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60-663: Bashkortostan was established on 28 November [ O.S. 15 November] 1917. On 20 March 1919 it was transformed into the Bashkir ASSR , the first autonomous republic in the Russian SFSR . On 11 October 1990, it adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty . In the Constitution of Bashkortostan and Constitution of Russia , Bashkortostan is defined as a state . The name "Bashkortostan" derives from

120-619: A base for the further economic growth of all European outlying territories of Russia. Bashkortostan has a diverse economy, including a large agricultural sector. But the republic's most important industry is chemical processing. Bashkortostan produces more oil than any other region of Russia, about 26 million tons annually, and provides 17% of the country's gasoline and 15% of its diesel fuel. Other important products manufactured in Bashkortostan include alcohols, pesticides, and plastics. Bashkortostan's gross regional product (GRP) in 2016

180-585: A federal subject of Russia. The Bashkir ASSR was the first Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the RSFSR . The republic occupied an area of 143,600 km (55,400 sq mi) in the far south-eastern corner of European Russia , bounded on the east by the Ural Mountains and within seventy kilometers of the Kazakhstan border at its southernmost point. The region was settled by nomads of

240-642: A calendar change, respectively. Usually, they refer to the change from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar as enacted in various European countries between 1582 and 1923. In England , Wales , Ireland and Britain's American colonies , there were two calendar changes, both in 1752. The first adjusted the start of a new year from 25 March ( Lady Day , the Feast of the Annunciation ) to 1 January,

300-778: A center in Ufa , was formed in 1865—another step toward territorial identification. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 were the All-Bashkir Qoroltays (conventions), which required a decision on the need to create a national federal republic within Russia. As a result, on 28 November 1917, the Bashkir Regional (Central) Shuro (Council) proclaimed the establishment of territorial and national autonomy in areas of Orenburg, Perm, Samara, and Ufa provinces with

360-544: A change which Scotland had made in 1600. The second discarded the Julian calendar in favour of the Gregorian calendar, skipping 11 days in the month of September to do so. To accommodate the two calendar changes, writers used dual dating to identify a given day by giving its date according to both styles of dating. For countries such as Russia where no start-of-year adjustment took place, O.S. and N.S. simply indicate

420-459: A letter dated "12/22 Dec. 1635". In his biography of John Dee , The Queen's Conjurer , Benjamin Woolley surmises that because Dee fought unsuccessfully for England to embrace the 1583/84 date set for the change, "England remained outside the Gregorian system for a further 170 years, communications during that period customarily carrying two dates". In contrast, Thomas Jefferson , who lived while

480-590: A predominantly Bashkir population. In December 1917, delegates to the All-Bashkir (constituent) Congress, representing the interests of the population edge of all nationalities, voted unanimously for the resolution (Farman #2) of the Bashkir regional Shuro for the proclamation of national-territorial autonomy (of the Republic) Bashkurdistan. The congress formed the government of Bashkurdistan,

540-911: A start-of-year adjustment works well with little confusion for events before the introduction of the Gregorian calendar. For example, the Battle of Agincourt is well known to have been fought on 25 October 1415, which is Saint Crispin's Day . However, for the period between the first introduction of the Gregorian calendar on 15 October 1582 and its introduction in Britain on 14 September 1752, there can be considerable confusion between events in Continental Western Europe and in British domains. Events in Continental Western Europe are usually reported in English-language histories by using

600-536: Is 9 February 1649, the date by which his contemporaries in some parts of continental Europe would have recorded his execution. The O.S./N.S. designation is particularly relevant for dates which fall between the start of the "historical year" (1 January) and the legal start date, where different. This was 25 March in England, Wales, Ireland and the colonies until 1752, and until 1600 in Scotland. In Britain, 1 January

660-704: Is also rich in springs that provide drinking water. The Asselian Age at the start of the Permian Period of geological time is named after the Assel River in Bashkortostan. The head of the government of the Republic of Bashkortostan is called the Head (before 1 January 2015 the title was "President"). According to the Constitution , the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan guarantees rights and liberties to

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720-474: Is among the leaders in real estate development, developed electric power industry and tourism. Ufa was ranked by Forbes as among the best cities for business in Russia in 2013. GRP structure of Bashkortostan for 2013. Tourism in the region is regulated by the Russian Federation . Efforts are underway to enhance tourism and hospitality in the northeast region. These initiatives are founded on

780-413: Is recognized and guaranteed within the republic's territory. The Republic of Bashkortostan resolves all issues of administrative-territorial structure on its own. The list of districts and towns, municipalities, as well as the order of establishing, amending and changing borders of municipalities and their names, are stipulated by the Republic of Bashkortostan law "On administrative-territorial structure of

840-621: Is underway at 12 institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 institutes of different branches of industry, as well as numerous design bureaus and organizations, universities, and colleges. The country's system of popular education took shape over many centuries and reflects the Bashkir people's folklore , national customs, and traditions . When Islam spread in Bashkiria in the 10th century, an educational system began to emerge gradually—primarily religious schools operated under

900-570: The 2019 Bashkir head election . The next election will be in 2024. Before his current role, Radiy Khabirov was the Head of Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast . His predecessor was Rustem Khamitov , the leader after 19 July 2010. He resigned on 11 October 2018 ahead of the election because he decided to not run for reelection. The Republic's parliament is the State Assembly—Kurultai , popularly elected every five years. The one-chamber State Assembly has 110 deputies. The Republic's Constitution

960-579: The Great Patriotic War , Bashkiria became one of the major regions of the Soviet Union to accommodate plants and factories evacuated from Western Russia, as well as great masses of people, while also providing the country with weaponry, fuel, and foodstuffs. After the war, several industries developed further in Bashkiria, such as mining ( Bakr-Tay and Blyavinsky copper mines), machine-building and oil-refining. Bashkiria's industry became

1020-800: The Kazan , the Siberia Khanates and the Nogai Horde . The tribes that lived there were headed by bi (tribal heads). After Kazan fell to Ivan the Terrible in 1554–1555, representatives of western and northwestern Bashkir tribes approached the Tsar with a request to voluntarily join Muscovy . The Bashkir rebellion of 1662–1664 and the Bashkir rebellion of 1704–1711 were primarily caused by

1080-657: The Kipchak branch of the Turkic language group. The first settlements in the territory of modern Bashkortostan date from the early Paleolithic period, but the Bronze Age spurred an upsurge in the population of this territory. When people of the Abashevo culture started settling here, they possessed high skills in manufacturing bronze tools, weapons and decorations. They were the first to establish permanent settlements in

1140-609: The Russian Empire and the very beginning of Soviet Russia . For example, in the article "The October (November) Revolution", the Encyclopædia Britannica uses the format of "25 October (7 November, New Style)" to describe the date of the start of the revolution. The Latin equivalents, which are used in many languages, are, on the one hand, stili veteris (genitive) or stilo vetere (ablative), abbreviated st.v. , and meaning "(of/in) old style" ; and, on

1200-474: The Sunni Hanafi school of Islamic law . Most ethnic Russians, Chuvash, and Ukrainians are Orthodox Christians . Most Mari are Pagan . Non-religious people form a substantial part of any ethnic group in Bashkortostan. There are 13,000 Jews in the republic, with a historic synagogue in Ufa , and a new Jewish Community Center built in 2008. According to a 2012 Sreda survey of 56,900 people, 58% of

1260-416: The 19th century, a practice that the author Karen Bellenir considered to reveal a deep emotional resistance to calendar reform. Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic The Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , also historically known as Soviet Bashkiria or simply Bashkiria , was an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR . Currently it is known as Republic of Bashkortostan ,

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1320-539: The 4th century , had drifted from reality . The Gregorian calendar reform also dealt with the accumulated difference between these figures, between the years 325 and 1582, by skipping 10 days to set the ecclesiastical date of the equinox to be 21 March, the median date of its occurrence at the time of the First Council of Nicea in 325. Countries that adopted the Gregorian calendar after 1699 needed to skip an additional day for each subsequent new century that

1380-643: The Bashkir population are Muslim , which is observed by the majority, and Russian Orthodoxy . A major battleground of the Russian Civil War , in 1919 the Bashkir Republic was the first ethnic region to be designated an autonomous republic of Russia under the new communist government. The republic declared its sovereignty within the Soviet Union on 11 October 1990 as Bashkir Soviet Socialist Republic , and in 1992 it declared full independence. Two years later, Bashkortostan agreed to remain within

1440-583: The Boyne was commemorated with smaller parades on 1 July. However, both events were combined in the late 18th century, and continue to be celebrated as " The Twelfth ". Because of the differences, British writers and their correspondents often employed two dates, a practice called dual dating , more or less automatically. Letters concerning diplomacy and international trade thus sometimes bore both Julian and Gregorian dates to prevent confusion. For example, Sir William Boswell wrote to Sir John Coke from The Hague

1500-462: The British Isles and colonies converted to the Gregorian calendar, instructed that his tombstone bear his date of birth by using the Julian calendar (notated O.S. for Old Style) and his date of death by using the Gregorian calendar. At Jefferson's birth, the difference was eleven days between the Julian and Gregorian calendars and so his birthday of 2 April in the Julian calendar is 13 April in

1560-410: The British colonies, changed the start of the year from 25 March to 1 January, with effect from "the day after 31 December 1751". (Scotland had already made this aspect of the changes, on 1 January 1600.) The second (in effect ) adopted the Gregorian calendar in place of the Julian calendar. Thus "New Style" can refer to the start-of-year adjustment , to the adoption of the Gregorian calendar , or to

1620-623: The Gregorian calendar. For example, the Battle of Blenheim is always given as 13 August 1704. However, confusion occurs when an event involves both. For example, William III of England arrived at Brixham in England on 5 November (Julian calendar), after he had set sail from the Netherlands on 11 November (Gregorian calendar) 1688. The Battle of the Boyne in Ireland took place a few months later on 1 July 1690 (Julian calendar). That maps to 11 July (Gregorian calendar), conveniently close to

1680-466: The Gregorian calendar. Similarly, George Washington is now officially reported as having been born on 22 February 1732, rather than on 11 February 1731/32 (Julian calendar). The philosopher Jeremy Bentham , born on 4 February 1747/8 (Julian calendar), in later life celebrated his birthday on 15 February. There is some evidence that the calendar change was not easily accepted. Many British people continued to celebrate their holidays "Old Style" well into

1740-430: The Julian and Gregorian dating systems respectively. The need to correct the calendar arose from the realisation that the correct figure for the number of days in a year is not 365.25 (365 days 6 hours) as assumed by the Julian calendar but slightly less (c. 365.242 days). The Julian calendar therefore has too many leap years . The consequence was that the basis for the calculation of the date of Easter , as decided in

1800-581: The Julian calendar had added since then. When the British Empire did so in 1752, the gap had grown to eleven days; when Russia did so (as its civil calendar ) in 1918, thirteen days needed to be skipped. In the Kingdom of Great Britain and its possessions, the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 introduced two concurrent changes to the calendar. The first, which applied to England, Wales, Ireland and

1860-517: The Julian date of the subsequent (and more decisive) Battle of Aughrim on 12 July 1691 (Julian). The latter battle was commemorated annually throughout the 18th century on 12 July, following the usual historical convention of commemorating events of that period within Great Britain and Ireland by mapping the Julian date directly onto the modern Gregorian calendar date (as happens, for example, with Guy Fawkes Night on 5 November). The Battle of

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1920-770: The Pre-parliament—Kese-Qoroltay and other bodies of power and administration, and decisions were made on how to proceed. In March 1919, based on the agreements of the Russian Government, the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed. During the Soviet period, Bashkiria was granted broad autonomous rights, the first among other Russian regions. The administrative structure of the Bashkir ASSR

1980-766: The Republic of Bashkortostan and territory of municipalities". The state has strong economic and cultural ties with its western neighbour, the Republic of Tatarstan . Bashkortostan is one of the Russian Federation's most developed regions in terms of its cross-regional output, the volume of industrial production, agricultural production, and investment in fixed assets. The region's largest companies include Bashneft , Ufa Engine Industrial Association (part of United Engine Corporation ), Peton Holding , Bashkhim , Ufaorgsintez , Beloretsk Iron and Steel Works . The extraction of crude oil in Bashkiria began in 1932. with major deposits first discovered in 1943. During

2040-689: The Republic of Bashkortostan. The judicial power of the republic is in the hands of the Supreme Court , the Court of Appeals, district courts , and justices of the peace . In full accord with universally recognized principles of international law, articles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government and the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Bashkortostan ensures in its Constitution that local self-government

2100-427: The Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan" was signed. On 3 August 1994, a Compact "On separation of authorities and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan" was signed, granting the republic autonomy. This agreement was unilaterally abolished on 7 July 2005. Bashkortostan contains part of

2160-543: The Russian Federation on equal and agreed bases. The relations of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation are based on the articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation , the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan , the Federative Treaty (with amendments) and the Agreement on Separation of authorities and powers and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of state power of

2220-708: The Russian government's violations of the terms and conditions previously agreed between the Bashkirs and the Russian authorities. Starting from the second half of the 16th century, Bashkiria's territory began taking shape as a part of the Russian state. In 1798, the Spiritual Assembly of Russian Muslims was established, an indication that the tsarist government recognized the rights of Bashkirs, Tatars , and other Muslim nations to profess Islam and perform religious rituals. Ufa Governorate ( guberniya ), with

2280-570: The Southern Urals . Bashkortostan takes its name from its native people, the Bashkirs . The Slavonic name of the country, Bashkiriya, formed at the end of the 16th century. Originally it appeared in the forms Bashkir land , Bashkir , Bashkirda and Bashkir horde . The ethnonym Bashkirs first became known in the 7th century. In the 10th century, Al-Balkhi wrote about Bashkirs as a people, divided into two groups, one of which inhabited

2340-617: The Southern Urals, while the other lived near the Danube River, close to the boundaries of Byzantium. His contemporary Ibn-Ruste described the Bashkirs as "an independent people, occupying territories on both sides of the Ural mountain ridge between Volga, Kama, Tobol and upstream of Yaik River". After the early-feudal Mongolian state had broken down in the 14th century, the territory of modern Bashkortostan became divided between

2400-492: The combination of the two. It was through their use in the Calendar Act that the notations "Old Style" and "New Style" came into common usage. When recording British history, it is usual to quote the date as originally recorded at the time of the event, but with the year number adjusted to start on 1 January. The latter adjustment may be needed because the start of the civil calendar year had not always been 1 January and

2460-406: The country's people and citizens, protects the economic and political interests of the Republic of Bashkortostan, and secures legitimacy, law, and order within its territory. Since 11 October 2018, the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan has been Radiy Khabirov . He was first appointed as acting head by Russian President Vladimir Putin . In 2019 he was elected after winning 82% of the vote in

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2520-543: The end of the following December, 1661/62 , a form of dual dating to indicate that in the following twelve weeks or so, the year was 1661 Old Style but 1662 New Style. Some more modern sources, often more academic ones (e.g. the History of Parliament ) also use the 1661/62 style for the period between 1 January and 24 March for years before the introduction of the New Style calendar in England. The Gregorian calendar

2580-527: The innovative scientific, educational, and industrial infrastructure of the Geopark "Yangan-Tau." Bashkirs are the indigenous (autochthonal) peoples of Bashkortostan. According to the 2021 Census , the ethnic composition was: According to the 2021 Census , spoken languages: Russian (97%), Bashkir (23%) and Tatar (20%). Islam is adhered to by a majority of the nation's population of Bashkir and Tatar descent. The Muslims of Bashkortostan follow

2640-1714: The legislative framework of the Russian Federation, provided that mutual areas of competence were agreed upon. The republic has rich mineral resources, especially petroleum , natural gas , iron ore , manganese , copper , salt , and construction stone. The Soviet government built a variety of heavy industries on that resource base. The traditional Bashkir occupations of livestock raising and beekeeping remain important economic activities. 1918–24   Turkestan 1918–41   Volga German 1919–90   Bashkir 1920–25   Kirghiz 1920–90   Tatar 1921–91   Adjarian 1921–45   Crimean 1921–91   Dagestan 1921–24   Mountain 1921–90   Nakhichevan 1922–91   Yakut 1923–90   Buryat 1923–40   Karelian 1924–40   Moldavian 1924–29   Tajik 1925–92   Chuvash 1925–36   Kazakh 1926–36   Kirghiz 1931–92   Abkhaz 1932–92   Karakalpak 1934–90   Mordovian 1934–90   Udmurt 1935–43   Kalmyk 1936–44   Checheno-Ingush 1936–44   Kabardino-Balkarian 1936–90   Komi 1936–90   Mari 1936–90   North Ossetian 1944–57   Kabardin 1956–91   Karelian 1957–92   Checheno-Ingush 1957–91   Kabardino-Balkarian 1958–90   Kalmyk 1961–92   Tuvan 1990–91   Gorno-Altai 1991–92   Crimean This Soviet Union –related article

2700-438: The name of the Bashkir ethnic group. While the endonym having various theories on its meaning, the most prominent is being a combination of Turkic words baş , meaning 'head', 'chief', 'main', 'principal' and qurt meaning 'wolf', one of the animals regarded as sacred to Turkic peoples ); the suffix -stan is Persian , commonly used for many Eurasian territorial names. Bashkirs speak the Bashkir language , which belongs to

2760-440: The northern to the southern border. The highest mountains include: The Republic of Bashkortostan is one of Russia's most mineral-rich territories. With a large share of Russian oil reserves , the region is a principal site of extraction. Other major resources are natural gas , coal , ferrous metal ores , manganese , chromite , and more. The republic has enough mineral resources to provide its own power and fuel. Additionally,

2820-456: The other, stili novi or stilo novo , abbreviated st.n. and meaning "(of/in) new style". The Latin abbreviations may be capitalised differently by different users, e.g., St.n. or St.N. for stili novi . There are equivalents for these terms in other languages as well, such as the German a.St. (" alter Stil " for O.S.). Usually, the mapping of New Style dates onto Old Style dates with

2880-704: The population of Bashkortostan are Muslim , 17% adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church , 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or members of other Orthodox churches, and 2% are adherents of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), the Mari native religion , Chuvash Vattisen Yaly or Tengrism . In addition, 4% of the population declare to be "spiritual but not religious", 5% are atheist , and 7% follow other religions or did not give an answer to

2940-462: The question. Note, however, that this survey has been criticized as biased. It was conducted by the service "Sreda", which has ties to the Christian organizations. In 2010, there were over 1,000 mosques in Bashkortostan, 200 Orthodox churches and 60 religious buildings of other confessions. About sixty scientific organizations are active in the republic. Fundamental and applied scientific research

3000-507: The region has enough raw materials to support a variety of industries, from metallurgy to glass-making. Bashkortostan is a major source of materials used in non-ferrous metallurgy . The republic has good deposits of lignite with a high degree of bitumen . This lignite can be used for obtaining a variety of different chemical products like resins, surface-active substances, gummy fertilizers , and other stimulants for plant growth. Deposits of raw materials used in mining are also significant in

3060-471: The region. Bashkortostan is also rich in woodlands. Over one-third of its territory, or 62,000 square kilometres (24,000 sq mi), is wooded. The following types of trees dominate: birch , conifers , lime , oak , and maple . The general stock of timber has been estimated as 717.9 million m. Bashkortostan forests have special sanctuaries and national parks. They cover more than 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi). Bashkortostan

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3120-476: The southern Urals and the adjacent plains. There are over 13,000 rivers in the republic. Many rivers are part of the deep-water transportation system of European Russia; they provide access to ports of the Baltic and Black seas . Major rivers include: There are 2,700 lakes and reservoirs in the republic. Major lakes and reservoirs include: The Republic contains part of the southern Urals, which stretch from

3180-688: The steppe, the Turkic Bashkirs , during the 13th-century domination by the Golden Horde . Russians arrived in the mid-16th century, founding the city of Ufa , now the republic's capital. Numerous local uprisings broke out in opposition to the settlement of larger Russian populations in the centuries that followed. The Bashkirs finally gave up nomadic life in the 19th century, adopting the agricultural lifestyle that remains their primary means of support. The traditional clan-based social structure has largely disappeared. The predominant religions of

3240-411: The supervision of mosques ( maktabeh and madrasah ). In addition, many institutions of higher education operate in the republic, including branches of 16 leading Russian universities and colleges. Specialists graduate with degrees in about 200 trades and professions . Old Style and New Style dates Old Style ( O.S. ) and New Style ( N.S. ) indicate dating systems before and after

3300-406: Was 1.34 trillion rubles, making the republic the subject with the ninth-highest GRP in Russia. The state had a positive trade balance , with $ 13.7 billion exported and $ 1.2 billion imported in 2013. As much as 82.9% of enterprises in Bashkortostan are profitable, higher than the nationwide average of 68.42%. Bashkortostan has been recognized as the region with the lowest economic risk. Bashkortostan

3360-419: Was adopted on 24 December 1993. Article 1 of the Constitution stipulates that Bashkortostan is a sovereign state within Russia, it has state power beyond the limits of the authority of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation concerning the aspect of the joint authority of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The Republic of Bashkortostan is a full-fledged subject of

3420-480: Was altered at different times in different countries. From 1155 to 1752, the civil or legal year in England began on 25 March ( Lady Day ); so for example, the execution of Charles I was recorded at the time in Parliament as happening on 30 January 164 8 (Old Style). In newer English-language texts, this date is usually shown as "30 January 164 9 " (New Style). The corresponding date in the Gregorian calendar

3480-468: Was based on principles similar to those of other autonomous republics of Russia. On 11 October 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Republic adopted the declaration on state sovereignty of the Bashkir ASSR . On 25 February 1992, the Bashkir ASSR was renamed the Republic of Bashkortostan. On 31 March 1992, a Federative Compact "On separation of authorities and powers among federal organs of power of

3540-488: Was celebrated as the New Year festival from as early as the 13th century, despite the recorded (civil) year not incrementing until 25 March, but the "year starting 25th March was called the Civil or Legal Year, although the phrase Old Style was more commonly used". To reduce misunderstandings about the date, it was normal even in semi-official documents such as parish registers to place a statutory new-year heading after 24 March (for example "1661") and another heading from

3600-496: Was implemented in Russia on 14 February 1918 by dropping the Julian dates of 1–13 February 1918 , pursuant to a Sovnarkom decree signed 24 January 1918 (Julian) by Vladimir Lenin . The decree required that the Julian date was to be written in parentheses after the Gregorian date, until 1 July 1918. It is common in English-language publications to use the familiar Old Style or New Style terms to discuss events and personalities in other countries, especially with reference to

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