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62-572: Bakr may refer to: People [ edit ] Abu Bakr , 7th-century companion of Muhammad Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr , son of Abu Bakr Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr , 20th-century president of Iraq Bakr bin Laden , 20th- and 21st-century Saudi businessman Bakr Sidqi , 20th-century Iraqi general Yahia Ben Bakr , 9th-century Portuguese official Bakr Ben Yahia , son of Yahia Ben Bakr Places [ edit ] Baker, Iran (also known as Bakr),

124-501: A messenger of God . According to a report of the historian Al-Tabari , in his Tarikh al-Tabari , Abu Bakr may have converted to Islam after around fifty people, though this is disputed. Some Sunni and all the Shi'a believe that the second person to publicly accept Muhammed as the messenger of God was Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first being Muhammad's wife Khadija . Ibn Kathir , in his Al Bidaya Wal Nihayah , disregards this. He stated that

186-399: A Muslim. All his children accepted Islam except Abd al-Rahman , from whom Abu Bakr disassociated himself. His conversion also brought many people to Islam. He persuaded his intimate friends to convert, and presented Islam to other friends in such a way that many of them also accepted the faith. Those who converted to Islam at the dawah of Abu Bakr were: Abu Bakr's acceptance proved to be

248-581: A friend of his named Ad-Dughna (chief of the Qarah tribe) outside Mecca, who invited Abu Bakr to seek his protection against the Quraysh. Abu Bakr went back to Mecca, it was a relief for him, but soon due to the pressure of Quraysh, Ad-Dughna was forced to renounce his protection. Once again the Quraysh were free to persecute Abu Bakr. In 620, Muhammad's uncle and protector, Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib , and Muhammad's wife Khadija died. Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha

310-405: A historical trajectory that in a few decades would lead to one of the largest empires in history. His victory over the local rebel Arab forces is a significant part of Islamic history. Sunni Muslims revere Abu Bakr as the first of the rightly-guided caliphs and the greatest individual after the prophets and messengers . Shia tradition considers Abu Bakr an usurper of the caliphate and an enemy of

372-556: A milestone in Muhammad's mission. Slavery was common in Mecca, and many slaves accepted Islam. When an ordinary free man accepted Islam, despite opposition, he would enjoy the protection of his tribe. For slaves, however, there was no such protection and they commonly experienced persecution. Abu Bakr felt compassion for slaves, so he purchased eight (four men and four women) and then freed them, paying 40,000 dinar for their freedom. He

434-467: A raging Fire, in which none will burn except the most wretched—who deny and turn away. But the righteous will be spared from it—who donate ˹some of˺ their wealth only to purify themselves, not in return for someone’s favours, but seeking the pleasure of their Lord, the Most High. They will certainly be pleased. "Al-Awwāh" ( Arabic : الأواه ) means someone who supplicates abundantly to God, someone who

496-410: A testudo formation, in which a group of soldiers shielded by a cover of cowhide advanced to set fire to the gate. However, the enemy threw red hot scraps of iron on the testudo, rendering it ineffective. The siege dragged on for two weeks, and still there was no sign of weakness in the fort. Muhammad held a council of war. Abu Bakr advised that the siege might be raised and that God make arrangements for

558-534: A trade caravan from Syria , returning to Mecca. Muhammad gathered a small expeditionary force of around 300 men to intercept the caravan. Abu Sufyan was informed of this plot by his spies, and he called for aid. In response, the Mushrikites dispatched an army of strong 1,000 men, led by Amr ibn Hisham. In the ensuing confrontation, Abu Sufyan, "by skillful and vigorous leadership eluded the Muslims", according to

620-597: A village in Darab County, Fars Province, Iran Bakur, Iran (also known as Bakr), a village in Kazerun County, Fars Province, Iran Other uses [ edit ] Bakri (disambiguation) Banu Bakr , an Arabian tribe Bakr-Id or Eid al-Adha, Islamic holiday at the end of hajj Bakrid (film) , 2018 Indian drama film by Jagadeesan Subu Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

682-759: Is buried in the Green Dome at the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina , the second holiest site in Islam . He died of illness after a reign of 2 years, 2 months and 14 days, the only Rashidun caliph to die of natural causes. Though Abu Bakr's reign was short, it included successful invasions of the two most powerful empires of the time, the Sassanian Empire and the Byzantine Empire . He set in motion

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744-400: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Abu Bakr Abd Allah ibn Abi Quhafa ( Arabic : عبد الله بن أبي قحافة , romanized :  ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʾAbī Quḥāfa ; c.  573  – 23 August 634), commonly known by the kunya Abu Bakr ( Arabic : أبو بكر , romanized :  ʾAbū Bakr ), was

806-565: Is merciful, and the gentle-hearted. Ibrahim al-Nakha'i said that Abu Bakr has also been called al-awwāh for his merciful character. Abu Bakr was born in Mecca sometime in 573 CE, to a rich family in the Banu Taym tribe of the Quraysh tribal confederacy. His father was Abu Quhafa and his mother was Umm al-Khayr . He spent his early childhood like other Arab children of the time, among

868-555: The ahl al-bayt . Abu Bakr's full name was Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa ibn Amir ibn Amr ibn Ka'b ibn Sa'd ibn Taym ibn Murrah ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr. His lineage meets the lineage of Muhammad at the sixth generation up with Murrah ibn Ka'b . Abu Bakr is referenced in the Qur'an in surah at-Tawba as thaniya ithnayn (second of the two) and al-sahib (companion). Some scholars believe al-atqa (the most pious) in surah al-Layl refers to Abu Bakr as well. In Arabic ,

930-525: The Battle of Badr , but did not fight, instead acting as one of the guards of Muhammad's tent. In relation to this, Ali later asked his associates as to who they thought was the bravest among men. Everyone stated that Ali was the bravest of all men. Ali then replied: No. Abu Bakr is the bravest of men. In the Battle of Badr we had prepared a pavillion for the prophet, but when we were asked to offer ourselves for

992-453: The Battle of Khaybar . Khaybar had eight fortresses, the strongest and most well-guarded of which was called Al-Qamus. Muhammad sent Abu Bakr with a group of warriors to attempt to take it, but they were unable to do so. Muhammad also sent Umar with a group of warriors, but Umar could not conquer Al-Qamus either. Some other Muslims also attempted to capture the fort, but they were unsuccessful as well. Finally, Muhammad sent Ali, who defeated

1054-489: The Bedouins who called themselves Ahl-i-Ba'eer - the people of the camel, and developed a particular fondness for camels. In his early years he played with the camel calves and goats, and his love for camels earned him the nickname ( kunya ) " Abu Bakr ", the father of the camel's calf. Like other children of the rich Meccan merchant families, Abu Bakr was literate and developed a fondness for poetry . He used to attend

1116-573: The Hajj according to the new Islamic way and appointed Abu Bakr as the leader of the delegation. The day after Abu Bakr and his party had left for the Hajj, Muhammad received a new revelation: Surah Tawbah, the ninth chapter of the Quran. It is related that when this revelation came, someone suggested to Muhammad that he should send news of it to Abu Bakr. Muhammad said that only a man of his house could proclaim

1178-524: The Hijra to Medina : ˹It does not matter˺ if you ˹believers˺ do not support him, for Allah did in fact support him when the disbelievers drove him out ˹of Mecca˺ and he was only one of two. While they both were in the cave, he reassured his companion , “Do not worry; Allah is certainly with us.” So Allah sent down His serenity upon the Prophet, supported him with forces you ˹believers˺ did not see, and made

1240-701: The Islamic prophet was offered sovereignty over the city. An Islamic state was formed in Medina, which received vehement opposition from the Mushrikites, and subsequently, both parties fought at the Battle of Badr in 624, resulting in a defeat. The word Mushrikites is the English term derived from the Arabic Mushrikūn , which itself is derived from shirk . The term is sometimes translated as 'polytheists' as well. The Meccan polytheists who opposed Islam, were

1302-617: The Mushrikites offered Muhammad admission into the inner circle of the local merchant community and an advantageous marriage in exchange for his abandonment of Islam, however Muhammad refused this offer. In 616, the Mushrik started a public, social and economical boycott of the Banu Hashim , Muhammad's clan. According to Islamic tradition, the banishment was carried out in order to put pressure on Banu Hashim to withdraw its protection from Muhammad . Following Abu Talib 's death in 619,

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1364-555: The Mushrikites plotted to assassinate Muhammad. To escape persecution, Muhammad migrated to Medina , along with his close friend Abu Bakr . In Medina, the Islamic prophet united the Muslims by creating a bond of 'brotherhood' between the Ansar ( lit.   ' Helpers ' ), natives of Medina, and the Muhajirun ( lit.   ' Emigrants ' ), the natives of Mecca who migrated to Medina. In early 624, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb led

1426-531: The Muslim army was ambushed by archers from the local tribes as it passed through the valley of Hunayn, some eleven miles northeast of Mecca. Taken unaware, the advance guard of the Muslim army fled in panic. There was considerable confusion, and the camels, horses and men ran into one another in an attempt to seek cover. Muhammad, however, stood firm. Only nine companions remained around him, including Abu Bakr. Under Muhammad's instruction, his uncle Abbas shouted at

1488-512: The Muslims at the Battle of Uhud in 625, but the Mushrik were generally unsatisfied with the battle's results. In December 626, Abu Sufyan led the attempted siege of Medina, but was defeated by the Muslim defenders at the Battle of the Trench , and his morale may have taken a blow at this failure. The command of the Mushrik forces was transferred to Safwan ibn Umayya , Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl and Suhayl ibn Amr . In December 629 or January 630,

1550-630: The Muslims conquered Mecca and almost without bloodshed. Abu Sufyan, Ikrima, Safwan and Suhayl all converted to Islam and the Mushrikites ceased to exist. Following the Muslim conquest of Mecca, the Muslims fought the Mushrikites of the Qays and gained a victory. Following the defeat of the Mushrikites, the Muslims began to expand and conquer lands of the Christian Byzantines and the Zoroastrian Sasanians. This resulted in

1612-459: The Muslims had taken out, and famously slept in the bed of Muhammad when the Quraysh, led by Ikrima, attempted to murder Muhammad as he slept. Meanwhile, Abu Bakr accompanied Muhammad to Medina. Due to the danger posed by the Quraysh, they did not take the road, but moved in the opposite direction, taking refuge in a cave in Jabal Thawr , some five miles south of Mecca. Abd Allah ibn Abi Bakr ,

1674-467: The Quraysh, came forward and threw down a challenge for a duel. Abu Bakr accepted the challenge but was stopped by Muhammad. In the second phase of the battle, Khalid ibn al-Walid 's cavalry attacked the Muslims from behind, changing a Muslim victory to defeat. In 627 he participated in the Battle of the Trench and also in the Invasion of Banu Qurayza . In the Battle of the Trench, Muhammad divided

1736-780: The annual fair at Ukaz , and participate in poetical symposia. He had a very good memory and had a good knowledge of the genealogy of the Arab tribes, their stories and their politics. A story is preserved that once when he was a child, his father took him to the Kaaba , and asked him to pray before the idols . His father went away to attend to some other business, and Abu Bakr was left alone. Addressing an idol, Abu Bakr said "O my God, I am in need of beautiful clothes; bestow them on me". The idol remained indifferent. Then he addressed another idol, saying, "O God, give me some delicious food. See that I am so hungry". The idol remained cold. That exhausted

1798-445: The birth of Islam, Muslims kept their faith private. In 613, according to Islamic tradition, Muhammad was commanded by God to call people to Islam openly. The first public address inviting people to offer allegiance to Muhammad was delivered by Abu Bakr. In a fit of fury, the young men of the Quraysh tribe rushed at Abu Bakr and beat him until he lost consciousness. Following this incident, Abu Bakr's mother converted to Islam. Abu Bakr

1860-401: The climate of Mecca was dry, the climate of Medina was damp and because of this, most of the migrants fell sick on arrival. Abu Bakr contracted a fever for several days, during which time he was attended to by Khaarijah and his family. In Mecca, Abu Bakr was a wholesale trader in cloth and he started the same business in Medina. He opened his new store at Sunh, and from there cloth was supplied to

1922-405: The confrontation at Autas the tribes could not withstand the Muslim onslaught. Believing continued resistance useless, the tribes broke camp and retired to Ta'if. Abu Bakr was commissioned by Muhammad to lead the attack against Ta'if . The tribes shut themselves in the fort and refused to come out in the open. The Muslims employed catapults, but without tangible result. The Muslims attempted to use

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1984-417: The ditch into a number of sectors and a contingent was posted to guard each sector. One of these contingents was under the command of Abu Bakr. The enemy made frequent assaults in an attempt to cross the ditch, all of which were repulsed. To commemorate this event a mosque, later known as 'Masjid-i-Siddiq', was constructed at the site where Abu Bakr had repulsed the charges of the enemy. Abu Bakr took part in

2046-432: The enemy leader, Marhab . In 629 Muhammad sent 'Amr ibn al-'As to Zaat-ul-Sallasal, followed by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah in response to a call for reinforcements. Abu Bakr and Umar commanded an army under al-Jarrah, and they attacked and defeated the enemy. In 630, when the Muslims conquered Mecca , Abu Bakr was part of the army. Before the conquest of Mecca his father Abu Quhafa converted to Islam. In 630,

2108-480: The entrance to the cave, but was unable to see them. Abu Bakr was referenced in the Qur'an in verse 40 of sura at-Tawba : "If ye help him not, still God helped him when those who disbelieve drove him forth, the thaniya ithnayn (second of the two i.e. Abu Bakr); when they two were in the cave, when he said unto his sahib (companion i.e. Abu Bakr). Aisha , Abu Saʽid al-Khudri and Abd Allah ibn Abbas in interpreting this verse said that Abu Bakr

2170-540: The fall of the fort. The advice was accepted, and in December 630, the siege of Ta'if was raised and the Muslim army returned to Mecca . A few days later Malik bin Auf , the commander, came to Mecca and became a Muslim. In 630–631 (AH 9), Muhammad assigned Abu Bakr as the amir al-hajj to lead around 300 pilgrims from Medina to Mecca. In 631 AD, Muhammad sent from Medina a delegation of three hundred Muslims to perform

2232-409: The first Muslim missionary as several companions of Muhammad converted through Abu Bakr. He accompanied Muhammad on his migration to Medina and became one of the latter's bodyguards . Abu Bakr participated in all of Muhammad's campaigns and served as the first amir al-hajj in 631. In the absence of Muhammad, Abu Bakr led the prayers. Following Muhammad's death in 632, Abu Bakr succeeded

2294-582: The first caliph , ruling from 632 until his death in 634. A close companion and father-in-law of Muhammad , Abu Bakr is referred to with the honorific title al-Ṣiddīq ( الصِّدِّيق , lit. the Veracious) by Sunni Muslims . Born to Abu Quhafa and Umm al-Khayr of the Banu Taym , Abu Bakr was amongst the earliest converts to Islam and propagated dawah to the Mushrikites . He was considered

2356-404: The first woman to embrace Islam was Khadijah. Zayd ibn Harithah was the first freed slave to embrace Islam. Ali ibn Abi Talib was the first child to embrace Islam, for he has not even reached the age of puberty at that time, while Abu Bakr was the first free man to embrace Islam. His wife Qutaylah bint Abd-al-Uzza did not accept Islam and he divorced her. His other wife, Um Ruman , became

2418-471: The historian W. Montgomery Watt . However, under Amr's command, the Mushrik pursued a direct confrontation with the Muslims, which resulted in the Battle of Badr . Though the Muslims were largely outnumbered, they nevertheless defeated the Mushrik's forces and managed to kill Amr. Among other Mushrik casualties were Utba ibn Rabiah , Umayya ibn Khalaf , Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt , and several other prominent members. Following Amr ibn Hisham's death, Abu Sufyan

2480-431: The initially the ones to be referred to as the Mushrikites. Muhammad initially preached Islam privately, mainly among his near relatives and close acquaintances. In 613, the Islamic prophet began preaching publicly, which invited vehement opposition from the wealthy and leading clans of the Mushrik, who feared the loss of their ancestral religion as well as their lucrative pilgrimage business. The sect harassed members of

2542-471: The leadership of the Muslim community as the first caliph, being elected at Saqifa . His election was contested by a number of rebellious tribal leaders. During his reign, he overcame a number of uprisings, collectively known as the Ridda wars , as a result of which he was able to consolidate and expand the rule of the Muslim state over the entire Arabian Peninsula . He also commanded the initial incursions into

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2604-404: The market at Medina. Soon his business flourished. Early in 623, Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha, who was already married to Muhammad, was sent on to Muhammad's house after a simple marriage ceremony, further strengthening relations between Abu Bakr and Muhammad. Others In terms of Ihsan : In 624, Abu Bakr was involved in the first battle between the Muslims and the Quraysh of Mecca, known as

2666-410: The matter to him, losing his two incisors during the process. In these stories subsequently Abu Bakr, along with other companions, led Muhammad to a place of safety. In 625, he participated in the Battle of Uhud , in which the majority of the Muslims were routed and he himself was wounded. Before the battle had begun, his son Abd al-Rahman , at that time still non-Muslim and fighting on the side of

2728-491: The name Abd Allah means "servant of Allah ". This is his birth name. This nickname ( kunya ) was given to him as a child when he grew up among a bedouin tribe and developed a fondness for camels. He played with the camel calves and goats, earning this nickname "Abu Bakr," meaning "father of the young camel." A "bakr" in Arabic is a young but already fully grown camel. One of his early titles, preceding his conversion to Islam,

2790-506: The nascent Muslim community, and often persecuted new converts. The Mushrik assassinated numerous early Muslims, with the most prominent being Sumayya bint Khabbat and Yasir ibn Amir . As his followers increased, Muhammad might have become a threat to the Mushrikite rulers of the city, whose wealth rested largely upon the Kaaba , the focal point of the Mushrikite religious life that they feared Muhammad to overthrow. The leaders of

2852-581: The neighbouring Sasanian and Byzantine empires , which in the years following his death, would eventually result in the Muslim conquests of Persia and the Levant . Apart from politics, Abu Bakr is also credited for the compilation of the Quran , of which he had a personal caliphal codex. Prior to dying in August 634, Abu Bakr nominated Umar ( r.  634–644 ) as his successor. Along with Muhammad, Abu Bakr

2914-499: The patience of young Abu Bakr. He lifted a stone, and, addressing an idol, said, "Here I am aiming a stone; if you are a god protect yourself". Abu Bakr hurled the stone at the idol and left the Kaaba . Regardless, it recorded that prior to converting to Islam, Abu Bakr practiced as a hanif and never worshipped idols. On his return from a business trip in Yemen , friends informed him that in his absence, Muhammad had declared himself

2976-430: The revelation. Muhammad summoned Ali, and asked him to proclaim a portion of Surah Tawbah to the people on the day of sacrifice when they assembled at Mina . Ali went forth on Muhammad's slit-eared camel, and overtook Abu Bakr. When Ali joined the party, Abu Bakr wanted to know whether he had come to give orders or to convey them. Ali said that he had not come to replace Abu Bakr as Amir-ul-Hajj, and that his only mission

3038-498: The site. Abu Bakr was paired with Khaarijah bin Zaid Ansari (who was from Medina) as a brother in faith . Abu Bakr's relationship with Khaarijah was most cordial, which was further strengthened when Abu Bakr married Habiba, a daughter of Khaarijah. Khaarijah bin Zaid Ansari lived at Sunh, a suburb of Medina, and Abu Bakr also settled there. After Abu Bakr's family arrived in Medina, he bought another house near Muhammad's. While

3100-420: The son of Abu Bakr, would listen to the plans and discussions of the Quraysh, and at night he would carry the news to the fugitives in the cave. Asma bint Abi Bakr , the daughter of Abu Bakr, brought them meals every day. Aamir, a servant of Abu Bakr, would bring a flock of goats to the mouth of the cave every night, where they were milked. The Quraysh sent search parties in all directions. One party came close to

3162-488: The task of guarding it none came forward except Abu Bakr. With a drawn sword he took his stand by the side of Prophet of Allah and guarded him from the infidels by attacking those who dared to proceed in that direction. He was therefore the bravest of men. In Sunni accounts, during one such attack, two discs from Abu Bakr's shield penetrated into Muhammad's cheeks. Abu Bakr went forward with the intention of extracting these discs but Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah requested he leave

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3224-461: The title Bakr . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakr&oldid=1162476877 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with given-name-holder lists Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

3286-471: The top of his voice, "O Muslims, come to the Prophet of Allah". The call was heard by the Muslim soldiers and they gathered beside Muhammad. When the Muslims had gathered in sufficient number, Muhammad ordered a charge against the enemy. In the hand-to-hand fight that followed the tribes were routed and they fled to Autas . Muhammad posted a contingent to guard the Hunayn pass and led the main army to Autas. In

3348-519: The word of the disbelievers lowest, while the Word of Allah is supreme. And Allah is Almighty, All-Wise. In a hadith narrated by ibn Abbas of the exegesis of chapter 92 of the Qur'an by imam al-Suyuti we find the word "al-atqā" ( Arabic : الأتقى ), meaning "the most pious," "the most righteous," or "the most God-fearing," is referring to Abu Bakr as an example for the believers. And so I have warned you of

3410-523: Was Ateeq , meaning "saved one". In a weak narration in Tirmidhi, Muhammad later restated this title when he said that Abu Bakr is the "Ateeq of Allah from the fire" meaning "saved" or "secure" and the association with Allah showing how close to and protected he is by Allah. He was called Al-Siddiq (the truthful) by Muhammad after he believed him in the event of Isra and Mi'raj when other people did not, and Ali confirmed that title several times. He

3472-422: Was acknowledged the preeminent leader of the Mushrikites. The latter was exhorted to avenge the human and material losses suffered by them at Badr and vowed to conduct a retaliatory raid on Medina. Abu Sufyan formed an army of 3,000 men, led by Amr ibn al-As , with the left and right flanks commanded by Ikrima ibn Amr and Khalid ibn al-Walid respectively. Subsequently, Abu Sufyan inflicted significant losses on

3534-463: Was also reportedly referred to in the Quran as the "second of the two in the cave" in reference to the event of hijra , where with Muhammad he hid in the cave in Jabal Thawr from the Meccan party that was sent after them. He was honorifically called "al-sahib" (the companion) in the Qur'an describing his role as a companion of Muhammad when hiding from the Quraysh in the Jabal Thawr cave during

3596-428: Was betrothed to Muhammad; however, it was decided that the actual marriage ceremony would be held later. In 620 Abu Bakr was the first person to testify to Muhammad's Isra and Mi'raj (Night Journey). In 622, on the invitation of the Muslims of Medina , Muhammad ordered Muslims to migrate to Medina. The migration began in batches. Ali was the last to remain in Mecca, entrusted with responsibility for settling any loans

3658-429: Was known to have freed slaves, including Bilal ibn Rabah . The men were: The women were: Most of the slaves liberated by Abu Bakr were either women or old and frail men. When the father of Abu Bakr asked him why he did not liberate strong and young slaves, who could be a source of strength for him, Abu Bakr replied that he was freeing the slaves for the sake of God , and not for his own sake. For three years after

3720-631: Was persecuted many times by the Quraysh. Though Abu Bakr's beliefs would have been defended by his own clan, it would not be so for the entire Quraysh tribe. In 617, the Quraysh enforced a boycott against the Banu Hashim . Muhammad along with his supporters from Banu Hashim, were cut off in a pass away from Mecca . All social relations with the Banu Hashim were cut off and their state was that of imprisonment. Before it many Muslims migrated to Abyssinia (now Ethiopia ). Abu Bakr, feeling distressed, set out for Yemen and then to Abyssinia from there. He met

3782-427: Was the companion who stayed with Muhammad in the cave. After staying at the cave for three days and three nights, Abu Bakr and Muhammad proceed to Medina , staying for some time at Quba, a suburb of Medina. In Medina, Muhammad decided to construct a mosque. A piece of land was chosen and the price of the land was paid for by Abu Bakr. The Muslims, including Abu Bakr, constructed a mosque named Al-Masjid al-Nabawi at

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3844-414: Was to convey a special message to the people on behalf of Muhammad. Mushrikites After Muhammad's declaration of prophethood, the Mushrikites harassed members of the nascent Muslim community and were led by Amr ibn Hisham ("Abu Jahl"). Following the increase of tensions between the Mushrik and the Muslims, Muhammad and his companions ( ṣaḥāba ) migrated to the neighboring city of Medina , where

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