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35-542: Barotseland ( Lozi : Mubuso Bulozi ) is a region between Namibia , Angola , Botswana , Zimbabwe including half of north-western province, southern province, and parts of Lusaka , Central , and Copperbelt provinces of Zambia and the whole of Democratic Republic of Congo 's Katanga Province . It is the homeland of the Lozi people or Barotse , or Malozi, who are a unified group of over 46 individual formerly diverse tribes related through kinship, whose original branch are

70-608: A minerals concession and protectorate agreement with the British South Africa Company (BSAC) of Cecil Rhodes . By 1880, the kingdom was stabilised and King Lewanika signed a treaty on 26 June 1889 to provide the kingdom international recognition as a State. After the discovery of diamonds, King Lewanika began trading with Europe. The first trade concession was signed on 27 June 1889 with Harry Ware, in return King Lewanika and his kingdom were to be protected. Ware transferred his concession to Cecil Rhodes of

105-705: A Barotseland National Council accepted Zambia's abrogation of the Barotseland Agreement 1964, alleging to terminate the treaty by which Barotseland initially joined Zambia. In 2013, Barotseland became a member of the UNPO, the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization . Due to continuing human rights violations on the part of Zambia, in 2013 the Barotseland National Freedom Alliance also petitioned

140-473: A be ni bupilo bo bu sa feli. Joani 3:16 English : For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have everlasting life. John 3:16 Sotho%E2%80%93Tswana languages The various dialects of Tswana , Southern Sotho and Northern Sotho are highly mutually intelligible. On more than one occasion, proposals have been put forward to create

175-456: A mabeli 30 mashumi a malalu 40 mashumi a mane 50 mashumi a ketalizoho 60 mashumi a silezi 70 mashumi a supile 80 mashumi a supile ni kalikamu 90 mashumi a supile ni totubeli 100 muanda The following is a sample text in Silozi. Silozi : Kakuli Mulimu U latile hahulu batu ba lifasi, mane U ba file Mwan'a Hae wa libanda kuli mutu ufi ni ufi ya lumela ku Yena a si ke a shwa, kono

210-519: A man, the King, called the Litunga meaning "keeper" or "guardian of the earth", and the south is ruled by a woman, Litunga la Mboela or Mulena Mukwae, "Queen of the south". Both are allegedly directly descended from the ancient Litunga Mulambwa who ruled at the turn of the nineteenth century and through his grandson, Litunga Lewanika who ruled from 1878 to 1916, with one break in 1884–85. He restored

245-405: A unified standardisation and declare a Sotho-Tswana language. The group is divided into four main branches: Northern Sotho, which appears largely to be a taxonomic holding category for what is Sotho-Tswana but neither identifiably Southern Sotho nor Tswana, subsumes highly varied dialects including Pedi ( Sepedi ), Tswapo ( Setswapo ), Lovedu ( Khilobedu ), Pai and Pulana. Maho (2002) leaves

280-763: Is headed by the former Ngambela of Barotseland (Prime Minister) Clement W. Sinyinda . Lozi language Lozi , also known as Silozi and Rozi , is a Bantu language of the Niger–Congo language family within the Sotho–Tswana branch of Zone S (S.30) , that is spoken by the Lozi people , primarily in southwestern Zambia and in surrounding countries. The language is most closely related to Northern Sotho ( Sesotho sa Leboa ), Tswana ( Setswana ), Kgalagari ( SheKgalagari ) and Sotho ( Sesotho /Southern Sotho). Lozi, sometimes written as Rotse , and its dialects are spoken and understood by approximately six per cent of

315-598: Is the Barotse Floodplain on the upper Zambezi River , but it includes the surrounding higher ground of the plateau comprising all of what was the Western Province of Zambia. In pre-colonial times, Barotseland included some neighbouring parts of what are now the Northwestern , Central and Southern Province as well as Caprivi in northeastern Namibia and parts of southeastern Angola beyond

350-575: The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights in Banjul, the Gambia , to examine Zambia's violations. This matter is currently being examined by the commission. The national flag of Barotseland has a red field and a white stripe. The traditional constitutional monarchy of Barotseland has Nilotic origins with the kingdom originally divided into north and south. The north being ruled by

385-710: The Cuando River . The origins of Barotseland are unclear, but are a prominent subject in Lozi mythology . It is believed that the Barotse state was founded by Queen Mbuywamwambwa , the Lozi matriarch, over 500 years ago. Its people were migrants from the Congo . Other ethnic groupings that constitute the current Barotse kingdom migrated from South Africa , Angola , Zimbabwe , Namibia and Congo . The Barotse (the Lozi) reached

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420-701: The Zulu armies to conquer the Luyana on the Zambezi floodplains , imposing their rule and language. However, by 1864, the indigenous population revolted and overthrew the Kololo. By then, the original Luyana language had largely been replaced by a new hybrid language, Silozi. Today, Silozi is spoken in Angola , Botswana , Namibia , Zambia , and Zimbabwe , reflecting its historical development and cultural significance in

455-581: The 17th century or early in the 18th century. They settled on the floodplains of the upper Zambezi River in what is now western Zambia , where they established a kingdom called Barotseland or Bulozi . In the 1830s, the Kololo people , originally from the Free State province of South Africa , fled northwards to escape the Mfecane under King Shaka Zulu (died 1828). They employed tactics learned from

490-490: The 1964 Agreement was unilaterally abrogated by Zambia, as being null and void (see above) – i.e., Zambia washed its hands of Barotseland, which therefore reverted to the situation that existed before Zambian Independence; i.e. that Barotseland remains a Protectorate of Great Britain. However, Britain does not want to get involved. In the 1962 elections , the Barotse National Party was established to contest

525-602: The 1964 Agreement. According to Barotse activists' views, the government in Lusaka also starved Barotseland of development – it has only one tarred road into the centre, from Lusaka to the provincial capital of Mongu , and lacks the kind of state infrastructure projects found in other provinces. Electricity supplies are erratic, relying on an aging connection from the Kariba Dam hydroelectric plant. Consequently, secessionist views are still aired from time to time. In 2012,

560-775: The British South Africa Company. Seeking the improvement of the military protection and with the intention to sign a treaty with the British Government, King Lewanika signed on 26 June 1890 the Lochner concession putting Barotseland under the protection of the British South Africa Company. At that time, there was European administration in Southern Rhodesia, in Nyasaland further East, and the beginnings of European administration in what

595-690: The Democratic Republic of Congo's Katanga Province . Under the British colonial administration, Barotseland was a protectorate of the British Crown from the late 19th-century. The Litunga, the monarch of Barotseland, had negotiated agreements, first with the British South African Company (BSAC), and then with the British government that ensured the kingdom maintained much of its traditional authority under

630-872: The Government set up a Commission to adjudicate, and the Barotse lost. On 18 May 1964, the Litunga and Kenneth Kaunda , Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia, signed the "Barotseland Agreement 1964" which established Barotseland's position within Zambia in place of the earlier agreement between Barotseland and the British Government. The agreement was based on a long history of close social, economic and political interactions, but granted significant continued autonomy to Barotseland. The Barotseland Agreement granted Barotse authorities local self-governance rights and rights to be consulted on specified matters, including over land, natural resources and local government. It also established

665-410: The Litunga of Barotseland as "the principal local authority for the government and administration of Barotseland", that he would remain in control of the "Barotse Native Government", the "Barotse Native Authorities", the courts known as the "Barotse Native Courts", "matters relating to local government", "land", "forests", "fishing", "control of hunting", "game preservation", the "Barotse native treasury",

700-704: The Litunga. Barotseland was essentially a nation-state, a protectorate within the larger protectorate of Northern Rhodesia . In return for this protectorate status, the Litunga gave the BSAC mineral exploration rights in Barotseland. In 1964, Barotseland became part of Zambia when that country achieved independence. In 2012, a group of traditional Lozi leaders, calling itself the Barotseland National Council, called for independence; other tribal chieftains oppose secession, however. Its heartland

735-626: The Luyi (Maluyi), and also assimilated Southern Sotho tribe of South Africa known as the Makololo . The Barotse speak siLozi , a language most closely related to Sesotho . Barotseland covers an area of 252,386 square kilometres, but is estimated to have been twice as large at certain points in its history. Once an empire, the Kingdom stretched into Namibia, Angola , Botswana , Zimbabwe including half of eastern and northern provinces of Zambia and

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770-521: The Makololo (Kololo) from Lesotho – which is why the Barotse language, Silozi, is a variant of Sesotho . The Makololo were in power when Livingstone visited Barotseland, but after thirty years the Luyi successfully overthrew the Kololo king. Barotseland's status at the onset of the colonial era differed from the other regions which became Zambia. It was the first territory north of the Zambezi to sign

805-757: The Movement for the Restoration of Barotseland. Experts have said that these three groups may become political parties should Barotseland gain independence. Fighting between the three groups has already surfaced. An article which appeared on the Zambian Watchdog , purported to be authored by a BFM representative, condemned the activities of the Linyungandambo group. The BFM accused the Linyungandambo of having set up Barotseland Government portal website without consultations, and included BFM members in

840-712: The Zambezi River in the 17th century and their kingdom grew until it comprised some 25 peoples from Southern Rhodesia to the Congo and from Angola to the Kafue River . At the time, Barotseland was already a monarchy, when Lealui and Limulunga were seasonal capitals of the Lozi kings. A detailed investigation into the history of the Barotse was carried out in 1939 in connection with the Balovale Dispute, see below. In 1845 Barotseland had been conquered by

875-453: The later states, Northern Rhodesia and independent Zambia. At the pre-Independence talks, the Barotse simply asked for a continuation of "Queen Victoria's protection". A desire to secede was expressed from time to time, causing some friction with the government of Kenneth Kaunda , reflected in Kaunda changing the name from Barotseland Province to Western Province, and subsequently tearing up

910-646: The population of Zambia. Silozi is the endonym (the name of the language used by its native speakers) as defined by the United Nations . Lozi is the exonym . The origins of Silozi can be traced back to a mixture of languages, primarily Luyana and Kololo . The Luyana people migrated south from the Kingdom of Luba and Kingdom of Lunda in the Katanga area of the Congo River basin , either late in

945-564: The purported Barotseland Government without their consent, and in disregard of the effort being made by Sata to find a lasting solution. The author, Shuwanga Shuwanga, stated that Linyungandambo had refused to work with the BFM back in 2011. The various activist groups championing the self-determination of Barotseland have since formed one umbrella organisation called the Barotse National Freedom Alliance (BNFA) which

980-535: The region. Lozi has 5 vowels: 20 consonants are in Lozi: Tone is marked as high or low. Lozi uses the Latin script , which was introduced by missionaries . In 1977, Zambia standardised the language's orthography. Counting numbers in Silozi 1 kalikamu 2 totubeli 3 totulalu 4 totune 5 ketalizoho 6 silezi 7 supile 8 ketalizoho ni totulalu 9 ketalizoho ni totune 10 lishumi 20 mashumi

1015-482: The stubbornness of successive governments in ignoring repeated calls to restore it have fuelled the region's ongoing tension. One of the reasons why Kenneth Kaunda "revoked" the United Kingdom's Zambia Independence Act is reported to be that it called for the continuation of Barotseland. Barotseland independentists continued to lobby to be treated as a separate state and was given substantial autonomy within

1050-480: The supply of beer and "local taxation". There was also to be no appeal from Barotseland's courts to the courts of Zambia. Within a year of taking office as president of the newly independent Zambia on 24 October 1964, President Kenneth Kaunda began to introduce various acts that abrogated most of the powers allotted to Barotseland under the agreement. Notably, the Local Government Act of 1965 abolished

1085-509: The terms of the concession, but his protests fell on deaf ears, and in 1899 the United Kingdom proclaimed a protectorate and governed it as part of Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia . In the 1930s, there was trouble between the Barotse and the Balovale and Balunda tribes who occupied the land to the north of the land occupied by the Barotse. The Barotse claimed that these were vassal tribes, while they claimed that they were not. Eventually,

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1120-592: The traditional institutions that had governed Barotseland and brought the kingdom under the administration of a uniform local government system. Then in 1969, the Zambian Parliament passed the Constitutional Amendment Act, annulling the Barotseland Agreement of 1964. Later that year the government changed Barotseland's name to Western Province and announced that all provinces would be treated "equally". The agreement's dissolution and

1155-673: The traditions of the Lozi political economy in the arena of the invasion by the Makololo , internal competition, external threats such as that posed by the Matabele and the spread of European colonialism . The government of Barotseland is the Kuta, presided over by the Ngambela (Prime Minister). Activists claim Barotseland is now theoretically independent from Zambia on the basis of the Zambian High Court ruling (see below), that

1190-693: The two Barotseland districts, as part of an electoral alliance with the United Federal Party . In both districts, the BNP candidate heavily lost to the UNIP candidate. Currently, there are three groups who claim to represent Barotseland. In January 2012, the president of Zambia, Michael Sata , met the representatives of the three groups at the Zambian State House in Lusaka . The groups are Linyungandambo, Barotse Freedom Movement (BFM), and

1225-422: Was then called North-Eastern Rhodesia (centred on Fort Jameson, now Chipata) and also North-Western Rhodesia - basically Barotseland. Later, these two were administratively combined as simply "Northern Rhodesia", later divided up in five Provinces and Barotseland, which was treated slightly differently from the rest. Later Lewanika protested to London and to Queen Victoria that the BSAC agents had misrepresented

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