The Baja España Aragón , also known as the Baja Aragón or Spanish Baja , is a baja rally event held in the region of Aragón in northern Spain .
113-833: This event was launched in 1983, based on the popularity of the African Adventure rallies, such as the Dakar Rally and the Pharaons Rally . The event's creators, a group of French and Spanish enthusiasts, chose the desert of Monegros because of the scenery and availability of service infrastructure in Zaragoza . The first baja in Spain was called the Baja Montesblancos. In 1992, the Spanish Baja
226-526: A polygamist when he simultaneously married 27 women. The highly publicized wedding served many purposes: it marked the one-year anniversary of Kuti and his wives surviving the Nigerian government's attack on the Kalakuta Republic in 1977, and also formalized Kuti's relationships with the women living with him; this legal status prevented the Nigerian government from raiding Kuti's compound on
339-607: A Nigerian music genre that combines West African music with American funk and jazz . At the height of his popularity, he was referred to as one of Africa's most "challenging and charismatic music performers". AllMusic described him as "a musical and sociopolitical voice" of international significance. Kuti was the son of Nigerian women's rights activist Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti . After early experiences abroad, he and his band Africa '70 (featuring drummer and musical director Tony Allen ) shot to stardom in Nigeria during
452-463: A better life, against a bad life. When you're listening to something that depicts having a better life, and you're not having a better life, it must have an effect on you. Kuti was highly engaged in political activism in Africa from the 1970s until his death. He criticized the corruption of Nigerian government officials and the mistreatment of Nigerian citizens. He spoke of colonialism as the root of
565-613: A commanding officer's intervention as he was being beaten. Kuti's response to the attack was to deliver his mother's coffin to the Dodan Barracks in Lagos , General Olusegun Obasanjo 's residence, and to write two songs, "Coffin for Head of State" and "Unknown Soldier," referencing the official inquiry that claimed an unknown soldier had destroyed the commune. Kuti and his band took up residence in Crossroads Hotel after
678-401: A disconnected professor ( Richard Jenkins ) who wanted to play the djembe ; he learns from a young Syrian ( Haaz Sleiman ) who tells the professor he will never truly understand African music unless he listens to Fela. The film features clips of Kuti's "Open and Close" and " Je'nwi Temi (Don't Gag Me)". In 2008, an off-Broadway production about Kuti's life, entitled Fela! and inspired by
791-473: A hideout, a day after the fall of Kalakuta . The full-length documentary film Finding Fela , directed by Alex Gibney , premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival . A biographical film by Focus Features , directed by Steve McQueen and written by Biyi Bandele , was rumoured to be in production in 2010, with Chiwetel Ejiofor in the lead role. However, by 2014, the proposal was no longer produced under Focus Features, and while he maintained his role as
904-470: A live performance done in Berlin , West Germany . In 1983, Kuti nominated himself for president in Nigeria's first elections in decades, but his candidature was refused. At this time, Kuti created a new band, Egypt 80, which reflected the view that Egyptian civilization , knowledge, philosophy, mathematics, and religious systems are African and must be claimed as such. Kuti stated in an interview: "Stressing
1017-552: A madman's body"; in Nigerian Pidgin: "No be outside Buhari dey ee / na craze man be dat / animal in craze man skini." Kuti strongly believed in Africa and always preached peace among its people. He thought the most important way for them to fight European cultural imperialism was to support traditional religions and lifestyles in their continent. The American Black Power movement also influenced Kuti's political views; he supported Pan-Africanism and socialism and called for
1130-451: A more complex example, he mocks African women's aspiration to European standards of ladyhood while extolling the values of the market woman in "Lady". However, Kuti also critiqued what he considered aberrant displays of African masculinity. In his songs "J.J.D. (Johnny Just Drop)" and "Gentleman", Kuti mocks African men's culturally and politically inappropriate adoption of European standards and declares himself "African man: Original". Kuti
1243-550: A particularly grueling event. Pierre Lartigue took Citroën's second win in acrimonious circumstances, as Mitsubishi's leading drivers were forced to withdraw from exhaustion after traversing some particularly demanding sand dunes in the Mauritanian desert that the Citroën crews had opted to skip. Peterhansel's did not compete due to a disagreement between Yamaha and the race organizers over the regulations. Edi Orioli claimed
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#17327879699501356-474: A quick recording session in Los Angeles that would later be released as The '69 Los Angeles Sessions . After Kuti and his band returned to Nigeria, the group was renamed (the) Africa '70 as lyrical themes changed from love to social issues. He formed the Kalakuta Republic —a commune , recording studio, and home for many people connected to the band—which he later declared independent from
1469-640: A record deal with Arista records London through A&R Tarquin Gotch. The first album came out in February 1981 under the title of "Black President" with the track "ITT" and on the B-Side "Colonial Mentality" and an edited version of "Sorrow Tears and Blood" (these two tracks recorded with Africa 70 and Tony Allen were unreleased in Europe ). Following the release, Fela performed his first European tour (4 concerts in
1582-399: A rule change paved the way for Mitsubishi to take a fourth victory. Japan's Kenjiro Shinozuka became the first non-European to win the event. Peterhansel equalled Neveu's record of five motorcycle category wins in 1997, before going one better in 1998 , when the event returned to its traditional Paris-Dakar route. 1998, Dakar veteran Jean-Pierre Fontenay posted another win for Mitsubishi in
1695-565: A sense of Nigerian musician and activist Fela Kuti." — Herald Sun , February 2011 Kuti's lyrics expressed his inner thoughts. His rise in popularity throughout the 1970s signalled a change in the relation between music as an art form and Nigerian socio-political discourse. In 1984, he critiqued and insulted the authoritarian then-president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Muhammadu Buhari . "Beast of No Nation", one of his most popular songs, refers to Buhari as an "animal in
1808-409: A separate category in 1980, is made up of vehicles weighing more than 3,500 kg (7,716 lb). Trucks participating in the competition are subdivided into "Series Production" trucks (T4.1) and "Modified" trucks (T4.2), whilst Group T4.3 (formerly known as T5) trucks are rally support trucks – meaning they travel from bivouac to bivouac to support the competition vehicles. These were introduced to
1921-416: A testing ground and an opportunity to show off their vehicles' durability even though most vehicles are heavily modified from their production specification or purpose-built. For the 2005 rally regulations introduced a limit of 450cc for twin cylinder motorbikes. Single cylinder motorbikes were still open class with no capacity limit. As of 2011, the engine displacement limit for all motorbikes competing in
2034-511: A third title in the bikes category. The 1995 and 1996 events begin in the Spanish city of Granada , with Lartigue racking up wins for Citroën in both years. Peterhansel returned to take a fourth bikes category win in 1995, but lost to Orioli in 1996 because of refuelling problems. The 1997 rally ran exclusively in Africa for the first time, with the route running from Dakar to Agadez , Niger and back to Dakar. Citroën's withdrawal due to
2147-455: A united, democratic African republic. African leaders he supported during his lifetime include Kwame Nkrumah and Thomas Sankara . Kuti was a candid supporter of human rights , and many of his songs are direct attacks against dictatorships, specifically the militaristic governments of Nigeria in the 1970s and 1980s. He also criticized fellow Africans (especially the upper class) for betraying traditional African culture. In 1978 Kuti became
2260-504: A week) with a suite of 70 people. The tour starting in Paris on March 15, 1981, with a huge crowd estimated at 10000 people, then Brussels, Wien and Strasbourg. "Black President was followed by another album was recorded in Paris in july 1981: "Original Sufferhead", with "Power Show" on the B-side. Fela also recorded the track "Perambulator" in Paris. Arista gave his back freedom to Fela at
2373-684: Is Kuti's paternal grandfather and Soyinka's maternal great-grandfather. Kuti attended Abeokuta Grammar School . In 1958, he was sent to London to study medicine but decided to study music instead at the Trinity College of Music , with the trumpet being his preferred instrument. While there, he formed the band Koola Lobitos and played a fusion of jazz and highlife . The ensemble would include members, Bayo Martins on drums and Wole Bucknor on piano. In 1960, Kuti married his first wife, Remilekun (Remi) Taylor, with whom he had three children ( Yeni , Femi , and Sola). In 1963, Kuti moved back to
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#17327879699502486-504: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about sports in Spain is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Dakar Rally The Dakar Rally or simply " The Dakar " ( French : Le Rallye Dakar ou Le Dakar ), formerly known as the " Paris–Dakar Rally " (French: Le Rallye Paris-Dakar ), is an annual rally raid organised by the Amaury Sport Organisation . Most events since
2599-496: Is a key part of the sound, and is used to give basic structure, playing a repeating chordal/melodic statement, riff, or groove. Some elements often present in Kuti's music are the call-and-response within the chorus and figurative but simple lyrics. His songs were also very long, at least 10–15 minutes in length, and many reached 20 or 30 minutes, while some unreleased tracks would last up to 45 minutes when performed live. Their length
2712-431: Is also an "Open" category catering for vehicles conforming to SCORE International regulations. Mini have been the most successful marque in the car category in recent years, thanks to the efforts of the non-factory X-raid team, with limited involvement currently coming from Toyota , Ford and Haval . Several constructors also produce bespoke buggies for the event, most notably SMG and Damen Jefferies. Mitsubishi
2825-659: Is an off-road endurance event. The terrain that the competitors traverse is much tougher than that used in conventional rallying , and the vehicles used are typically true off-road vehicles and motorcycles , rather than modified on-road vehicles. Most of the competitive special sections are off-road, crossing dunes, mud, camel grass , rocks, and erg among others. The distances of each stage covered vary from short distances up to 800–900 kilometres (500–560 mi) per day. The rough terrain, driver fatigue, and lack of skill usually results in accidents and serious injuries. The Mediterranean Rally (also known as Algiers-Cape Town Rally )
2938-458: Is historically the most successful manufacturer in the car class, with Volkswagen , Citroën , Peugeot and Porsche having all tasted success in the past with factory teams. Jean-Louis Schlesser has also won the event twice with his Renault -supported buggies. Factory teams from Nissan and SEAT have also won stages, as has BMW , courtesy of the X-raid team. The Truck class, first run as
3051-586: Is not based on fastest time, but rather on regularity rally point scoring system. The class feature a reduced entry fee, yet the same rules and fees apply for the assistance. Source: Source: [REDACTED] Pablo Moreno Huete The rally is broadcast on television in more than 190 countries. A live feed of the event and a roundup of each day's race progress is made into a 26-minute programme. This has been commentated on by Toby Moody for ten years, and more recently by Neil Cole . The rally organizers and their television crews provide 20 edit stations along
3164-513: Is often called the category for the toughest of the tough, and one for the Dakar purists. KTM has dominated the motorcycle class in recent years, although Honda , Yamaha , Sherco , Husqvarna , and Gas Gas also compete currently. BMW and Cagiva have also enjoyed success in the past. Prior to 2009, Quads were a subdivision of the motorbike category, but they were granted their own separate classification in 2009 and are designated Group 3 in
3277-570: Is replete with such terrain, and documents the vehicle's endurance. 182 vehicles took the start of the inaugural rally in Paris , with 74 surviving the 10,000-kilometre (6,200 mi) trip to the Senegalese capital of Dakar . Cyril Neveu was the event's first winner, riding a Yamaha motorcycle. The event rapidly grew in popularity, with 216 vehicles taking the start in 1980 and 291 in 1981 . The privateer spirit of early racers tackling
3390-497: Is time for death to take me"). He stopped using the hyphenated surname "Ransome" because he considered it a slave name . Kuti's music was popular among the Nigerian public and Africans in general. He decided to sing in Pidgin English so that individuals all over Africa could enjoy his music, where the local languages they speak are diverse and numerous . As popular as Kuti's music had become in Nigeria and elsewhere, it
3503-643: The 2007 killing of four French tourists . Chile and Argentina offered to host subsequent events, which were later accepted by the ASO for the 2009 event . From a legal standpoint, the ASO held all entries for a rescheduled and relocated race, the Central Europe Rally , held in Hungary and Romania . It was intended to be part of a series known as the Dakar Series . The seven-stage rally-raid
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3616-509: The 2012 rally , the X-raid team came to the fore, now using Minis in lieu of BMWs. Peterhansel had joined the team in 2010 after Mitsubishi's departure, but had been unable to challenge the Volkswagen drivers. Following Volkswagen's withdrawal, Peterhansel was able to secure his fourth win in the car category and his tenth in total, his main opposition coming from within his own team. Peterhansel successfully defended his title in 2013 as
3729-646: The Black Power movement through Sandra Smith (now known as Sandra Izsadore or Sandra Akanke Isidore), a partisan of the Black Panther Party . This experience heavily influenced his music and political views. He renamed the band Nigeria 70. Soon after, the Immigration and Naturalization Service was tipped off by a promoter that Kuti and his band were in the US without work permits. The band performed
3842-463: The C-130 Hercules ) search plane spotted their white Peugeot 504 some 50 kilometres (31 mi) off course. Thatcher, Verney, and the mechanic were all unharmed. Fela Kuti Fela Aníkúlápó Kútì (born Olufela Olusegun Oludotun Ransome-Kuti ; 15 October 1938 – 2 August 1997) was a Nigerian musician and political activist. He is regarded as the principal innovator of Afrobeat ,
3955-505: The Royal National Theatre ) was filmed. On 11 June 2012, it was announced that Fela! would return to Broadway for 32 performances. On 18 August 2009, DJ J.Period released a free mixtape to the general public, entitled The Messengers . It is a collaboration with Somali -born hip-hop artist K'naan paying tribute to Kuti, Bob Marley , and Bob Dylan . Two months later, Knitting Factory Records began re-releasing
4068-488: The 1970s and early 1980s under the title "Chief Priest Say", these columns were extensions of Kuti's famous Yabi Sessions—consciousness-raising word-sound rituals, with himself as chief priest, conducted at his Lagos nightclub. Organized around a militantly Afrocentric rendering of history and the essence of black beauty, "Chief Priest Say" focused on the role of cultural hegemony in the continuing subjugation of Africans. Kuti addressed many topics, from fierce denunciations of
4181-413: The 1970s, during which he was an outspoken critic and target of Nigeria's military juntas . In 1970, he founded the Kalakuta Republic commune, which declared itself independent from military rule. The commune was destroyed in a 1978 raid that injured Kuti and his mother. He was jailed by the government of Muhammadu Buhari in 1984, but released after 20 months. He continued to record and perform through
4294-550: The 1980s and 1990s. Since his death in 1997, reissues and compilations of his music have been overseen by his son, Femi Kuti . Kuti was born into the Ransome-Kuti family , an upper-middle-class family , on 15 October 1938, in Abeokuta , Colonial Nigeria . His mother, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti , was an anti-colonial feminist , and his father, Israel Oludotun Ransome-Kuti , was an Anglican minister, school principal, and
4407-513: The 1982 biography Fela, Fela! This Bitch of a Life by Carlos Moore , began with a collaborative workshop between the Afrobeat band Antibalas and Tony award-winner Bill T. Jones . The production was a massive success, and sold-out performances during its run and gained critical acclaim. On 22 November 2009, Fela! began a run on Broadway at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre . Jim Lewis helped co-write
4520-491: The 1990s. Hino , DAF , Perlini , and Mercedes-Benz have also been among the winners in the past. The utility task vehicle (UTV) category was introduced in 2017. Before this, UTVs ran under the car category as the T3 class. The class rapidly gained in popularity, and in 2021 the class was further subdivided into separate T3 light prototypes category, and T4 SSVs, which are based on production vehicles. A new Dakar Classic class
4633-631: The 45 titles controlled by UMG, starting with yet another re-release in the US of the compilation The Best of the Black President , which was completed and released in 2013. Fela Son of Kuti: The Fall of Kalakuta is a stage play written by Onyekaba Cornel Best in 2010. It has had triumphant acclaim as part of that year's Felabration and returned in 2014 at the National Theatre and Freedom Park in Lagos. The play deals with events in
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4746-607: The Afrobeat banner to a new generation of listeners. In 1999, Universal Music France , under Francis Kertekian, remastered the 45 albums that it owned and released them on 26 compact discs. These titles were licensed globally, except in Nigeria and Japan , where other companies owned Kuti's music. In 2005, the American operations of UMG licensed all of its world-music titles to the UK-based label Wrasse Records , which repackaged
4859-555: The Dakar Rally is 450cc. Engines may be either single or twin cylinder. Riders are divided into two groups, RallyGP and Rally2. A subcategory is the "Original by Motul " category (formerly named "Malle Moto" due to the only piece of luggage competitors were allowed to take with them was a "malle", a French term for box or trunk.), which refers to motorbikes and quads competing without any kind assistance. The organization provides assistance for this category with 4 people dedicated to
4972-476: The Dakar in 2025 due to declining manufacturer support. The car class is made up of vehicles weighing less than 3,500 kg (7,716 lb), which are subdivided into several categories. T1 is made up of "Improved Cross-Country Vehicles", subdivided according to engine type (petrol or diesel) and drive type (two-wheel or four-wheel drive), while T2 is made up of "Cross-Country Series Production Vehicles", which are subdivided into petrol and diesel categories. There
5085-522: The Damen Jefferies buggies of Sainz and Al-Attiyah failed to last the distance. Despres also racked up a further two wins for KTM in the bikes class in 2012 and 2013, bringing his tally to five, aided by Coma's absence due to injury in the latter year. Coma struck back on his return to the Dakar in 2014 , taking a comfortable fourth title and a 13th in succession for KTM, whilst Nani Roma emulated Auriol and Peterhansel by taking his maiden title in
5198-553: The German X-raid team proved thorns in the side of the big budget works teams. The 2004 route was from Clermont-Ferrand to Dakar, and was the year Peterhansel emulated Hubert Auriol's feat of winning the rally on both two wheels and four. The Frenchman defended his title in 2005, when the rally began for the first time in Barcelona . In the bikes category, KTM continued their success with Nani Roma in 2004, who switched to
5311-501: The KTM works team rider, Australian Toby Price, take his first Dakar victory, winning his second title in 2019. Sam Sunderland and Matthias Walkner won the 2017 and 2018 edition also for the team from Mattighofen (18 overall victories as in 2019). Following ASO's increasingly deteriorating relationships with South American governments, which culminated in the controversial 2019 disqualification of Bolivian quad rider Juan Carlos Salvatierra,
5424-556: The Nigerian Government's criminal behavior, Islam and Christianity's exploitative nature, and evil multinational corporations; to deconstructions of Western medicine, Black Muslims , sex, pollution, and poverty. "Chief Priest Say" was eventually canceled by The Daily Times and The Punch . Many have speculated that the paper's editors were pressured to stop publication, including threats of violence. "Imagine Che Guevara and Bob Marley rolled into one person and you get
5537-613: The Nigerian state. Kuti set up a nightclub in the Empire Hotel, first named the Afro-Spot and later the Afrika Shrine, where he both performed regularly and officiated at personalised Yoruba traditional ceremonies in honor of his native ancestral faith. He also changed his name to Anikulapo (meaning "He who carries death in his pouch", with the interpretation: "I will be the master of my own destiny and will decide when it
5650-578: The Shrine had been destroyed along with the commune. In 1978, he married 27 women, many of whom were dancers, composers, and singers with whom he worked. The marriages served not only to mark the anniversary of the attack on the Kalakuta Republic but also to protect Kuti and his wives from authorities' false claims that Kuti was kidnapping women. Later, he adopted a rotation system of maintaining 12 simultaneous wives. There were also two concerts in
5763-768: The United States and Europe while continuing to be politically active. In 1986, he performed in Giants Stadium in New Jersey as part of Amnesty International 's A Conspiracy of Hope concert along with Bono , Carlos Santana , and the Neville Brothers . In 1989, Kuti and Egypt 80 released the anti- apartheid album Beasts of No Nation that depicted U.S. President Ronald Reagan , UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , and South African State President Pieter Willem Botha on its cover. The title of
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#17327879699505876-597: The Western world, but during the 1980s, he was not interested in putting on a "show". His European performance was a representation of what was relevant at the time and his other inspirations. He attempted to make a movie but lost all the materials to the fire that was set to his house by the military government in power. He thought that art, and thus his own music, should have political meaning. Kuti's concerts also regularly involved female singers and dancers, later dubbed as "Queens." The Queens were women who helped influence
5989-639: The band leader and almost all the musicians resigned. Since then, Baryton player Lekan Animashaun became band leader and Fela created a new group named Egypt80 . In 1979, Kuti formed his political party, which he called Movement of the People (MOP) , to "clean up society like a mop", but it quickly became inactive due to his confrontations with the government of the day. MOP preached Nkrumahism and Africanism . In 1980 Fela signed an exclusive management with French producer Martin Meissonnier who secured
6102-511: The bikes category since 1985. Schlesser and Sainct both successfully defended their titles in 2000 , traversing the route from Dakar to the Egyptian capital of Cairo . 2001 was the final time that the rally used the familiar Paris-Dakar route, and was notable for Mitsubishi's Jutta Kleinschmidt , as she was the first woman to win the rally – albeit only after Schlesser was penalised one hour for unsportsmanlike conduct. Fabrizio Meoni took
6215-563: The car category for Mitsubishi after a close contest with Alphand after the increasingly competitive Volkswagens retired with mechanical problems. In what would be the final African event of the Dakar, Despres took his second title in the bikes category, having conceded victory in 2006 to Marc Coma after suffering an injury. The 2008 event , due to start in Lisbon, was cancelled on 4 January 2008 amid fears of attacks in Mauritania following
6328-409: The car category the following year, and Cyril Despres in 2005. The 2006 event moved to Lisbon . Nissan pulled out having failed to provide effective opposition to Mitsubishi, who took a sixth consecutive victory, this time with former skiing champion Luc Alphand after Peterhansel committed a series of errors late in the rally. Peterhansel made amends in 2007 , however, taking his third title in
6441-487: The car class went to the Marreau brothers, driving a privately entered Renault 20 . Auriol captured his second bikes class victory in 1983, the first year that Japanese manufacturer Mitsubishi competed in the rally, beginning an association that would last until 2009. At the behest of 1983 car class winner Jacky Ickx, Porsche entered the Dakar in 1984 , with the total number of entries now at 427. The German marque won
6554-463: The car class. 1999 started in Granada and a maiden success for erstwhile Formula One and sports car driver Jean-Louis Schlesser , who had been constructing his own buggies since 1992. With the help of Renault backing, Schlesser overcame the works Mitsubishi and Nissan crews to win, whilst Peterhansel's decision to switch to the car category allowed Richard Sainct to take BMW's first title in
6667-400: The cars class a decade on from his victory on two wheels – albeit only after team orders by X-raid slowed Peterhansel. Peugeot returned for the 2015 event with an all-new, diesel-powered, two-wheel drive contender, but failed to make an impact as X-raid's Minis once more dominated. Al-Attiyah won the event in his second year for the team, while Coma racked up a fifth title in the bikes after
6780-516: The challenges of Stéphane Peterhansel and Jean-Paul Cottret in a Mitsubishi Pajero, who finished second by 2:01 after the seven stages. The 2009 event , the first held in South America with a respectable 501 competitors, saw Volkswagen take its first win in the Dakar as a works entrant courtesy of Giniel de Villiers . Initially, teammate and former WRC champion Carlos Sainz led the race comfortably until crashing out, but went on to win
6893-402: The composition evolved out of a statement by Botha: "This uprising [against the apartheid system] will bring out the beast in us." Kuti's album output slowed in the 1990s, and eventually, he ceased releasing albums altogether. On 21 January 1993, he and four members of Africa 70 were arrested and were later charged on 25 January for the murder of an electrician. Rumours also speculated that he
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#17327879699507006-411: The contract with the country was only exclusive for the first year. However, the effects of COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 and 2022 prevented such expansion from happening. The five competitive groups in the Dakar are the motorcycles , quads , the cars class (which ranges from buggies to small SUVs ), UTVs , and the trucks class. Many vehicle manufacturers use the rally's harsh environment as both
7119-422: The corrupt government sent soldiers to beat Kuti, his family and friends, and destroy wherever he lived and whatever instruments or recordings he had. In the 1970s, Kuti began to run outspoken political columns in the advertising space of daily and weekly newspapers such as The Daily Times and The Punch , bypassing editorial censorship in Nigeria's predominantly state-controlled media. Published throughout
7232-527: The current regulations. They are divided into two subgroups – Group 3.1, which features two-wheel drive quads with a single cylinder engine with a maximum displacement of 750cc, and Group 3.2, which permits four-wheel drive quads with a maximum engine displacement of 900cc, in either single or twin cylinder layout. Yamaha went unbeaten in the Quad category as an official class, with their main opposition coming courtesy of Honda and Can-Am . Quads were dropped from
7345-496: The defection of long-time rival Despres to the car class and Peugeot. Peugeot did however see success in 2016 with Peterhansel behind the wheel, racking up his 6th win in the car category, and again in 2017 and 2018 until Peugeot decide to officially leave the competition. In 2019 , which was the first Dakar Rally to be held in just one country (Peru), Toyota won for the first time with Nasser Al-Attiyah (in his third victory with three different manufacturers). The bike category saw
7458-550: The desert would be a good location for a regular rally, on the lines of the 1974 London–Sahara–Munich World Cup Rally , the first automobile race to cross the Sahara Desert twice. In 1971, ex- Cream drummer Ginger Baker used the unproven Range Rover to drive from Algeria to Lagos, Nigeria to set up a recording studio and jam with Fela Kuti . Predating the Paris-Dakar Rally the subsequent documentary
7571-467: The end of 1981. French Filmmaker Jean Jacques Flori came to Lagos early 1982 to direct the now classic film "Music is a Weapon". The filmed was broadcast first on Antenne 2 (french TV in 1982). The film producer Stephane Tchalgaldjieff didn't like the film and decided to re edit it for an international release. "V.I.P. (Vagabonds in Power)" and "Authority Stealing" were released in 1980, with the former being
7684-404: The event at their first attempt courtesy of René Metge , who had previously won in the car category in 1981, whilst Ickx finished sixth. Gaston Rahier meanwhile continued BMW's success in the motorcycle category with back-to-back wins in 1984 and 1985 , the year of Mitsubishi's first victory of 12 in the car category, Patrick Zaniroli taking the spoils. The 1986 event , won by Metge and Neveu,
7797-516: The event in 2010 . After a poor showing in 2009, Mitsubishi withdrew from the competition and left Volkswagen as the sole works entrant. The German marque won the race for a third time in 2011 , this time with Nasser Al-Attiyah , before they withdrew to focus on their upcoming WRC entry and leaving the Dakar with no factory participants in the car class. In the bikes, Despres and Coma stretched KTM's incredible unbroken run of success. Both tied on three victories apiece after Coma's third win in 2011. In
7910-427: The event with limited resources encouraged such entrants as Thierry de Montcorgé in a Rolls-Royce and Formula 1 driver Jacky Ickx with actor Claude Brasseur in a Citroën CX , in the 1981 race won by two-time winner Hubert Auriol . In 1982 , there were 382 racers, more than double the number that took the start in 1979. Neveu won the event for a third time, this time riding a Honda motorcycle, while victory in
8023-516: The event, victory instead going to compatriot and teammate Juha Kankkunen . Peugeot and Vatanen returned to winning ways in 1989 and 1990 , the latter marking Peugeot's final year of rally competition before switching to the World Sportscar Championship . Sister brand Citroën took Peugeot's place, Vatanen taking a third consecutive victory in 1991 . The 1991 event also saw Stéphane Peterhansel take his first title in
8136-499: The first Dakar win for Austrian manufacturer KTM , beginning a winning streak that lasted through 2019. The 2002 began in the French town of Arras and long-time Dakar participant Hiroshi Masuoka won the event for Mitsubishi (Masouka had led for much of the previous year's rally.) The 2003 rally featured an unorthodox route from Marseille to Sharm El Sheikh . Masuoka defend his title after teammate and long-time leader Peterhansel
8249-616: The first president of the Nigeria Union of Teachers . Kuti's parents both played active roles in the anti-colonial movement in Nigeria, most notably the Abeokuta Women's Riots which was led by his mother in 1946. His brothers Beko Ransome-Kuti and Olikoye Ransome-Kuti , both medical doctors , were well known nationally. Kuti is a cousin to the writer and laureate Wole Soyinka , a Nobel Prize for Literature winner. They are both descendants of Josiah Ransome-Kuti , who
8362-524: The grounds that Kuti had kidnapped the women. Kuti also described polygamy as logical and convenient: "A man goes for many women in the first place. Like in Europe, when a man is married when the wife is sleeping, he goes out and sleeps around. He should bring the women in the house, man, to live with him, and stop running around the streets!" Some characterize his views towards women as misogyny and typically cite songs like "Mattress" as further evidence. In
8475-598: The inception in 1978 were staged from Paris , France , to Dakar , Senegal . Security threats in Mauritania led to the cancellation of the 2008 rally , and events from 2009 to 2019 were held in South America . Since 2020, the rally has been held in Saudi Arabia . The event is open to amateur and professional entries, professionals typically making up about eighty percent of the participants. The rally
8588-668: The instrumental, and Part 2 adding in vocals. Kuti's songs are mostly sung in Nigerian Pidgin English , although he also performed a few songs in the Yoruba language . His main instruments were the saxophone and the keyboards , but he also played the trumpet, electric guitar, and the occasional drum solo. Kuti refused to perform songs again after he had already recorded them, which hindered his popularity outside Africa . The subject of Kuti's songs tended to be very complex. They regularly challenged common received notions in
8701-453: The main writer, McQueen was replaced by Andrew Dosunmu as the director. McQueen told The Hollywood Reporter that the film was "dead". The 2019 documentary film My Friend Fela ( Meu amigo Fela ) by Joel Zito Araújo , explores the complexity of Kuti's life "through the eyes and conversations" of his biographer Carlos Moore . The collaborative jazz/afrobeat album Rejoice by Tony Allen and Hugh Masekela , released in 2020, includes
8814-475: The manner of political commentary through song. Many of his songs also expressed a form of parody and satire . The main theme he conveyed through his music was the search for justice through exploration of political and social topics that affected the common people. Kuti was known for his showmanship, and his concerts were often outlandish and wild. He referred to his stage act as the "Underground Spiritual Game". Many expected him to perform shows like those in
8927-598: The motorcycle category with Yamaha, marking the beginning of an era of domination by the Frenchman. For the 1992 event , the finish line moved to Cape Town , South Africa in a bid to combat a declining number of competitors, where GPS technology was used for the first time. Auriol became the first person to win in multiple classes after taking Mitsubishi's second victory in the car class, while Peterhansel successfully defended his motorcycle category title. The 1993 rally entry list slumped to 153 competitors, around half of
9040-400: The motorcycle category, the former taking his fifth victory after Auriol was forced to drop out of the rally after breaking both ankles in a fall. The 1988 event reached its zenith in terms of entry numbers, with 603 starters. Vatanen's title defence was derailed when his Peugeot was stolen from the service area at Bamako . Though it was later found, Vatanen was subsequently disqualified from
9153-603: The nation through his music. Since 1998, the Felabration festival, an idea pioneered by his daughter Yeni Kuti , is held each year at the New Afrika Shrine to celebrate the life of this music legend and his birthday. Since Kuti's death in 1997, there has been a revival of his influence in music and popular culture, culminating in another re-release of his catalog controlled by UMG , Broadway , and off-Broadway shows, and new bands, such as Antibalas , who carry
9266-459: The native "tinker pan". Tony Allen , Kuti's drummer of twenty years, was instrumental in the creation of Afrobeat. Kuti once stated that "there would be no Afrobeat without Tony Allen". Tony Allen's drumming notably makes sparing use of 2 & 4 backbeat style playing, instead opting for outlining the time in shuffling hard-bop fashion, while maintaining a strong downbeat. There are clear audible musical similarities between Kuti's compositions and
9379-618: The newly independent Federation of Nigeria , re-formed Koola Lobitos, and trained as a radio producer for the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation . He played for some time with Victor Olaiya and his All-Stars. He called his style Afrobeat , a combination of Apala music , funk , jazz , highlife, salsa , calypso , and traditional Yoruba music . In 1969, Kuti took the band to the United States and spent ten months in Los Angeles. While there, he discovered
9492-568: The point that I have to make Africans aware of the fact that Egyptian civilization belongs to the African. So that was the reason why I changed the name of my band to Egypt 80." Kuti continued to record albums and tour the country. He further infuriated the political establishment by implicating ITT Corporation 's vice-president, Moshood Abiola , and Obasanjo in the popular 25-minute political screed entitled "I.T.T. (International Thief-Thief)". In 1984, Muhammadu Buhari 's government, of which Kuti
9605-415: The popularization of his music. They were dressed colorfully and wore makeup all over their bodies that expressed their visual creativity. The singers of the group played a backup role for Kuti, usually echoing his words or humming along, while the dancers would put on a performance of an erotic manner. This began to spark controversy due to the nature of their involvement with Kuti's political tone, along with
9718-448: The preceding year's figure and around a quarter of that of 1988. The event was the last to be organised by Gilbert Sabine and the Amaury Sport Organisation took over the following year. With the finish line now back in its traditional location of Dakar, Bruno Saby won a third title for Mitsubishi and Peterhansel took a third straight success in the motorcycle category. The 1994 event returned to Paris after reaching Dakar, resulting in
9831-648: The rally has been held in Saudi Arabia since 2020. Since 2022, the rally has been the season-opening round of the World Rally-Raid Championship jointly sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile and Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme . The 2023 event ran from 31 December 2022 to 15 January 2023. The Dakar Rally was intended to also feature other Middle East countries starting from 2021, as
9944-474: The rally in 1998. The truck event was not run in 1989 after it was decided the vehicles, by this stage with twin engines generating in excess of 1000 horsepower, were too dangerous following the death of a DAF crew member in an accident during the 1988 rally. Kamaz has dominated the truck category since the turn of the century, although it has come under increasing pressure from rivals such as Iveco , MAN , Renault , and Tatra , which enjoyed much success in
10057-411: The realities of corruption and socio-economic inequality in Africa. Kuti's political statements could be heard throughout Africa. Kuti's open vocalization of the violent and oppressive regime controlling Nigeria did not come without consequence. He was arrested on over 200 different occasions and spent time in jail, including his longest stint of 20 months after his arrest in 1984. On top of jail time,
10170-625: The reality that a lot of the women were young. Kuti was part of an Afrocentric consciousness movement that was founded on and delivered through his music. In an interview included in Hank Bordowitz's Noise of the World , Kuti stated: Music is supposed to have an effect. If you're playing music and people don't feel something, you're not doing shit. That's what African music is about. When you hear something, you must move. I want to move people to dance, but also to think. Music wants to dictate
10283-469: The role of leading Kuti's former band Egypt 80. As of 2022 , the band is still active, releasing music under the moniker Seun Kuti & Egypt 80 . Kuti's musical style is called Afrobeat . It is a style he largely created, and is a complex fusion of jazz , funk , highlife , and traditional Nigerian and African chants and rhythms. It contains elements of psychedelic soul and has similarities to James Brown 's music. Afrobeat also borrows heavily from
10396-515: The route for various countries to produce their own programmes about the rally. There are four TV helicopters, six stage cameras, and three bivouac crews to make over 1,000 hours of TV over the two-week period. A 2006 television documentary Race to Dakar described the experiences of a team, including the English actor Charley Boorman , in preparation for and entry into the 2006 Dakar Rally. it:Sport Mediaset In 1982, Mark Thatcher , son of
10509-570: The same 26 discs for distribution in the United States (where they replaced the titles issues by MCA ) and the UK. In 2009, Universal created a new deal for the US and Europe , with Knitting Factory Records and PIAS respectively, which included the release of the Broadway cast recording of the musical Fela! In 2013, FKO Ltd., the entity that owned the rights to all of Kuti's compositions,
10622-487: The script (along with Jones) and obtained producer backing from Jay-Z and Will Smith , among others. On 4 May 2010, Fela! was nominated for 11 Tony Awards , including Best Musical , Best Book of a Musical , Best Direction of a Musical for Bill T. Jones, Best Leading Actor in a Musical for Sahr Ngaujah , and Best Featured Actress in a Musical for Lillias White . In 2011, the London production of Fela! (staged at
10735-442: The socio-economic and political problems that plagued the African people. Corruption was one of the worst political problems facing Africa in the 1970s and Nigeria was among the most corrupt countries. Its government rigged elections and performed coups that ultimately worsened poverty, economic inequality, unemployment, and political instability, further promoting corruption and crime. Kuti's protest songs covered themes inspired by
10848-424: The then British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , along with his French co-driver Anne-Charlotte Verney and their mechanic, disappeared for six days. On 9 January, the trio became separated from a convoy of vehicles after they stopped to make repairs to a faulty steering arm . They were declared missing on 12 January. After a large-scale search was instigated, an Algerian military Lockheed L-100 (a version of
10961-531: The track "Never (Lagos Never Gonna Be the Same)", a tribute to Kuti, through whom Allen and Masekela first met in the 1970s. Kuti's songs "Zombie" & "Sorrow Tears and Blood" has appeared in the video game Grand Theft Auto: IV , and he was posthumously nominated to the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 2021. In 2021, Hulu released a six-episode documentary miniseries, McCartney 3,2,1 , in which Paul McCartney
11074-423: The transportation of the competitors "malle" or boxes between bivouac sites plus any additional equipment or belongings. This includes: 1 trunk, 1 set of wheels, 1 sleeping tent, 1 travel bag, 1 set of tyres, free use of the generators, compressors and tool-boxes, and easy access to race information. Since these competitors are not allowed to receive any outside support, each rider must service their own vehicle. It
11187-518: The work of electric-era Miles Davis , Sly Stone and Afrofunk pioneer Orlando Julius . Kuti's band was notable for featuring two baritone saxophones when most groups only used one. This is a common technique in African and African-influenced musical styles and can be seen in funk and hip hop . His bands sometimes performed with two bassists at the same time both playing interlocking melodies and rhythms. There were always two or more guitarists. The electric West African style guitar in Afrobeat bands
11300-694: The year: the first was in Accra , in which rioting broke out during the song "Zombie", which caused Kuti to be banned from entering Ghana ; the second was after the Berlin Jazz Festival when most of Kuti's musicians deserted him due to rumours that he planned to use all of the proceeds to fund his presidential campaign. In 1978 Fela performed at the Berliner Jazztage in Berlin with his band Africa 70. Disappointed by their fees, Tony Allen,
11413-617: The zombie metaphor to describe the Nigerian military's methods. The album was a massive success and infuriated the government, who raided the Kalakuta Republic with 1,000 soldiers. During the raid, Kuti was severely beaten, and his elderly mother (the first woman to drive a car in Nigeria) was fatally injured after being thrown from a window. The commune was burnt down, and Kuti's studio, instruments, and master tapes were destroyed. Kuti claimed that he would have been killed had it not been for
11526-512: Was a trans-Africa rally run in 5 editions between 1951 and 1961. It evolved from the original mixed road and off-road rally to a fully off-road endurance event, during the pioneer years of trans-Africa rallies. The race originated in December 1977, a year after Thierry Sabine got lost in the Ténéré desert whilst competing in the 1975 "Rallye Côte-Côte" between Abidjan and Nice and decided that
11639-555: Was a vocal opponent, jailed him on a charge of currency smuggling . Amnesty International and others denounced the charges as politically motivated. Amnesty designated him a prisoner of conscience , and other human rights groups also took up his case. After 20 months, General Ibrahim Babangida released him from prison. On his release, Kuti divorced his 12 remaining wives, citing "marriage brings jealousy and selfishness" since his wives would regularly compete for superiority. Kuti continued to release albums with Egypt 80 and toured in
11752-665: Was acquired by BMG Rights Management . In 2003, the Black President exhibition debuted at the New Museum for Contemporary Art, New York, and featured concerts, symposia, films, and 39 international artists' works. American singer Bilal recorded a remake of Kuti's 1977 song " Sorrow Tears and Blood " for his second album, Love for Sale , featuring a guest rap by Common . Bilal cited Kuti's mix of jazz and folk tastes as an influence on his music. The 2007 film The Visitor , directed by Thomas McCarthy , depicted
11865-528: Was also an outspoken critic of the United States. At a meeting during his 1981 Amsterdam tour, he "complained about the psychological warfare that American organizations like ITT and the CIA waged against developing nations in terms of language". Because terms such as Third World , undeveloped , or non-aligned countries imply inferiority, Kuti felt they should not be used. Kuti is remembered as an influential icon who voiced his opinions on matters that affected
11978-904: Was cancelled, as it coincided with the Summer Olympics in Barcelona . After this, the Spanish Automobile Federation took over the organisation, and entered it into the FIA Cross Country Rally World Cup . As of 2024, it is part of the FIA World Baja Cup and FIM Bajas World Cup schedules as well as the Spanish Cross-Country Rally Championship. 41°04′49″N 0°11′30″W / 41.08028°N 0.19167°W / 41.08028; -0.19167 This motorsport-related article
12091-475: Was introduced in 2021 for cars and trucks manufactured before 2000, or new vehicles built to original pre-2000 specification. For the fifth edition in 2025, rules allowed another five years where 2005 became the latest specification year for the class, effectively making the rule 20 years for classification as classics. These vehicles share the same bivouac and the organization but run in a parallel, yet different route, suitable for historic vehicles. The scoreboard
12204-508: Was legally the 2008 edition of the Dakar. David Casteu in a KTM won his first rally-raid race of his career while KTM swept the podium. He defeated Francisco Lopez by 2:58 for what technically was his first Dakar win. Volkswagen dominated the cars category, with Carlos Sainz, Sr. and Michel Périn winning the category in the Race Tourareg 2, and the marque sweeping all seven stages of the race. Despite that, Sainz still had to fend off
12317-442: Was marred by the death of event founder Sabine in a helicopter crash, his father Gilbert taking over organisation of the rally. The 1987 rally marked the start of an era of increased official factory participation in the car category, as French manufacturer Peugeot arrived and won the event with former World Rally champion Ari Vatanen . The 1987 event was also notable for a ferocious head-to-head duel between Neveu and Auriol in
12430-452: Was one of many reasons that his music never reached a substantial degree of popularity outside Africa. His LP records frequently had one 30-minute track per side. Typically there is an "instrumental introduction" jam section of the song roughly 10–15 minutes long before Kuti starts singing the "main" part of the song, featuring his lyrics and singing, for another 10–15 minutes. On some recordings, his songs are divided into two parts: Part 1 being
12543-415: Was plagued by mechanical problems in the penultimate stage. Sainct meanwhile took honours in the motorcycle category, the third title for both him and KTM. By 2004 , the entry list had increased to 595, up from 358 in 2001, with a record 688 competitors starting in 2005 . Alongside Mitsubishi and Nissan, Volkswagen now boasted a full factory effort, while Schlesser's Ford -powered buggies and BMWs of
12656-479: Was suffering from an illness for which he was refusing treatment. However, there had been no confirmed statement from Kuti about this speculation. On 3 August 1997, Kuti's brother Olikoye Ransome-Kuti, already a prominent AIDS activist and former Minister of Health , announced that Kuti had died on the previous day from complications related to AIDS. Kuti had been an AIDS denialist , and his widow maintained that he did not die of AIDS. His youngest son Seun took
12769-408: Was unpopular with the ruling government, and raids on the Kalakuta Republic were frequent. During 1972, Ginger Baker recorded Stratavarious , with Kuti appearing alongside vocalist and guitarist Bobby Tench . Around this time, Kuti became even more involved with the Yoruba religion . In 1977, Kuti and Africa 70 released the album Zombie , which heavily criticized Nigerian soldiers, and used
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