Economic geography is the subfield of human geography that studies economic activity and factors affecting it. It can also be considered a subfield or method in economics .
44-554: The Barwon South West is an economic rural region located in the southwestern part of Victoria , Australia . The Barwon South West region stretches from the tip of the Queenscliff Heads to the border of South Australia . It is home to Victoria’s largest provincial centre, Geelong and the major centres of Aireys Inlet , Apollo Bay , Camperdown , Colac , Hamilton , Lorne , Port Campbell , Port Fairy , Portland , Torquay and Warrnambool . It draws its name from
88-436: A critical perspective on spatial economics. The other is the new economic geography, which considers social, cultural, and institutional factors alongside economic aspects in understanding spatial phenomena. Economists like Paul Krugman and Jeffrey Sachs have contributed extensively to the analysis of economic geography. Krugman, in particular, referred to his application of spatial thinking to international trade theory as
132-446: A focus on the firm as the most important unit and on growth rather than development of regions. As a result, the actual impact of clusters on a region is given far less attention, relative to the focus on clustering of related activities in a region. However, the focus on the firm as the main entity of significance hinders the discussion of New Economic Geography. It limits the discussion in a national and global context and confines it to
176-469: A geographer may also examine material flow, commodity flow, population flow and information flow from different parts of the economic activity system. Through analysis of flow and production, industrial areas, rural and urban residential areas, transportation site, commercial service facilities and finance and other economic centers are linked together in an economic activity system. Thematically, economic geography can be divided into these subdisciplines: It
220-492: A large impact on the field: the article became a rallying point for the younger generation of economic geographers who were intent on reinventing the discipline as a science, and quantitative methods began to prevail in research. Well-known economic geographers of this period include William Garrison , Brian Berry , Waldo Tobler , Peter Haggett and William Bunge . Contemporary economic geographers tend to specialize in areas such as location theory and spatial analysis (with
264-627: A more holistic approach to the analysis of economic phenomena, which is to conceptualize a problem in terms of space, place, and scale as well as the overt economic problem that is being examined. The economist approach, according to some economic geographers, has the main drawback of homogenizing the economic world in ways economic geographers try to avoid. With the rise of the New Economy , economic inequalities are increasing spatially. The New Economy, generally characterized by globalization, increasing use of information and communications technology,
308-556: A smaller scale context. It also places limits on the nature of the firm's activities and their position within the global value chain. Further work done by Bjorn Asheim (2001) and Gernot Grabher (2002) challenges the idea of the firm through action-research approaches and mapping organizational forms and their linkages. In short, the focus on the firm in new economic geographies is undertheorized in NEG1 and undercontextualized in NEG2, which limits
352-400: A switch from manufacturing-based economies to the digital economy. In these sectors, competition makes technological changes robust. These high technology sectors rely heavily on interpersonal relationships and trust, as developing things like software is very different from other kinds of industrial manufacturing—it requires intense levels of cooperation between many different people, as well as
396-537: A variety of approaches to many different topics, including the location of industries, economies of agglomeration (also known as "linkages"), transportation , international trade , development, real estate , gentrification , ethnic economies, gendered economies, core-periphery theory, the economics of urban form , the relationship between the environment and the economy (tying into a long history of geographers studying culture-environment interaction), and globalization . There are diverse methodological approaches in
440-505: Is a branch of geography that investigates the movement and connections between people, goods and information on the Earth's surface . Transportation geography detects, describes, and explains the Earth's surface's transportation spaces regarding location, substance, form, function, and genesis. It also investigates the effects of transportation on land use, on the physical material patterns at
484-432: Is evidence by the overrepresentation of women and ethnic minorities in lower-paid service sector jobs. These divisions in the new economy are much more difficult to overcome as a result of few clear pathways of progression to higher-skilled work. The study of geography, in terms of how it has shaped or impacted on the settlement, location of resources, trade routes, shows how geography has shaped economic history. One of
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#1732772048271528-449: Is impossible without geography, and geography is incomplete without economics. World War II contributed to the popularization of geographical knowledge generally, and post-war economic recovery and development contributed to the growth of economic geography as a discipline. During environmental determinism 's time of popularity, Ellsworth Huntington and his theory of climatic determinism , while later greatly criticized, notably influenced
572-630: Is sometimes approached as a branch of anthropogeography that focuses on regional systems of human economic activity. An alternative description of different approaches to the study of human economic activity can be organized around spatiotemporal analysis, analysis of production/consumption of economic items, and analysis of economic flow. Spatiotemporal systems of analysis include economic activities of region, mixed social spaces, and development. Alternatively, analysis may focus on production, exchange, distribution, and consumption of items of economic activity. Allowing parameters of space-time and item to vary,
616-455: Is the slowest form of transportation in the movement of goods and people. Strategic chokepoints around the world have continued to play significant roles in maritime industry. Although the slowest form of transportation compared to road and rail transport, it is the most cost effective. Rail transportation is the movement of cargo, goods, and passengers on trains as a form of transportation. Transportation by rails has been established as one of
660-568: Is traditionally considered the branch of economic geography that investigates those parts of the Earth's surface that are transformed by humans through primary sector activities. It thus focuses on structures of agricultural landscapes and asks for the processes that lead to these spatial patterns. While most research in this area concentrates rather on production than on consumption,[1] a distinction can be made between nomothetic (e.g. distribution of spatial agricultural patterns and processes) and idiographic research (e.g. human-environment interaction and
704-633: The Barwon River and the geographic location of the region in the state of Victoria. Comprising an area in excess of 40,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi) with approximately 360,000 residents as at the 2011 census , the Barwon South West region includes the Colac Otway , Corangamite , Glenelg , Greater Geelong , Moyne , Queenscliffe , Southern Grampians , Surf Coast and Warrnambool City local government areas and
748-662: The Legislative Assembly , the Barwon South West region is contained within all or part of the electoral districts of Bellarine , Geelong , Lara , Lowan , Polwarth , Ripon , South Barwon , and South-West Coast . The region contains nine local government areas and one unincorporated area of Victoria, which are: The Barwon South West region contains the Brisbane Ranges , Cobboboonee , Great Otway , Lower Glenelg and Port Campbell national parks. Economic geography Economic geography takes
792-573: The State of Qin , which date to the 4th century BC and in the Greek geographer Strabo 's Geographika , compiled almost 2000 years ago. As cartography developed, geographers illuminated many aspects used today in the field; maps created by different European powers described the resources likely to be found in American, African, and Asian territories. The earliest travel journals included descriptions of
836-748: The Unincorporated area of Lady Julia Percy Island . The Barwon South West region is located along the two major interstate transport corridors – the Princes Highway corridor and the Western Highway corridor. The region comprises two distinct and inter-connected sub-regions or districts: Greater Geelong and the Great South Coast. The region is bounded by Bass Strait and the Great Australian Bight in
880-401: The "new economic geography," which presents a competing perspective to a similarly named approach within the discipline of geography. This overlap in terminology can lead to confusion. As an alternative, some scholars have proposed using the term "geographical economics" to differentiate between the two approaches. Early approaches to economic geography are found in the seven Chinese maps of
924-508: The Internet , airplanes and more. Such systems are increasingly urban in character. Thus, transport and urban geography are closely intertwined. Cities are very much shaped, indeed created, by the types of exchange and interaction facilitated by movement. Increasingly since the 19th century, transportation is seen as a way cities, countries or firms compete with each other in a variety of spaces and contexts. In terms of transport modes,
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#1732772048271968-592: The commercial experience, for example Khyber Pass. Agriculture and the Climate Climate too plays a very important role in determining the pace of economic development. The results also indicated that the level of productivity in agriculturally dominated regions was higher where the weather was moderate. For instance, the Mediterranean environment creates employment in the Southern Europe through
1012-571: The contemporary world is still defined through its widening social and spatial divisions, most of which are increasingly gendered. Danny Quah explains these spatial divisions through the characteristics of knowledge goods in the New Economy: goods defined by their infinite expansibility, weightlessness, and nonrivalry . Social divisions are expressed through new spatial segregation that illustrates spatial sorting by income, ethnicity, abilities, needs, and lifestyle preferences. Employment segregation
1056-415: The discussion of its impact on spatial economic development. Spatial divisions within these arising New Economic geographies are apparent in the form of the digital divide , as a result of regions attracting talented workers instead of developing skills at a local level (see Creative Class for further reading). Despite increasing inter-connectivity through developing information communication technologies,
1100-539: The entire China with its influence on Yangtze River. The present is still true for a river like the Mississippi in order to efficiently transport products. Meanwhile geographical hindrances which include deserts, mountains among others make trade challenging. Sahara Desert needed some trade routes that were strictly depended on the oases while Himalayas separated some places like Tibet. However, there are some well-developed mountain passes, which play an essential role in
1144-404: The field of location theory. Neoclassical location theorists , following in the tradition of Alfred Weber , often concentrate on industrial location and employ quantitative methods. However, since the 1970s, two major reactions against neoclassical approaches have reshaped the discipline. One is Marxist political economy, stemming from the contributions of scholars like David Harvey , which offers
1188-519: The field. Valuable contributions also came from location theorists such as Johann Heinrich von Thünen or Alfred Weber . Other influential theories include Walter Christaller 's Central place theory , the theory of core and periphery. Fred K. Schaefer 's article "Exceptionalism in geography: A Methodological Examination", published in the American journal Annals of the Association of American Geographers , and his critique of regionalism, made
1232-399: The growth of knowledge goods, and feminization, has enabled economic geographers to study social and spatial divisions caused by the rising New Economy, including the emerging digital divide . The new economic geographies consist of primarily service-based sectors of the economy that use innovative technology, such as industries where people rely on computers and the internet. Within these is
1276-459: The help of geographic information systems ), market research, geography of transportation, real estate price evaluation, regional and global development, planning, Internet geography , innovation, social networks . As economic geography is a very broad discipline, with economic geographers using many different methodologies in the study of economic phenomena in the world some distinct approaches to study have evolved over time: Economic geography
1320-455: The medium they exploit: land, water and air. Each mode has its own requirements and features, and is adapted to serve the specific demands of freight and passenger traffic. This gives rise to marked differences in the ways the modes are deployed and used in different parts of the world. Recently, there is a trend towards integrating the modes through intermodality and linking the modes ever more closely into production and distribution activities. At
1364-400: The most common modes in use. A railroad is often used to transport goods in areas away from water. Railroads may also be the source of transportation for people as well. " Transportation modes are an essential component of transport systems since they are the means by which mobility is supported. Geographers consider a wide range of modes that may be grouped into three broad categories based on
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1408-421: The native people, the climate, the landscape, and the productivity of various locations. These early accounts encouraged the development of transcontinental trade patterns and ushered in the era of mercantilism . Lindley M. Keasbey wrote in 1901 that no discipline of economic geography existed, with scholars either doing geography or economics. Keasbey argued for a discipline of economic geography, writing, On
1452-1081: The ocean. But the cost of transport is comparatively higher in the land locked countries. Despite what technology has made geography do to us, it is possible to weigh in on the future course that our future economic plans are to take through gaining an understanding of geography’s far reaching implications. Citations: [1] https://study.com/academy/lesson/how-geographical-features-impact-economic-activity.html [2] https://www.bb.org.bd/pub/research/workingpaper/wp1615.pdf [3] https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199874002/obo-9780199874002-0146.xml [4] https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/016001799761012334 [5] https://www.hks.harvard.edu/centers/cid/publications/faculty-working-papers/geography-and-economic-development [6] https://shs.cairn.info/revue-recherches-economiques-de-louvain-2011-2-page-141?lang=fr [7] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233996238_Geography_and_Economic_Development [8] https://www.jstor.org/stable/857 Transportation geography Transport geography or transportation geography
1496-435: The one hand, the economic activities of man are determined from the first by the phenomena of nature; and, on the other hand, the phenomena of nature are subsequently modified by the economic activities of man. Since this is the case, to start the deductions of economics, the inductions of geography are necessary; and to continue the inductions of geography, the deductions of economics are required. Logically, therefore, economics
1540-596: The period of exploration were able to take advantages of the geographical opportunities, while the initial farm based communities were found to be developed in the Fertile Crescent. Sea channels connected continents for the primary aim of the acquisition of resources in the Atlantic Slave trade. Contemporary Consequences Geographical barriers continue to impact the economic outcomes in the present situation. Maritime trade benefits countries that are bordering
1584-439: The primary forms are air , road , water , and rail . Each form has its own cost associated with 'speed of movement', which is affected by friction, place of origin, and destination. Ships are generally used for moving large amounts of goods. Maritime shipping is able to carry more around the world at a cheaper cost. For moving people who prefer to minimize travel time and maximize comfort and convenience, road and air are
1628-405: The promotion of the sale of olive oil and wines. On the other hand, in desert region, creativity in matters concerning the use of water as a resource is well hammered when there is no innovation in the use of water.. Historical Background Historically, geography has influenced whether some parts of the world are indeed capable of supporting civilization at any one point in time. Colonial powers during
1672-535: The reasons why interactions between geographic characteristics and economic activity can be convoluted is because the said characteristics are the primary cause by which the emergence or decline of civilizations. Transportation and Trade In the past rivers and water ways have remained critical transport channels. In the Nile, river, one of the first civilization icons of Egypt benefited from transport of goods and farming. Similarly it proliferated economic unification across
1716-727: The safest modes of transportation over time. Transportation availability on existing streets, highways, and rail facilities no longer match the transportation demands created by subsequent population growth and new location patterns of economic activity. Besides an increase in population, another problem is vehicles overloading the network of highways and arterial streets. See Traffic congestion , Transportation network , and Population densities The well-being of poor people and people who live in developing areas can be threatened by systems of transportation that fail to connect them to jobs and medical assistance. For example, areas of Southern California have transportation systems that do not connect
1760-399: The same time; however, passenger and freight activity is becoming increasingly separated across most modes." Road transportation networks are connected with movements on constructed roads; carrying people and goods from one place to another by means of lorries, cars, etc. Transportation may be further categorized by the vehicle used or the purpose for transport itself. Water transportation
1804-566: The shaping of agricultural landscapes). The latter approach of agricultural geography is often applied within regional geography. These areas of study may overlap with other geographical sciences . Generally, spatially interested economists study the effects of space on the economy . Geographers, on the other hand, are interested in the economic processes' impact on spatial structures . Moreover, economists and economic geographers differ in their methods in approaching spatial-economic problems in several ways. An economic geographer will often take
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1848-654: The south and southwest, the South Australian border in the west, the Grampians region in the north and the Greater Melbourne region in the east. For the purposes of Australian federal elections for the House of Representatives , the Barwon South West region is contained within all or part of the electoral divisions of Corangamite , Corio , and Wannon . For the purposes of Victorian elections for
1892-648: The surface of the earth known as 'cover patterns', and on other spatial processes such as environmental alterations. Moreover, it contributes to transport , urban, and regional planning . Transportation is fundamental to the economic activity of exchange. Therefore, transport geography and economic geography are largely interrelated. At the most basic level, humans move and thus interact with each other by walking, but transportation geography typically studies more complex regional or global systems of transportation that include multiple interconnected modes like public transit , personal cars , bicycles , freight railroads ,
1936-626: The use of tacit knowledge . As a result of cooperation becoming a necessity, there is a clustering in the high-tech new economy of many firms. Diane Perrons argues that in Anglo-American literature, the New Economy Geography consists of two distinct types. Both New Economic Geographies acknowledge transport costs, the importance of knowledge in a new economy, possible effects of externalities, and endogenous processes that generate increases in productivity. The two also share
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