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61-643: The Bali Strait is one of the bodies of water surrounding the island of Bali: Lombok Strait to the east, the Badung Strait to the southeast, the Bali Sea to the north, the Indian Ocean to the southwest, and the Bali Strait to the west. Geologically the two islands of Bali and Java were joined until the end of the last ice age when the sea rose and cut the land bridge . They both share part of

122-405: A biological community that has formed in response to its physical environment and regional climate . Biomes may span more than one continent. A biome encompasses multiple ecosystems within its boundaries. It can also comprise a variety of habitats . While a biome can cover small areas, a microbiome is a mix of organisms that coexist in a defined space on a much smaller scale. For example,

183-583: A distance of 30 km from the Nusa Penida Sill (NPS). The flow of the strait waters also makes it distinctive as it consists of a layered structure: the upper layer has a permanent southward flow and the lower layer has a reversing southward-northward flow. As the Lombok Strait borders Indonesia, it is affected by maritime issues related to international trade. The UN Secretary General has identified seven threats to maritime security in

244-606: A gradient (2), the moisture gradient, to express the above conclusions in what is known as the Whittaker classification scheme. The scheme graphs average annual precipitation (x-axis) versus average annual temperature (y-axis) to classify biome-types. The multi-authored series Ecosystems of the World , edited by David W. Goodall , provides a comprehensive coverage of the major "ecosystem types or biomes" on Earth: The eponymously named Heinrich Walter classification scheme considers

305-476: A result of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination. According to a cruise investigation of the Indian Ocean and Lombok Strait conducted by the Institute for Marine Research and Observation, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (BPOL-KKP), the bacteria present in the marine environment of Indonesia consisted of: Aeromonas sp. , Pseudomonas sp. , Bacillus sp. , B. megaterium and Corynebacterium sp. , through

366-499: A simplification of Holdridge's; more readily accessible, but missing Holdridge's greater specificity. Whittaker based his approach on theoretical assertions and empirical sampling. He had previously compiled a review of biome classifications. Whittaker's distinction between biome and formation can be simplified: formation is used when applied to plant communities only, while biome is used when concerned with both plants and animals. Whittaker's convention of biome-type or formation-type

427-464: A swamp, can create different kinds of communities within the same biome. Schultz (1988, 2005) defined nine ecozones (his concept of ecozone is more similar to the concept of biome than to the concept of ecozone of BBC): Robert G. Bailey nearly developed a biogeographical classification system of ecoregions for the United States in a map published in 1976. He subsequently expanded

488-637: A trading route alongside the Strait of Malacca, and as the island of Lombok transforms into a hub of tourism. According to Rizal Ramli , Coordinating Minister for Maritime Affairs and Natural Resources in Indonesia, the Lombok Strait is proposed to become an alternative shipping route in place of the Malacca Strait. This is because the “Strait of Malacca has become narrow and shallower, and shipping traffic has become busy each year, which would increase

549-433: A way to recognize the irreversible coupling of human and ecological systems at global scales and manage Earth's biosphere and anthropogenic biomes. Major anthropogenic biomes: The endolithic biome, consisting entirely of microscopic life in rock pores and cracks, kilometers beneath the surface, has only recently been discovered, and does not fit well into most classification schemes. Anthropogenic climate change has

610-503: Is woody plant encroachment , which can change grass savanna into shrub savanna. Average temperatures have risen more than twice the usual amount in both arctic and mountainous biomes, which leads to the conclusion that arctic and mountainous biomes are currently the most vulnerable to climate change. South American terrestrial biomes have been predicted to go through the same temperature trends as arctic and mountainous biomes. With its annual average temperature continuing to increase,

671-485: Is a broader method to categorize similar communities. Whittaker used what he called "gradient analysis" of ecocline patterns to relate communities to climate on a worldwide scale. Whittaker considered four main ecoclines in the terrestrial realm. Along these gradients, Whittaker noted several trends that allowed him to qualitatively establish biome-types: Whittaker summed the effects of gradients (3) and (4) to get an overall temperature gradient and combined this with

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732-498: Is a consequence of the extreme fisheries activities undertaken along the strait waters, such as coastal net-entanglements and reef bombing. The statistics of fisheries activities along Indonesian waters was that an annual catch of more than 4.5 million tonnes occurred in 2006 and the catches between 1996-1997 included 1424 manta rays , 18 whale sharks , 312 other shark species, 4 minke whales , 326 dolphins, 577 pilot whales , 789 marlin , 84 turtles, and 9 dugongs . The Lombok Strait

793-493: Is a traffic management route system. The Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) supports Indonesia being recognised as an archipelagic state under the 1982 UNCLOS , as it aligns with Article 53 (6), which states the country’s right to improve navigation safety within the area of the Islands Sea Channel. The Lombok Strait contributes to the economy of Indonesia and neighbouring Southeast Asian countries as it serves as

854-482: Is abundantly inhabited by the longnosed spinner dolphin (S. longirostris) and is commonly inhabited by the pantropical spotted dolphin (S. attenuata), bottlenose dolphin (T. truncatus), and the Southeast Asian spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris roseiventris). The habitat of these cetacean species consist of large rivers, mangroves , and coastal environments. Marine bacterial isolates are formed as

915-593: Is based on five pillars: redeveloping Indonesia’s maritime culture, building the maritime industry, prioritising fisheries, increasing shipping and port networks, improving maritime diplomacy and its defence forces. Improving defence forces at sea involves an emphasis in using the Indonesian navy to increase maritime security. Another strategy put in place by the Indonesian Government are designating areas called Marine Protective Areas (MPAs). As part of

976-747: Is notable as one of the main passages for the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) that exchanges water between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean . It is also part of the biogeographical boundary between the fauna of the Indomalayan realm and the distinctly different fauna of Australasia . The boundary is known as the Wallace Line , for Alfred Russel Wallace , who first remarked upon the striking difference between animals of Indomalaya and those of Australasia, and how abrupt

1037-407: Is part of the biogeographical boundary between the fauna of the Indomalayan realm and the distinctly different fauna of Australasia . The boundary is known as the Wallace Line , for Alfred Russel Wallace , who first remarked upon the striking difference between animals of Indomalaya and those of Australasia, and how abrupt the boundary was between the two biomes . When sea levels dropped during

1098-472: Is situated within the triangle of coral reefs (CT) area. The rich marine biodiversity of the Coral Triangle (CT) area is an essential tuna breeding ground for the outsourcing of the world’s tuna fishing industry. The growth of the tuna fishing industry in turn, contributes to the economy as it provides food security and income for residents along the coastline of Coral Triangle (CT) areas, and because

1159-598: The Lesser Sunda archipelago isolated from the Asian mainland. These islands were, instead, colonised by Australasian fauna. The Lombok Strait is abundant of flora and fauna species which have been well explored through Bali’s diving tourism. As the Lombok Strait connects the Bali Sea to the Indian Ocean, the abundance of flora and fauna is due to its location between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, where

1220-624: The Pleistocene ice age , the islands of Bali, Java and Sumatra were all connected to one another and to the mainland of Asia . They shared the Asian fauna. The Lombok Strait's deep water kept Lombok and the Lesser Sunda archipelago isolated from the Asian mainland. These islands were instead, colonised by Australasian fauna. The ocean surrounding the Indonesian archipelago is inhabited by 30 marine mammals. The diverse range of mammals include rare and endangered whales and dolphins. The endangered status of marine mammals in Indonesian waters

1281-610: The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) developed a scheme that divided the world's land area into biogeographic realms (called "ecozones" in a BBC scheme), and these into ecoregions (Olson & Dinerstein, 1998, etc.). Each ecoregion is characterized by a main biome (also called major habitat type). This classification is used to define the Global 200 list of ecoregions identified by the WWF as priorities for conservation. For

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1342-465: The human microbiome is the collection of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms that are present on or in a human body. A biota is the total collection of organisms of a geographic region or a time period, from local geographic scales and instantaneous temporal scales all the way up to whole-planet and whole-timescale spatiotemporal scales. The biotas of the Earth make up the biosphere . The term

1403-627: The monsoon season in Asia, and El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) which are climate phenomena. Moreover, the monsoon season from December to May causes precipitation to occur and fresh water to form at the Java Sea, which in turn, influences the salinity of the Lombok Strait. This makes the Lombok Strait distinct from other bodies of water along the Lesser Sunda Islands chain. The ocean heat content of

1464-550: The terrestrial ecoregions , there is a specific EcoID, format XXnnNN (XX is the biogeographic realm , nn is the biome number, NN is the individual number). The applicability of the realms scheme above - based on Udvardy (1975)—to most freshwater taxa is unresolved. According to the WWF, the following are classified as freshwater biomes: Biomes of the coastal and continental shelf areas ( neritic zone ): Example: Pruvot (1896) zones or "systems": Longhurst (1998) biomes : Other marine habitat types (not covered yet by

1525-420: The "morphoclimatic and phytogeographical domain" of Ab'Sáber , a geographic space with subcontinental dimensions, with the predominance of similar geomorphologic and climatic characteristics, and of a certain vegetation form. Both include many biomes in fact. To divide the world into a few ecological zones is difficult, notably because of the small-scale variations that exist everywhere on earth and because of

1586-622: The Archipelagic Sea Lanes (ASL), as stated by the 1982 United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Due to the maritime issues experienced along the Lombok Strait, there is a need for Indonesia to establish management strategies. The strategies Indonesia has put in place to deal with maritime issues involves a policy established by President Joko Widodo , known as the Global Maritime Fulcrum. The policy

1647-507: The Bali Strait. Disguising themselves as ships of the line , the British merchant ships were able to intimidate the French into withdrawing. The temperature of the water in Bali Strait is subject to noticeable seasonal fluctuations, predetermined by the periods of monsoons . During the period of the northwestern monsoon (January–March), average temperature is about 28–29 °C, whereas in

1708-643: The Global 200/WWF scheme): Humans have altered global patterns of biodiversity and ecosystem processes. As a result, vegetation forms predicted by conventional biome systems can no longer be observed across much of Earth's land surface as they have been replaced by crop and rangelands or cities. Anthropogenic biomes provide an alternative view of the terrestrial biosphere based on global patterns of sustained direct human interaction with ecosystems, including agriculture , human settlements , urbanization , forestry and other uses of land . Anthropogenic biomes offer

1769-703: The Javanese shore are recorded. Lombok Strait Lombok Gili Islands The Lombok Strait ( Indonesian : Selat Lombok ), is a strait of the Bali Sea connecting to the Indian Ocean , and is located between the islands of Bali and Lombok in Indonesia . The Gili Islands are on the Lombok side. Its narrowest point is at its southern opening, with a width of about 20 km (12 miles) between

1830-413: The Lombok Strait is determined by ocean-atmosphere interactions. This is crucial to climate change because heat is mostly absorbed by the oceans, which cover 70% of the earth’s surface. An increase in ocean heat content accompanied by the melting of ice caps, leads to an increase in sea levels, which ultimately results to a disruption in ecosystems and the lifestyles of human life. The fortnightly cycles of

1891-578: The Lombok Strait, degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This is because majority of the world’s crude oil are traded along the route of the Lombok Strait. The cultivable marine hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria identified in the Lombok Strait specifically have six morphologies : LS-3, LS-13, LS-14, LS-15, LS-16, and LS-20. These colonies are discovered to have smooth and rippled surfaces and are of convex and raised elevation. They are found to be of various colours: yellow, opaque, white, and purple. Callidiopini species are identified to have been found on

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1952-405: The Lombok Strait, instead. The Lombok Strait is proposed to become an alternative route for Chinese trading vessels passing the Malacca Strait. Indonesian waters also host four of the world’s nine choke points . These four choke points are used for national and international shipping routes. Indonesia as an archipelago, is responsible for maintaining security in the international shipping routes of

2013-484: The Nusa Penida Sill (NPS). The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) affects the climate of the region as it regulates the position of hot pools in the Indian Ocean. Climate change occurs as the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) contributes to the contained heat content in the strait and its sea surface temperatures (SST). The location of the strait causes the heat content of the water masses to be influenced by

2074-643: The Report on Oceans and the Law of the Sea 2008, which are: terrorist acts against shipping, offshore installations and other maritime interests, illicit trafficking in weapons of mass destruction, illicit trafficking in drugs, human trafficking , IUU fishing , and unlawful damage to the marine environment. Issues particularly affecting the Lombok Strait include: piracy , illegal fishing , human trafficking, smuggling of goods, armed robberies and terrorism. The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) reports that Indonesia had

2135-819: The Research and Development Centre for Oceanology of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (PPPO-LIPI), Jakarta, and the WWF Indonesia-Wallacea Bioregion, Bali in April 2001, the coral reef fauna of the Lombok Strait was one of the most diverse and richest in the world. The diversity of its marine biogeography includes the following groups: stony corals ( Scleractinia and hydrocorals ), soft corals ( Octocorallia ), sponges ( Porifera ), forams ( Foramanifera ), shrimps ( Decapoda ), snails ( Gastropoda ), and fishes. The Lombok Strait

2196-418: The boundary was between the two biomes . Biologists believe it was the depth of the Lombok Strait itself that kept the animals on either side isolated from one another. When sea levels dropped during the Pleistocene ice age , the islands of Bali, Java and Sumatra were all connected to one another and to the mainland of Asia . They shared the Asian fauna. The Lombok Strait's deep water kept Lombok and

2257-498: The continent in which an area is present, it takes the same biome name—and corresponds to his "zonobiome", "orobiome" and "pedobiome" (biomes determined by climate zone, altitude or soil). In the Brazilian literature, the term biome is sometimes used as a synonym of biogeographic province , an area based on species composition (the term floristic province being used when plant species are considered), or also as synonym of

2318-459: The enumeration and isolation of oil-degrading bacteria. Five distinct hydrocarbonoclastic marine bacterial species and two species from the Bacillus genera family, are bacterial strains that have been identified in the Lombok Strait. These bacterial strains have the potential to remediate the marine environment. The bacterial strains existing in Indonesian waters, including the Indian Ocean and

2379-401: The gradual changeover from one biome to the other. Their boundaries must therefore be drawn arbitrarily and their characterization made according to the average conditions that predominate in them. A 1978 study on North American grasslands found a positive logistic correlation between evapotranspiration in mm/yr and above-ground net primary production in g/m /yr. The general results from

2440-568: The highest incidents of piracy and armed robbery offshore. Maritime threats experienced by Indonesian waters is due to increasing economic development in the Asia-Pacific region, making Asia the most vulnerable place in the world in terms of security. As it is minimum 250 m (820 feet) deep — much deeper than the Strait of Malacca — ships that draw too much water to pass through the Malacca Strait (so-called "post Malaccamax " vessels) often use

2501-518: The idea, calling it ecosystem . The International Biological Program (1964–74) projects popularized the concept of biome. However, in some contexts, the term biome is used in a different manner. In German literature, particularly in the Walter terminology, the term is used similarly as biotope (a concrete geographical unit), while the biome definition used in this article is used as an international, non-regional, terminology—irrespectively of

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2562-705: The internal policy in 2019, the Lombok Strait was announced to have been intended to be established as a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA). It has not been officially submitted to the International Maritime Organisation (IMO). Alongside implementing Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSA) as a maritime strategy for the Lombok Strait, is the Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), which

2623-507: The islands of Bali and Lombok, which are divided by the Lombok Strait. One species of the Callidiopine fauna, Diatomocephala larvata (Ceresium larvatum) is unique to the Lombok Strait. The Lombok Strait is notable as one of the main passages for the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) that exchanges water between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean . The formation of the Lombok Strait is influenced by oceanic tidal mixing, heat content of

2684-433: The islands of Lombok and Nusa Penida , in the middle of the strait. At the northern opening, it is 40 km (25 miles) across. Its total length is about 60 km (37 miles). As it is minimum 250 m (820 feet) deep — much deeper than the Strait of Malacca — ships that draw too much water to pass through the Malacca Strait (so-called "post Malaccamax " vessels) often use the Lombok Strait, instead. The Lombok Strait

2745-418: The issue of maritime threats and marine pollution are introduced. In response to these arising maritime issues, the Indonesian Government has proposed to establish Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSA) in its internal policy. Establishing the Lombok Strait as a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) contributes to the growth of the tuna fishing industry. This is due to the location of the Lombok Strait, as it

2806-578: The near-fortnightly spring-neap period. Tidal mixing in the waters of the Indonesian archipelago is particularly intense due to the rough topography in the Lifamatola, Manipa , Ombai , and Lombok Straits, and the Sibutu Island chains. The Lombok Strait is a strong tidal mixing hotspot. This is because numerical simulations have shown that there is a large conversion of semidiurnal M2 barotropic to baroclinic internal tides surrounding

2867-573: The northwesterly winds, the northern vector predominates, while in the south-east it is the southern one. The maximum speed – up to 13 km / h – flows reach the northern, most narrow part of the strait. Tidal currents have a semi-diurnal amplitude. At the beginning of the 21st century, there were noticeable negative trends in the development of the ecological situation in the strait and on its shores, related to human economic activity. Numerous cases of water pollution with industrial wastes, fertilizers , as well as chemicals used in gold mining on

2928-510: The ocean’s sea surface temperatures (SST) and Bali’s atmosphere have a peak seasonal cycle, which takes place during boreal summer. The monsoon season also determines the wave properties of the Lombok Strait. The arc-like internal wave and the irregular internal wave are wave patterns which occur as a result of seasonal influences. The tide flow is controlled through Nusa Penida Sill (NPS), reaching 350 m in depth. The Lombok Strait features strong semi-diurnal tides of ~90 m in amplitude with

2989-410: The potential to greatly alter the distribution of Earth's biomes. Meaning, biomes around the world could change so much that they would be at risk of becoming new biomes entirely. More specifically, between 54% and 22% of global land area will experience climates that correspond to other biomes. 3.6% of land area will experience climates that are completely new or unusual. An example of a biome shift

3050-488: The risk of vessel collisions.” With businesses supporting this shift, this would result in Indonesia becoming one of the world’s biggest bunkering ports alongside Singapore . As the Malacca Strait would no longer be able to cope with shipping traffic by the next 10–20 years, the Indonesian Government encourages voyages to pass through the Lombok Strait instead. As a result of increased shipping activity,

3111-418: The seasonality of temperature and precipitation. The system, also assessing precipitation and temperature, finds nine major biome types, with the important climate traits and vegetation types . The boundaries of each biome correlate to the conditions of moisture and cold stress that are strong determinants of plant form, and therefore the vegetation that defines the region. Extreme conditions, such as flooding in

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3172-446: The southeast (July–September) temperature drops to 26 °C. Regardless of the season, the water temperature in the northern part of the strait is 1–1.5 degrees lower than it is in the southern part. The level of salinity is more stable: about 33 ‰ in the season of the northwestern monsoons and about 34 ‰ in the southeast period. Sea currents in the strait have a very complex configuration, largely dependent on monsoon seasons: during

3233-483: The strait acts as a passage for currents. Accompanied by its flora and fauna is its marine habitats which vary in water temperature, its presence of volcanic and limestone sediments, local freshwater inflow between creeks, sandy reef slopes, and strong currents. According to the results obtained from a coral reef expedition conducted by the National Museum of Natural History-Naturalis Leiden , in partnership with

3294-494: The study were that precipitation and water use led to above-ground primary production, while solar irradiation and temperature lead to below-ground primary production (roots), and temperature and water lead to cool and warm season growth habit. These findings help explain the categories used in Holdridge's bioclassification scheme (see below), which were then later simplified by Whittaker. The number of classification schemes and

3355-405: The system to include the rest of North America in 1981, and the world in 1989. The Bailey system, based on climate, is divided into four domains (polar, humid temperate, dry, and humid tropical), with further divisions based on other climate characteristics (subarctic, warm temperate, hot temperate, and subtropical; marine and continental; lowland and mountain). A team of biologists convened by

3416-709: The tectonic plate called the Sunda shelf . The Indonesian government has considered a bridge across the strait. The project is obstructed by economic hardships, as well as objections from certain locals in Bali. Currently there is no fixed link to Bali, only a ferry between Ketapang in Java and Gilimanuk, Jembrana Regency , Bali. On 28 January 1797 during the Bali Strait Incident a French squadron of six frigates encountered fleet of six British East Indiaman in

3477-503: The tuna breeding sites are foundational sources for tuna fishing companies who are producing tuna for consumers around the world. Healthy marine resources such as tuna breeding grounds further contribute to the growth of the tourism industry, as a result of establishing the Lombok Strait as a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA). Biomes A biome ( / ˈ b aɪ . oʊ m / ) is a distinct geographical region with specific climate , vegetation , and animal life . It consists of

3538-485: The types of vegetation found in a habitat. Holdridge uses the four axes to define 30 so-called "humidity provinces", which are clearly visible in his diagram. While this scheme largely ignores soil and sun exposure, Holdridge acknowledged that these were important. The principal biome-types by Allee (1949): The principal biomes of the world by Kendeigh (1961): Whittaker classified biomes using two abiotic factors: precipitation and temperature. His scheme can be seen as

3599-480: The variety of determinants used in those schemes, however, should be taken as strong indicators that biomes do not fit perfectly into the classification schemes created. In 1947, the American botanist and climatologist Leslie Holdridge classified climates based on the biological effects of temperature and rainfall on vegetation under the assumption that these two abiotic factors are the largest determinants of

3660-412: The water masses , and seasonal changes. As the Lombok Strait is situated between Bali and Lombok, it is an exit way for the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) which connects the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. As a result of this, oceanic tidal mixing occurs. Oceanic tidal mixing occurs in shallow seas and near-coastal areas. Tidal mixing can induce an oscillation in sea surface temperatures (SST) during

3721-428: Was suggested in 1916 by Clements , originally as a synonym for biotic community of Möbius (1877). Later, it gained its current definition, based on earlier concepts of phytophysiognomy , formation and vegetation (used in opposition to flora ), with the inclusion of the animal element and the exclusion of the taxonomic element of species composition . In 1935, Tansley added the climatic and soil aspects to

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