Cebuan
39-660: The báhay kúbo , kubo , or payág (in the Visayan languages ), is a type of stilt house indigenous to the Philippines . Often serving as an icon of Philippine culture , its design heavily influenced the Spanish colonial-era bahay na bato architecture. The Filipino term báhay kúbo roughly means "country house", from Tagalog . The term báhay ("house") is derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *balay referring to "public building" or "community house"; while
78-535: A batalán ("wet area" or "pantaw") distinct from other sections of the house—usually jutting out somewhat from one of the walls. Sometimes at the same level as the living area and sometimes at ground level, the batalán can contain any combination of cooking and dishwashing area, bathing area and, in some cases, a lavatory. Batalán used for cooking and washing dishes were known as banggéra in Philippine Spanish (also bánggerahán or pingganan ). It
117-936: A community with most population of Austronesian origin, each having their own distinct traditions of Austronesian architecture, dating back even before the Hispanic period. They collectively evolved a style of construction that soon became synonymous with the lowland culture architecture known as bahay kubo . Appearance varies from simple huts , later known by the Americans as nipa huts, to mansions like bahay na bato . Architectural designs and furnishings varied from standard Filipino, Chinese, Americas, European to eclectic. The new community also setup made construction using heavier, more permanent materials desirable. Some of these materials included bricks, mortar, tiles and stone. Finding European construction styles impractical in local conditions, Spanish and Filipino builders quickly adapted
156-494: A number of reasons, the most important of which are to create a buffer area for rising waters during floods and to prevent pests such as rats from getting up to the living area. This section of the house is often used for storage, and sometimes for raising farm animals, and thus may or may not be fenced off. The main living area is designed to let in as much fresh air and natural light as possible. Smaller bahay kubo will often have bamboo slat floors which allow cool air to flow into
195-507: A rectangular plan that reflected the Hispano-American Antillean architectural style integrated with traditional Philippine style. Today these houses are more commonly called ancestral houses . The hut was typically made of local building materials found in nature such as wood, bamboo and cogon grass. Similar to modern Feng shui , vernacular and superstitious reasons for the materials are considered. The bahay kubo
234-617: A storm, bahay kubo structures are very "light and flexible"; they only seem to dance and sway through storms. This inspired him to emulate the flexibility of bahay kubo in 1879 when he built the first lighter building. In 1884, he built the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, the first metal-framed skyscraper in the United States. Because of this, he became known as "The Father of Modern American Skyscrapers", and
273-561: A wooden rod. Sliding windows are also common, made either with plain wood or with Capiz shell-panes which allow some light to enter the living area even with the windows closed. In more recent decades inexpensive jalousie windows became common. In larger examples, the large upper windows may be augmented with smaller windows called ventanillas (Spanish for "little window") underneath, which can be opened for ventilation to let in additional air on especially hot days. Some bahay kubo , especially those built for long-term residences, feature
312-565: Is a generalization of what a nipa hut would have looked like during the pre-colonial era: a house surrounded by locally cultivated plants. This does not take into account the early and diverse variants of native royalties, particularly those of the Mindanao region which has heavy Islamic architectural influences. American architect and engineer William Le Baron Jenney visited the Philippines for three months in 1850. He noticed that during
351-467: Is a mixture of native Filipino, and Spanish influences. During the 19th century, wealthy Filipinos built houses with solid stone foundations or brick lower walls, and overhanging. Wooden upper story/stories with balustrades. The ventanillas and capiz-shell sliding windows were both native Filipino influences on the design. The thatched nipa roof ( pawid ) is often replaced with Spanish-style curved clay tiles known as teja de curva . Bahay na bato had
390-769: Is an archipelago bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the south and west, the Gulf of Mexico to the northwest, and the Atlantic Ocean to the north and east. The Antillean islands are divided into two smaller groupings: the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles . The Greater Antilles includes the Cayman Islands and larger islands of Cuba , Hispaniola (subdivided into the nations of
429-653: Is an example of Austronesian architecture . Other examples of native Austronesian architecture in the Philippines also include structures like the fayu and katyufong of Bontoc; bale and abong of Ifugao; binayon of Kalinga; binangiyan of Kankanai; jin-jin of Ivatan; baley of the Matigsalug; binanwa of Ata; bolloy of Klata; baoy of Ovu-Manuvo; bale of the Bagobo Tagabawa; bong-gumne of Blaan; uyaanan of Mansaka; gunu-bong of T'boli; lawig, mala-a-walai, langgal , lamin and torogan of
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#1732780142508468-454: Is named after the bangá earthen water-jars which are placed on a jutting structure of spaced bamboo or wooden slats. A granary detached from the house where harvested rice is kept. The walls of the living area are made of light materials. Posts, walls, and floors are typically made of wood or bamboo and other light materials. The thatched roof is often made of nipa , anahaw or some other locally plentiful plant. Thus, making it easier for
507-656: The Dominican Republic and Haiti ) and Navassa Island , Jamaica , and Puerto Rico . The Lesser Antilles contains the northerly Leeward Islands and the southeasterly Windward Islands as well as the Leeward Antilles just north of Venezuela . The Lucayan Archipelago (consisting of The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands ), though a part of the West Indies , is generally not included among
546-593: The Gulf of Mexico . The Antilles were called multiple names before their current name became the norm. Early Spanish visitors called them the Windward Islands (today having a narrower definition ). They were also called the Forward Islands by 18th-century British. Thereafter, the term Antilles was commonly assigned to the formation, and "Sea of the Antilles" became a common alternative name for
585-429: The bahay kubo is tall and steeply pitched, with an apex called the "angkub" and long eaves descending from it. A tall roof creates space above the living area through which warm air could rise, giving the bahay kubo a natural cooling effect even during the dry season. The steep pitch allows water to flow down quickly at the height of the monsoon season while the long eaves give people a limited space to move about around
624-658: The medieval charts , sometimes as an archipelago , sometimes as continuous land of greater or lesser extent, its location fluctuating in mid-ocean between the Canary Islands and India . After the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus 's expedition in what was later called the West Indies, the European powers realized that the dispersed lands constituted an extensive archipelago in the Caribbean Sea and
663-721: The Antillean islands. Geographically , the Antillean islands are generally considered a subregion of North America . Culturally speaking, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico – and sometimes the whole of the Antilles – are included in Latin America , although some sources use the phrase " Latin America and the Caribbean " instead (see Latin America , "In Contemporary Usage"). In terms of geology ,
702-593: The Bisayan language family but spoken natively in places outside of the Visayas do not use the self-reference Bisaya or Binisaya . To speakers of Cuyonon , Surigaonon , Butuanon and Tausug , the term Visayan usually refers to either Cebuano or Hiligaynon. There have been no proven accounts to verify the origins of Bisaya . However, there is an ethnic group in Malaysia and Brunei who call themselves with
741-633: The Bisayan languages. Over 30 languages constitute the Bisayan language family. The Bisayan language with the most speakers is Cebuano , spoken by 20 million people as a native language in Central Visayas , parts of Eastern Visayas , and most of Mindanao . Two other well-known and widespread Bisayan languages are Hiligaynon (Ilonggo) , spoken by 9 million in most of Western Visayas and Soccsksargen ; and Waray-Waray , spoken by 6 million in Eastern Visayas region. Prior to colonization,
780-732: The Greater Antilles are mostly made up of continental rock accreted on the North American Plate from relative movement of the Caribbean Plate . The Lesser Antilles are mostly young volcanic islands created by the Lesser Antilles subduction zone . The word Antilles originated in the period before the European colonization of the Americas , Antilia being one of those mysterious lands which figured on
819-596: The Home Insurance building would become the predecessor of all the modern skyscrapers in the world, showing how important the bahay kubo is in history. The bahay kubo also inspired architects such as Francisco Mañosa and Leandro Locsin by incorporating elements of the bahay na bato into their own designs especially seen in Cultural Center of the Philippines , National Arts Center , Coconut Palace , and Light Rail Transit stations . The bahay kubo
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#1732780142508858-702: The Maranao; bay-sinug of Tausug; lumah of Yakan; and others. Visayan languages Central Bisayan West Bisayan Asi South Bisayan Other legend The Bisayan languages or Visayan languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken in the Philippines . They are most closely related to Tagalog and the Bikol languages , all of which are part of the Central Philippine languages . Most Bisayan languages are spoken in
897-456: The characteristics of the bahay kubo and combined it with Spanish architectural style. Bahay na bato developed from the bahay kubo with noticeable Spanish influence. Its design evolved throughout the ages but maintained its nipa hut architectural roots. Its most common appearance is like that of stilt nipa hut that stands on Spanish style stone blocks or bricks as a foundation instead of wood or bamboo stilts. The bahay na bato , followed
936-546: The cold wet season. The cube shape distinctive of the bahay kubo arises from the fact that it is easiest to pre-build the walls and then attach them to the wooden stilt-posts that serve as the corners of the house. The construction of a bahay kubo is therefore usually modular, with the wooden stilts established first, a floor frame built next, then wall frames, and finally, the roof. Bahay kubo are typically built with large windows, to let in more air and natural light. The most traditional are large awning windows, held open by
975-405: The following internal classification for the Bisayan languages (Zorc 1977:32). The five primary branches are South, Cebuan, Central, Banton, and West. However, Zorc notes that the Bisayan language family is more like a dialect continuum rather than a set of readily distinguishable languages. The South Bisayan languages are considered to have diverged first, followed by Cebuan and then the rest of
1014-570: The following names and locations of Bisayan languages. The recently documented languages Karolanos , Magahat , and Kabalian are not listed in Zorc (1977). The following comparisons are from data gathered by Zorc (1997). siláng níang sa ílang David Zorc 's reconstruction of Proto-Bisayan had 15 consonants and 4 vowels (Zorc 1977:201). Vowel length, primary stress (penultimate and ultimate), and secondary stress (pre-penultimate) are also reconstructed by Zorc. Antillean The Antilles
1053-508: The house's exterior when it rains. The steep pitch of the roofs is often used to explain why many bahay kubo survived the ash fall from the Mt. Pinatubo eruption, when more 'modern' houses collapsed from the weight of the ash. Raised up on hardwood stilts which serve as the main posts of the house, bahay kubo have a silong (the Tagalog word also means "shadow") area under the living space for
1092-607: The living space from the silong below (in which case the silong is not usually used for items which produce strong smells). A bahay kubo may be built without an atip (ceiling) so that hot air can rise straight into the large area just beneath the roof and out through strategically placed vents. The walls are always of light material such as wood, bamboo rods, or bamboo mats called " amakan ", "sawali", or “kalakat” in Cebuano. As such, they tend to let some coolness flow naturally through them during hot times and keep warmth in during
1131-471: The materials made it easier to rebuild when damaged by a storm or earthquake. The advent of the Spanish colonial era introduced the idea of building more permanent communities around church and government centers. Christianized peoples such as the Tagalogs, Visayans, Ilocanos, Kapampangans, Bicolanos, Cagayanons, Mestizos, Criollos, Chinese and Japanese were send to live in the lowlands. This established
1170-468: The mid-1800s. A total of 36 varieties are listed below. Individual languages are marked by italics . The auxiliary language of Eskayan is grammatically Bisayan, but has essentially no Bisayan (or Philippine) vocabulary. Magahat and Karolanos , both spoken in Negros, are unclassified within Bisayan. Ethnologue classifies the 25 Bisayan languages into five subgroups: Zorc (1977: 14–15) lists
1209-424: The nipa hut's arrangements such as open ventilation and elevated apartments. It was popular among the elite or middle class and integrated the characteristics of the nipa hut with the style, culture, and technology of Spanish architecture . The differences between the two houses were their foundational materials. The bahay na bato was constructed out of brick and stone rather than the traditional bamboo materials. It
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1248-737: The nipa huts to be moved if needed. A nipa hut is an icon of Philippine culture as it represents the Filipino value of bayanihan , which refers to a spirit of communal unity or effort to achieve an objective. A famous folk song, " Bahay Kubo ", is often sung in schools, and is about a small house surrounded by vegetables, reading thus: Bahay kubo, kahit munti, ang halaman doon ay sari-sari: singkamas at talong , sigarilyas at mani , sitaw , bataw , patani , Kundol , patola , upo 't kalabasa , At saka mayroon pang labanos , mustasa , sibuyas , kamatis , bawang at luya . Sa paligid-ligid ay puno ng linga . The song
1287-464: The pre-hispanic period. Different architectural designs are present among each ethnolinguistic group in what is now the Philippines and throughout the Southeast Asia and Pacific as part of the whole Austronesian architecture. They were designed to endure the climate and environment of the Philippines. These structures were temporary, made from plant materials like bamboo. The accessibility of
1326-631: The same name . However, these ethnic groups in the Philippines must not be confused with those in Borneo . David Zorc lists the following innovations as features defining the Bisayan languages as a group (Zorc 1977:241). Tausug is noted to have diverged early from the group and may have avoided some sound changes that affected the others. ( Tag : ˈʔaː.raw) (Tag: ˈʔaː.sim) (Tag: ʔit.ˈlog) (Tag: ˈbaː.go) ( Naga : ˈʔal.daw) (Naga: ˈʔal.som) ( Iriga : ʔit.ˈlog) (ALL: ˈʔad.law) ( Kin : ˈʔas.ləm, Ceb : ˈʔas.lum) (MOST: ˈʔit.log) David Zorc gives
1365-608: The script and calligraphy of most of the Visayan peoples was the badlit , closely related to the Tagalog baybayin . Native speakers of most Bisayan languages, especially Cebuano , Hiligaynon and Waray , not only refer to their language by their local name, but also by Bisaya or Binisaya , meaning Bisayan language . This is misleading or may lead to confusion as different languages may be called Bisaya by their respective speakers despite their languages being mutually unintelligible . However, languages that are classified within
1404-478: The term kúbo ("hut" or "[one-room] country hut") is from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kubu, "field hut [in rice fields]". The term " nipa hut ", introduced during the Philippines' American colonial era , refers to the hut version of bahay kubo . While nipa leaves were the thatching ( pawid ) material often used for the roofs, not all bahay kubo are huts or used nipa materials. Distinction between each tribes and cultures' style may have been more visible during
1443-541: The three branches. Also, in the Visayas section, the province of Romblon has the most linguistic diversity, as languages from three primary Bisayan branches are spoken there: Romblomanon from Central Bisayan, Inunhan from Western Bisayan and Banton (which has an independent Bisayan branch). Notably, Baybayanon and Porohanon have Warayan substrata, indicating a more widespread distribution of Waray before Cebuano speakers started to expand considerably starting from
1482-519: The whole Visayas section of the country, but they are also spoken in the southern part of the Bicol Region (particularly in Masbate and Sorsogon where several dialects of Waray are spoken), islands south of Luzon , such as those that make up Romblon , most of the areas of Mindanao and the province of Sulu located southwest of Mindanao. Some residents of Metro Manila also speak one of
1521-635: Was elevated above ground or water on stilts as protection from pests, predators and floods, and usually consisted of one room where the whole family would dine, sleep and do other household activities; thus, access to the hut was by ladder. The roof was made of palm leaves smoked for waterproofing and consisted of long steep eaves to allow water to flow down more easily. The windows to the hut were large to allow cool air in. Similar conditions in Philippine lowland areas have led to characteristics "typical" of examples of bahay kubo . The traditional roof shape of
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