frontier with 10,000 mountaineers. De Bono's advance continued methodically, deliberately, and, to the consternation of Mussolini, somewhat slowly. On 8 November, the I Corps and
943-523: The commander. Badoglio asked for and was given permission to use chemical weapons , using the torture and murder of downed Italian pilot Tito Minniti during the Ethiopian "Christmas Offensive" as a pretext for doing so. British historian Sir Ian Kershaw wrote the "barbarous initiatives in the conduct of the war in Ethiopia " came as a rule from the military elite rather than from Mussolini himself. Badoglio employed mustard gas to effectively destroy
984-575: The criticisms made upon him. In the years after the First World War, in which he held several high posts in the Regio Esercito , Badoglio exerted a constant effort in modifying official documents in order to hide his role in the defeat. After the war, Badoglio was named as a senator , but also remained in the army with special assignments to Romania and the U.S. in 1920 and 1921. At first, he opposed Benito Mussolini and after 1922
1025-491: The deal was leaked public outrage was such that the British and French governments were forced to wash their hands of the whole affair. On 11 October, Dejazmach Haile Selassie Gugsa and 1,200 of his followers surrendered to the commander of the Italian outpost at Adagamos. De Bono notified Rome and the Ministry of Information promptly exaggerated the importance of the surrender for propaganda purposes. Haile Selassie Gugsa
1066-663: The entire structure of the Armed Forces, including doctrine, selection of officers, and armaments, influencing the whole military environment. He did not oppose the decision of Mussolini and the King to declare war on France and Great Britain. Following the Italian army's poor performance in the invasion of Greece in December 1940, he resigned from the General Staff. He was replaced by Ugo Cavallero . By early 1943, there
1107-702: The opening stages of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War . Italian General Emilio De Bono invaded northern Ethiopia from staging areas in the Italian colony of Eritrea on what was known as the "northern front". Italian dictator Benito Mussolini had long held a desire for a new Italian Empire . Reminiscent of the Roman Empire , Mussolini's new empire was to rule over the Mediterranean and North Africa. His new empire would also avenge past Italian defeats. Chief among these defeats
1148-647: The pre-fascist era) in his cabinet. On 24 July 1943, as Italy had suffered several setbacks following the Allied invasion of Sicily in World War II , Mussolini summoned the Fascist Grand Council , which voted no confidence in Mussolini. The following day , Mussolini was removed from government by King Victor Emmanuel III and arrested. On 3 September 1943, General Giuseppe Castellano signed
1189-411: The rank of Marshal of Italy ( Maresciallo d'Italia ). But, in December, he was replaced on the northern front because of the slow, cautious nature of his advance. On 17 December, De Bono received State Telegram 13181 ( Telegrama di Stato 13181 ) which indicated that, with the capture of Makale, his mission was accomplished. He was replaced by Marshal Pietro Badoglio . Almost immediately, Badoglio
1230-400: The ruin of the subdued population ... But now the course has been set, and we must carry it out to the end, even if the entire population of Cyrenaica must perish." By 1931, well over half of the population of Cyrenaica were confined to 15 concentration camps where many died as a result of overcrowding (and lack of water, food and medicine) while Badoglio's air force used chemical weapons against
1271-407: The suppression of slavery . However, he was to write: "I am obliged to say that the proclamation did not have much effect on the owners of slaves and perhaps still less on the liberated slaves themselves. Many of the latter, the instant they were set free, presented themselves to the Italian authorities, asking 'And now who gives me food? ' " By 15 October, De Bono's forces moved on from Adwa for
Pietro Badoglio - Misplaced Pages Continue
1312-421: Was Emperor Haile Selassie's son-in-law. But less than a tenth of Haile Selassie Gugsa's army defected with him. Two weeks before the invasion, Haile Selassie had been warned that Haile Selassie Gugsa was not to be trusted and he was shown evidence that suggested that his son-in-law was already in the pay of the Italians. But the Emperor had shrugged it off. On 14 October, De Bono issued a proclamation ordering
1353-409: Was a widely-held belief among the military elite that Italy needed to sign an armistice in order to exit the war. Mussolini needed to be removed, as he was not willing to sign an armistice, nor were the Allies willing to sign an armistice with him. The two men considered to replace Mussolini were Marshal Badoglio and Marshal Enrico Caviglia . As Marshal Caviglia was one of the few Royal Army officers who
1394-446: Was an opportunist well known for his sycophancy towards those in power, which led the king to choose him as Mussolini's successor as he knew that Badoglio would do anything to have power whereas Caviglia had a reputation as a man of principle and honour. On 15 July 1943, in a secret meeting Victor Emmanuel told Badoglio that he would soon be sworn in as Italy's new prime minister and the king wanted no "ghosts" (i.e. liberal politicians from
1435-580: Was born in 1871. His father, Mario Badoglio, was a modest landowner, and his mother, Antonietta Pittarelli, was of middle-class background. On 5 October 1888 he was admitted to the Royal Military Academy in Turin . He received the rank of second lieutenant in 1890. In 1892, he finished his studies and was promoted to first lieutenant. After completing his studies, he served with the Regio Esercito (Italian Royal Army) from 1892, at first as
1476-582: Was considered to be militarily weak and rich in resources. In November 1932, per a request from Mussolini, De Bono wrote up a plan for an invasion of Ethiopia. What he wrote indicated that he envisioned a traditional mode of penetration. A limited force would move gradually southward from Eritrea. The force would establish bases of strength and, from these bases, advance against increasingly weakened and disorganized opponents. The invasion DeBono envisioned would be cheap, easy, safe and slow. At precisely 5:00 am on 3 October 1935, General Emilio De Bono crossed
1517-418: Was known to dislike Fascism, the king was unwilling to have him as prime minister. Victor Emmanuel wanted an officer who was committed to continuing the Fascist system, which led him to choose Badoglio who had faithfully served Mussolini and committed an array of atrocities in Ethiopia, but who had a grudge against Mussolini for making him the scapegoat for the failed invasion of Greece in 1940. Moreover, Badoglio
1558-587: Was led by Ras Mulugeta Yeggazu , the Minister of War. Ras Mulugeta and the Mahel Safari then moved out by foot along the "Imperial Highway" to Dessie . From Dessie, Ras Mulugeta moved his army slowly north towards Amba Aradam . The Mahel Safari halted along the way to raze villages and to flog the chiefs of the recalcitrant Azebu and Raya Oromo . In Gondar , the capital of Begemder Province , Ras Kassa Haile Darge of Shewa Province called
1599-442: Was side-lined by being sent to Brazil as ambassador. A political change of heart soon returned him to Italy and a senior role in the army, as chief of staff from 4 May 1925. On 25 June 1926, Badoglio was promoted to the rank of marshal of Italy ( maresciallo d'Italia ). Badoglio was the first sole governor of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica (later amalgamated as Italian Libya ) from 1929 to 1933. During his governorship, he played
1640-687: Was the Battle of Adwa which took place in Ethiopia on 1 March 1896. Mussolini promised the Italian people "a place in the sun", matching the extensive colonial empires of Britain and France . Ethiopia was a prime candidate of this expansionist goal for several reasons. Following the Scramble for Africa by the European imperialists, it was one of the few remaining independent African nations. Acquiring Ethiopia would serve to unify Italian-held Eritrea and Italian Somaliland . In addition, Ethiopia
1681-590: Was the commander-in-chief of all Italian armed forces in East Africa. In addition, he was the commander-in-chief of the forces invading from Eritrea , the "northern front". De Bono had under his direct command a force of nine divisions in three Army Corps: The Italian I Corps, the Italian II Corps, and the Eritrean Corps. General Rodolfo Graziani was De Bono's subordinate. He was the commander-in-chief of forces invading from Italian Somaliland ,