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85-573: The documentary series was first broadcast in November 1995, with expanded versions released on VHS and LaserDisc in 1996 and on DVD in 2003. The documentary used interviews with the Beatles and their associates to narrate the history of the band as seen through archival footage and performances. The Anthology book , released in 2000, paralleled the documentary in presenting the group's history through quotes from interviews. The initial volume of

170-405: A "final Beatles song", both as a single and as a bonus track on the expanded edition of the 1967-1970 compilation album. Each of the three Anthology albums was accompanied by a promotional CD sampler sent to radio stations shortly before the official release dates. These CDs have since become highly sought collector's items. Even rarer is a vinyl version of the sampler for Anthology 2 , which

255-500: A 0.5-inch magnetic tape between two spools and typically offer a capacity of at least two hours. The popularity of VHS was intertwined with the rise of the video rental market, with films being released on pre-recorded videotapes for home viewing. Newer improved tape formats such as S-VHS were later developed, as well as the earliest optical disc format, LaserDisc ; the lack of global adoption of these formats increased VHS's lifetime, which eventually peaked and started to decline in

340-429: A Bird " was included at the very start. Some 450,000 copies of Anthology 1 were sold in its first day of release, the most sales for an album in a single day ever. The band's first drummer Pete Best , replaced by Ringo Starr in 1962 before the Beatles recorded professionally for EMI, received his first substantial Beatles royalties from this album, for the inclusion of early demo tracks on which he played. Anthology 2

425-418: A Bird", was based on an unfinished Lennon recording – was also included in the two-CD collection. Anthology 3 was released on 28 October 1996. The third collection featured out-takes and demos from The Beatles ("White Album"), Abbey Road and Let It Be , as well as several songs from Harrison and McCartney which later became post-Beatle tracks. Mark Lewisohn wrote the liner notes that appear in

510-416: A Lot ", were abandoned and never returned to again by the band. The former was originally slated to be the usual vocal spot for Ringo Starr on Help! , and the latter was eventually given to singer P.J. Proby . The version of " Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby " from the group's famed August 1965 show at Shea Stadium but left out of the documentary about the show appears for the first time. " I'm Down "

595-675: A TV set with a VHS mechanism, were also once available for purchase. Combo units containing both a VHS mechanism and a DVD player were introduced in the late 1990s, and at least one combo unit, the Panasonic DMP-BD70V, included a Blu-ray player. VHS has been standardized in IEC 60774–1. The VHS cassette is a 187  mm wide, 103 mm deep, and 25 mm thick (7 3 ⁄ 8 × 4 1 ⁄ 16 × 1 inch) plastic shell held together with five Phillips-head screws . The flip-up cover, which allows players and recorders to access

680-569: A disadvantage. Matsushita's backing of JVC persuaded Hitachi , Mitsubishi , and Sharp to back the VHS standard as well. Sony's release of its Betamax unit to the Japanese market in 1975 placed further pressure on the MITI to side with the company. However, the collaboration of JVC and its partners was much stronger, which eventually led the MITI to drop its push for an industry standard. JVC released

765-427: A flying erase head for erasing individual video fields, and one was a dummy used for balancing the head drum. The high tape-to-head speed created by the rotating head results in a far higher bandwidth than could be practically achieved with a stationary head. VHS machines record up to 3  MHz of baseband video bandwidth and 300 kHz of baseband chroma bandwidth. The luminance (black and white) portion of

850-591: A functional prototype of the Betamax format, and was very close to releasing a finished product. With this prototype, Sony persuaded the MITI to adopt Betamax as the standard, and allow it to license the technology to other companies. JVC believed that an open standard , with the format shared among competitors without licensing the technology, was better for the consumer. To prevent the MITI from adopting Betamax, JVC worked to convince other companies, in particular Matsushita (Japan's largest electronics manufacturer at

935-555: A maximum of about 430 m (1,410 ft) of tape at the lowest acceptable tape thickness, giving a maximum playing time of about four hours in a T-240/DF480 for NTSC and five hours in an E-300 for PAL at "standard play" (SP) quality. More frequently, however, VHS tapes are thicker than the required minimum to avoid complications such as jams or tears in the tape. Other speeds include "long play" (LP), "extended play" (EP) or "super long play" (SLP) (standard on NTSC; rarely found on PAL machines ). For NTSC, LP and EP/SLP double and triple

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1020-489: A second VCR. The first version of Macrovision introduces high signal levels during the vertical blanking interval , which occurs between the video fields. These high levels confuse the automatic gain control circuit in most VHS VCRs, leading to varying brightness levels in an output video, but are ignored by the TV as they are out of the frame-display period. "Level II" Macrovision uses a process called "colorstriping", which inverts

1105-416: A track on Anthology 3 , but the effort was abandoned. No version of the song has reached the public. McCartney, Harrison, Starr, and Jeff Lynne attempted a full band recording of Lennon's song " Now and Then " using his demo vocals, intending it to anchor Anthology 3 . The poor fidelity and excessive ambient noise of the original tape proved too difficult to alleviate with contemporary digital equipment, and

1190-488: A variety of text styles and layouts. The book went straight to the top of The New York Times bestsellers list. In 2002, the book was released as a large-format paperback. During early 1995, as work on The Beatles Anthology continued, Yoko Ono and McCartney recorded an avant-garde piece called "Hiroshima Sky Is Always Blue". Ono provided vocals and McCartney played bass, while Sean Lennon , Linda McCartney , and McCartney's children played various instruments. The piece

1275-563: Is 3.335  cm / s (1.313 ips) for NTSC , 2.339 cm/s (0.921 ips) for PAL —or just over 2.0 and 1.4 metres (6 ft 6.7 in and 4 ft 7.2 in) per minute respectively. The tape length for a T-120 VHS cassette is 247.5 metres (812 ft). As with almost all cassette-based videotape systems, VHS machines pull the tape out of the cassette shell and wrap it around the inclined head drum, which rotates at 1,800 rpm in NTSC machines and at 1,500  rpm for PAL , one complete rotation of

1360-489: Is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes , introduced in 1976 by the Victor Company of Japan (JVC) . It was the dominant home video format throughout the tape media period in the late 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s. Magnetic tape video recording was adopted by the television industry in the 1950s in the form of the first commercialized video tape recorders (VTRs), but

1445-424: Is applied to over 550 million videocassettes annually and is used by every MPAA movie studio on some or all of their videocassette releases. Over 220 commercial duplication facilities around the world are equipped to supply Macrovision videocassette copy protection to rights owners...The study found that over 30% of VCR households admit to having unauthorized copies, and that the total annual revenue loss due to copying

1530-441: Is composed of numerous film clips and interviews that present a complete history of the band from the Beatles' own personal perspectives. When it aired on ABC, the series comprised six hour-long programs, aired on three nights in November 1995. The series was later released as eight expanded episodes on VHS, laserdisc and as a boxed set of five DVDs (4 discs with 2 episodes apiece and a disc of extras). Air dates on ABC : Part 1 of

1615-450: Is estimated at $ 370,000,000 annually. The system was first used in copyrighted movies beginning with the 1984 film The Cotton Club . Macrovision copy protection saw refinement throughout its years, but has always worked by essentially introducing deliberate errors into a protected VHS tape's output video stream. These errors in the output video stream are ignored by most televisions, but will interfere with re-recording of programming by

1700-419: Is extended/super long play ( 1 ⁄ 3 speed) which was primarily released into the NTSC market. As VHS was designed to facilitate recording from various sources, including television broadcasts or other VCR units, content producers quickly found that home users were able to use the devices to copy videos from one tape to another. Despite generation loss in quality when a tape was copied, this practice

1785-422: Is magnified by the narrower tracks. The heads for linear audio are not on the spinning drum, so for them, the tape speed from one reel to the other is the same as the speed of the heads across the tape. This speed is quite slow: for SP it is about 2/3s that of an audio cassette, and for EP it is slower than the slowest microcassette speed. This is widely considered inadequate for anything but basic voice playback, and

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1870-539: The Anthology series features voice-over recordings of all four Beatles to push the narrative of the story, with contributions from their producer, road manager and others. As well as telling their story through archival footage, Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr appear in interview segments recorded exclusively for the series; John Lennon appears only in historic archival footage. The series, which included over 5000 hours of planning and production,

1955-469: The NTSC television standard were able to record one hour of programming at their standard tape speed of 1.5  inches per second  (ips). The first VHS machines could record for two hours, due to both a slightly slower tape speed (1.31 ips) and significantly longer tape. Betamax's smaller cassette limited the size of the reel of tape, and could not compete with VHS's two-hour capability by extending

2040-453: The omega transport system) in a helical fashion, assisted by the slanted tape guides. The head rotates constantly at 1798.2 rpm in NTSC machines, exactly 1500 in PAL, each complete rotation corresponding to one frame of video. Two tape heads are mounted on the cylindrical surface of the drum, 180 degrees apart from each other, so that the two heads "take turns" in recording. The rotation of

2125-490: The 1965 sessions for Help! until the sessions immediately prior to their trip to India in February 1968. It is the second in a trilogy of albums with Anthology 1 and Anthology 3 , all of which tie in with the televised special The Beatles Anthology . The opening track is " Real Love ", the second of the two recordings that reunited the Beatles for the first time since the band's break-up . Like its predecessor,

2210-646: The Beatles recorded during the sessions for Sgt. Pepper in 1967; however, the idea was vetoed by Harrison, Starr and Ono on the grounds that the track was never intended for a Beatles release. Among the songs that were in the running for inclusion on the compilation but ultimately passed over were the following: the 1965 Shea Stadium performance of " She's a Woman "; a live version of " Nowhere Man ", recorded in Tokyo in 1966; " Paperback Writer ", featuring only vocals; and out-takes of " Think for Yourself " and " Love You To ". Like its predecessor, Anthology 2 sold well. In

2295-605: The Christmas season of 1996. In all, the album spent 37 weeks on the charts (eight more than Anthology 1 ) and sold 1,707,000 copies. In the United Kingdom, the success was similar. The first Anthology album had debuted at number two when it was released in November 1995, but its successor reached number one, where it remained for one week. The album spent a total of 13 weeks on the UK Albums Chart . Reviewing

2380-808: The HR-3300EK in the United Kingdom. The United States received its first VHS-based VCR, the RCA VBT200, on August 23, 1977. The RCA unit was designed by Matsushita and was the first VHS-based VCR manufactured by a company other than JVC. It was also capable of recording four hours in LP (long play) mode. The UK received its first VHS-based VCR, the Victor HR-3300EK, in 1978. Quasar and General Electric followed-up with VHS-based VCRs – all designed by Matsushita. By 1999, Matsushita alone produced just over half of all Japanese VCRs. TV/VCR combos , combining

2465-529: The U-matic format. In 1971, JVC engineers Yuma Shiraishi and Shizuo Takano put together a team to develop a VTR for consumers. By the end of 1971, they created an internal diagram, "VHS Development Matrix", which established twelve objectives for JVC's new VTR: In early 1972, the commercial video recording industry in Japan took a financial hit. JVC cut its budgets and restructured its video division, shelving

2550-539: The United States, it debuted at number one, selling 442,000 copies its first week. The next week, it fell to number two, selling 201,000 copies, being replaced by Alanis Morissette 's Jagged Little Pill . The album spent two more weeks on the top 10, at number four then number eight, remaining on the Billboard 200 for 22 consecutive weeks and then re-entering the charts twice, marking a number 96 reach during

2635-491: The VHS project. However, despite the lack of funding, Takano and Shiraishi continued to work on the project in secret. By 1973, the two engineers had produced a functional prototype. In 1974, the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), desiring to avoid consumer confusion , attempted to force the Japanese video industry to standardize on just one home video recording format. Later, Sony had

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2720-408: The album cover for Revolver in 1966. The Anthology covers required Voormann to recreate elements of his cover for Revolver within the collage. During the music video for " Free as a Bird ", the Anthology collage appears as posters on a shop window as the camera pans quickly across the street. The design also adorned the VHS, laserdisc and DVD releases, again to be properly encountered by laying

2805-460: The album set ( Anthology 1 ) was released the same week of the documentary's airdate, with the subsequent two volumes ( Anthology 2 and Anthology 3 ) released in 1996. They included unreleased performances and outtakes presented in roughly chronological order, along with two new songs based on demo tapes recorded by Lennon after the group broke up: " Free as a Bird " and " Real Love ", both produced by Jeff Lynne . Approximately coinciding with

2890-680: The album topped the Billboard 200 album chart and has been certified 4× Platinum by the RIAA . The Anthology albums were remastered and made available digitally on the iTunes Store on 14 June 2011, individually and as part of the Anthology Box Set . "Real Love", as with " Free as a Bird ", is based on a demo made by John Lennon and given to Paul McCartney by Lennon's widow, Yoko Ono . The three surviving Beatles (McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr ) added guitars, bass, drums, percussion and backing vocals, but unlike with

2975-454: The analog signal's colorburst period and causes off-color bands to appear in the picture. Level III protection added additional colorstriping techniques to further degrade the image. These protection methods worked well to defeat analog-to-analog copying by VCRs of the time. Consumer products capable of digital video recording are mandated by law to include features which detect Macrovision encoding of input analog streams, and disrupt copying of

3060-454: The bandwidth to over 5 megahertz, yielding 420 analog horizontal (560 pixels left-to-right). Most Super VHS recorders can play back standard VHS tapes, but not vice versa. S-VHS was designed for higher resolution, but failed to gain popularity outside Japan because of the high costs of the machines and tapes. Because of the limited user base, Super VHS was never picked up to any significant degree by manufacturers of pre-recorded tapes, although it

3145-405: The booklets accompanying all three audio sets. These notes, including the date and location of each session or appearance, were based on his own extensive research. The three album covers, when laid side-by-side, become one long painted collage of various peeling posters and album covers representing the different stages of the Beatles' career. This was the work of Klaus Voormann , who also created

3230-546: The cases side by side. Upon the release of Anthology 3 , HMV stores made available a limited edition cardboard sleeve designed to hold all three CD volumes of which each side of the sleeve make up half of the collage. All three albums were made digitally available on the iTunes Store on 14 June 2011, alongside a new Anthology Highlights album which featured a selection of tracks from all three albums and reached number 184 on Billboard 's United States Top Current Albums chart. In October 2000, The Beatles Anthology book

3315-409: The cassette through the circular hole in the center of the underside, and two photodiodes are on the left and right sides of where the tape exits the cassette. When the clear tape reaches one of these, enough light will pass through the tape to the photodiode to trigger the stop function; some VCRs automatically rewind the tape when the trailing end is detected. Early VCRs used an incandescent bulb as

3400-411: The devices were expensive and used only in professional environments. In the 1970s, videotape technology became affordable for home use, and widespread adoption of videocassette recorders (VCRs) began; the VHS became the most popular media format for VCRs as it would win the "format war" against Betamax (backed by Sony ) and a number of other competing tape standards. The cassettes themselves use

3485-399: The drum moving across the tape at (a writing speed of) 4.86 or 6.096 meters per second. To maximize the use of the tape, the video tracks are recorded very close together. To reduce crosstalk between adjacent tracks on playback, an azimuth recording method is used: The gaps of the two heads are not aligned exactly with the track path. Instead, one head is angled at plus six degrees from

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3570-459: The edge label. The tapes are made, pre-recorded, and inserted into the cassettes in cleanrooms , to ensure quality and to keep dust from getting embedded in the tape and interfering with recording (both of which could cause signal dropouts) There is a clear tape leader at both ends of the tape to provide an optical auto-stop for the VCR transport mechanism. In the VCR, a light source is inserted into

3655-415: The first VHS machines in Japan in late 1976, and in the United States in mid-1977. Sony's Betamax competed with VHS throughout the late 1970s and into the 1980s (see Videotape format war ). Betamax's major advantages were its smaller cassette size, theoretical higher video quality, and earlier availability, but its shorter recording time proved to be a major shortcoming. Originally, Beta I machines using

3740-467: The first commercially successful VTR, the Ampex VRX-1000 , was introduced by Ampex Corporation . At a price of US$ 50,000 in 1956 (equivalent to $ 560,343 in 2023) and US$ 300 (equivalent to $ 3,362 in 2023) for a 90-minute reel of tape, it was intended only for the professional market. Kenjiro Takayanagi , a television broadcasting pioneer then working for JVC as its vice president, saw

3825-512: The first minute of the released record appears in its entirety on track three. Also included are three songs that were started during this period – " Only a Northern Song ", " You Know My Name (Look Up the Number) " and " Across the Universe " – but would not see release until years later, in 1969 and 1970. McCartney had hoped to include " Carnival of Light ", an unreleased experimental piece that

3910-509: The first television special in the series had aired, Anthology 1 was released to stores, and included music recorded by the Quarrymen , the famous Decca Records audition tapes , and various out-takes and demos from the band's first four albums. It also included the song "Lend Me Your Comb", omitted from the collection Live at the BBC , released the previous year (1994). The song " Free as

3995-419: The following steps, in this order: The erase head is fed by a high-level, high-frequency AC signal that overwrites any previous recording on the tape. Without this step, the new recording cannot be guaranteed to completely replace any old recording that might have been on the tape. The tape path then carries the tape around the spinning video-head drum, wrapping it around a little more than 180 degrees (called

4080-414: The head corresponding to one video frame. VHS uses an "M-loading" system, also known as M-lacing, where the tape is drawn out by two threading posts and wrapped around more than 180 degrees of the head drum (and also other tape transport components) in a shape roughly approximating the letter M . The heads in the rotating drum get their signal wirelessly using a rotary transformer . A VHS cassette holds

4165-409: The inclined head drum, combined with the relatively slow movement of the tape, results in each head recording a track oriented at a diagonal with respect to the length of the tape, with the heads moving across the tape at speeds higher than what would otherwise be possible. This is referred to as helical scan recording. A tape speed of 1 + 5 ⁄ 16 inches per second corresponds to the heads on

4250-416: The late 1990s after the introduction of DVD , a digital optical disc format. VHS rentals were surpassed by DVD in the United States in 2003, which eventually became the preferred low-end method of movie distribution. For home recording purposes, VHS and VCRs were surpassed by (typically hard disk –based) digital video recorders (DVR) in the 2000s. In 1956, after several attempts by other companies,

4335-446: The light source: when the bulb failed, the VCR would act as if a tape were present when the machine was empty, or would detect the blown bulb and completely stop functioning. Later designs use an infrared LED , which has a much longer life. The recording medium is a Mylar magnetic tape , 12.7 mm ( 1 ⁄ 2 inch) wide, coated with metal oxide , and wound on two spools . The tape speed for "Standard Play" mode (see below)

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4420-502: The majority stockholder of JVC until 2011) to build a video recording standard for the Japanese consumer. The effort produced the U-matic format in 1971, which was the first cassette format to become a unified standard for different companies. It was preceded by the reel-to-reel 1 ⁄ 2 " EIAJ format. The U-matic format was successful in businesses and some broadcast television applications, such as electronic news-gathering, and

4505-414: The miniaturized drum required twice as many heads to complete any given task. This almost always meant four heads on the miniaturized drum with performance similar to a two head VCR with a full sized drum. No attempt was made to record Hi-Fi audio with such devices, as this would require an additional four heads to work. W-VHS decks could have up to 12 heads in the head drum, of which 11 were active including

4590-451: The need for his company to produce VTRs for the Japanese market at a more affordable price. In 1959, JVC developed a two-head video tape recorder and, by 1960, a color version for professional broadcasting. In 1964, JVC released the DV220, which would be the company's standard VTR until the mid-1970s. In 1969, JVC collaborated with Sony Corporation and Matsushita Electric (Matsushita was

4675-492: The network's prime-time sitcoms replaced their regular opening credit themes with Beatles tracks. To accompany the Anthology series, three albums were issued, each containing two CDs, two cassette tapes or three vinyl LPs of mostly never-before-released Beatles material (the exceptions being the Tony Sheridan-era material), although many of the tracks had appeared on bootlegs for many years prior. Two days after

4760-474: The playing time for an E-XXX tape in an NTSC machine, this formula is used: Since the recording/playback time for PAL/SECAM is roughly 1/3 longer than the recording/playback time for NTSC, some tape manufacturers label their cassettes with both T-XXX and E-XXX marks, like T60/E90, T90/E120 and T120/E180. SP is standard play, LP is long play ( 1 ⁄ 2 speed, equal to recording time in DVHS "HS" mode), EP/SLP

4845-419: The playing time for any given cassette will vary between the systems. To avoid confusion, manufacturers indicate the playing time in minutes that can be expected for the market the tape is sold in: E-XXX indicates playing time in minutes for PAL or SECAM. T-XXX indicates playing time in minutes for NTSC or PAL-M. To calculate the playing time for a T-XXX tape in a PAL machine, this formula is used: To calculate

4930-427: The previous song, did not re-work the lyrics or music. "Real Love" remained solely credited to Lennon, becoming the only Beatles song to have Lennon by himself in the writing credit. Disc one contains three unreleased compositions, one being an instrumental entitled " 12-Bar Original ", recorded for Rubber Soul but subsequently unused. Two other songs recorded for Help! , " If You've Got Trouble " and " That Means

5015-534: The quality of the SP speed, and dramatically lowered the quality of freeze frame and high speed search. Later models implemented both wide and narrow heads, and could use all four during pause and shuttle modes to further improve quality although machines later combined both pairs into one. In machines supporting VHS HiFi (described later), yet another pair of heads was added to handle the VHS HiFi signal. Camcorders using

5100-616: The recording time accordingly, but these speed reductions cause a reduction in horizontal resolution – from the normal equivalent of 250 vertical lines in SP, to the equivalent of 230 in LP and even less in EP/SLP. Due to the nature of recording diagonally from a spinning drum, the actual write speed of the video heads does not get slower when the tape speed is reduced. Instead, the video tracks become narrower and are packed closer together. This results in noisier playback that can be more difficult to track correctly: The effect of subtle misalignment

5185-452: The release of the " Free as a Bird " single and Anthology 1 album (the first of three double-CD albums), The Beatles Anthology series of documentaries was broadcast on ITV in the United Kingdom and ABC television in the United States in 1995. The Anthology series takes a form similar to that of the Anthology book, by being a series of first-person accounts by the Beatles themselves, with no external "objective" narration. Footage in

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5270-557: The release of the third volume of the Beatles' series ultimately meant that the Rutles' parody arrived in shops on the same day as its inspiration. "Weird Al" Yankovic parodied The Beatles Anthology in an Al TV special. He said he had a copy of a fictional Anthology 17 , which he claimed would not be available to the public for a while. He played for the audience a track of Paul McCartney brushing his teeth and Ringo Starr shaving before The Ed Sullivan Show . The Beatles Anthology

5355-512: The respective analog TV standard (625 for PAL or 525 for NTSC ; somewhat fewer scan lines are actually visible due to overscan and the VBI ). In modern-day digital terminology, NTSC VHS resolution is roughly equivalent to 333×480 pixels for luma and 40×480 pixels for chroma. 333×480=159,840 pixels or 0.16 MP (1/6 of a megapixel). PAL VHS resolution is roughly 333×576 pixels for luma and 40×576 pixels for chroma (although when decoded PAL and SECAM half

5440-452: The second tape head, is another 1 ⁄ 60 or 1 ⁄ 50 of a second TV picture field, and so on. Thus one complete head rotation records an entire NTSC or PAL frame of two fields. The original VHS specification had only two video heads. When the EP recording speed was introduced, the thickness of these heads was reduced to accommodate the narrower tracks. However, this subtly reduced

5525-451: The series drew 17 million households, meaning an average of 27.3 million viewers, which was much better than usual for ABC at the time, but behind most broadcasts of Friends on NBC , which in its second season was averaging 29.4 million viewers per episode. In promoting the series, ABC identified itself as "A-Beatles-C" – an homage to the mid-1960s "77 W-A-Beatles-C" call sign of the network's flagship NYC AM radio station – and several of

5610-461: The song was abandoned. George Harrison was dismissive of the quality of the song, calling it "fucking rubbish". The song was replaced as the opening track on Anthology 3 with the White Album outtake " A Beginning ". In 2023, McCartney, Starr and Giles Martin refurbished and completed the track, using artificial intelligence to extricate Lennon's vocal from the demo tape, and released it as

5695-517: The tape length. Instead, Sony had to slow the tape down to 0.787 ips (Beta II) in order to achieve two hours of recording in the same cassette size. Sony eventually created a Beta III speed of 0.524 ips, which allowed NTSC Betamax to break the two-hour limit, but by then VHS had already won the format battle. Additionally, VHS had a "far less complex tape transport mechanism" than Betamax, and VHS machines were faster at rewinding and fast-forwarding than their Sony counterparts. VHS eventually won

5780-441: The tape, has a latch on the right side, with a push-in toggle to release it (bottom view image). The cassette has an anti-despooling mechanism, consisting of several plastic parts between the spools, near the front of the cassette (white and black in the top view). The spool latches are released by a push-in lever within a 6.35 mm ( 1 ⁄ 4 inch) hole at the bottom of the cassette, 19 mm ( 3 ⁄ 4 inch) in from

5865-628: The time, marketing its products under the National brand in most territories and the Panasonic brand in North America, and JVC's majority stockholder), to accept VHS, and thereby work against Sony and the MITI. Matsushita agreed, primarily out of concern that Sony might become the leader in the field if its proprietary Betamax format was the only one allowed to be manufactured. Matsushita also regarded Betamax's one-hour recording time limit as

5950-409: The track, and the other at minus six degrees. This results, during playback, in destructive interference of the signal from the tracks on either side of the one being played. Each of the diagonal-angled tracks is a complete TV picture field , lasting 1 ⁄ 60 of a second ( 1 ⁄ 50 on PAL) on the display. One tape head records an entire picture field. The adjacent track, recorded by

6035-444: The vertical color resolution). JVC countered 1985's SuperBeta with VHS HQ, or High Quality. The frequency modulation of the VHS luminance signal is limited to 3 megahertz, which makes higher resolutions technically impossible even with the highest-quality recording heads and tape materials, but an HQ branded deck includes luminance noise reduction, chroma noise reduction, white clip extension, and improved sharpness circuitry. The effect

6120-404: The video is frequency modulated and combined with a down-converted " color under " chroma (color) signal that is encoded using quadrature amplitude modulation . Including side bands , the signal on a VHS tape can use up to 10 MHz of RF bandwidth. VHS horizontal resolution is 240 TVL , or about 320 lines across a scan line. The vertical resolution (number of scan lines) is the same as

6205-411: The video. Both intentional and false-positive detection of Macrovision protection has frustrated archivists who wish to copy now-fragile VHS tapes to a digital format for preservation. As of the 2020s, modern software decoding ignores Macrovison as software is not limited to the fixed standards that Macrovision was intended to disrupt in hardware based systems. The recording process in VHS consists of

6290-753: The war, gaining 60% of the North American market by 1980. The first VCR to use VHS was the Victor HR-3300 , and was introduced by the president of JVC in Japan on September 9, 1976. JVC started selling the HR-3300 in Akihabara , Tokyo, Japan, on October 31, 1976. Region-specific versions of the JVC HR-3300 were also distributed later on, such as the HR-3300U in the United States, and

6375-512: Was a major liability for VHS-C camcorders that encouraged the use of the EP speed. Color depth deteriorates significantly at lower speeds in PAL: often, a color image on a PAL tape recorded at low speed is displayed only in monochrome, or with intermittent color, when playback is paused. VHS cassettes for NTSC and PAL/SECAM systems are physically identical, although the signals recorded on the tape are incompatible. The tape speeds are different too, so

6460-397: Was also parodied on the short-lived Dana Carvey Show , which was being aired on ABC around the same time that Anthology was being televised on the network. On Late Night with Conan O'Brien the host had the remaining Beatles adding music and doing backup singing to a fictitious vocal track of John Lennon's answering machine message. VHS The VHS ( Video Home System )

6545-599: Was broadcast on Japanese public television in memory of the 50th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima . The track " Carnival of Light ", recorded during the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band sessions, was intended to be released on the Anthology 2 album, but was vetoed by George Harrison. It was reported that McCartney, Harrison and Starr worked on a new composition called "All for Love" in March 1995, intended as

6630-484: Was only sent to college radio stations and featured a different cover (though the contents were the same). In October 1996 there was a strictly limited release from EMI , a slip case cover to house all three CD volumes, which have since become extremely rare, fetching high prices among collectors. The success of the Anthology albums was parodied by the release of the Rutles ' Archaeology some months later. Delays in

6715-448: Was originally listed as Track 7 (in its correct place chronologically) but was shifted out of sequence to Track 3 at the last minute, at Paul McCartney's request. The album had already gone to press and McCartney reportedly paid the re-printing costs himself. Disc two contains work-in-progress versions of tracks from Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band and Magical Mystery Tour . The take of " Strawberry Fields Forever " that made up

6800-522: Was produced by all three companies until the late 1980s, but because of cost and limited recording time, very few of the machines were sold for home use. Therefore, soon after the U-Matic release, all three companies started working on new consumer-grade video recording formats of their own. Sony started working on Betamax , Matsushita started working on VX , and JVC released the CR-6060 in 1975, based on

6885-534: Was regarded as a widespread problem, which members of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) claimed caused them great financial losses. In response, several companies developed technologies to protect copyrighted VHS tapes from casual duplication by home users. The most popular method was Analog Protection System , better known simply as Macrovision , produced by a company of the same name. According to Macrovision: The technology

6970-416: Was released on 17 March 1996. The second collection presented out-takes and demos from the Beatles' sessions for Help! , Rubber Soul , Revolver , Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band and Magical Mystery Tour . These included selected early demos and takes for Lennon's " Strawberry Fields Forever ", previously available only to bootleg collectors. The new song " Real Love " – which, like "Free as

7055-404: Was released, which included interviews with all four band members and others involved, plus rare photos. Many of the interviews quoted are from those featured in the documentary films. The book is designed as a large-format hardback, with imaginative artwork throughout, and several visually vibrant and colourful spreads featuring graphics relevant to the proceeding chronology, photographic arrays and

7140-534: Was to increase the apparent horizontal resolution of a VHS recording from 240 to 250 analog (equivalent to 333 pixels from left-to-right, in digital terminology). The major VHS OEMs resisted HQ due to cost concerns, eventually resulting in JVC reducing the requirements for the HQ brand to white clip extension plus one other improvement. In 1987, JVC introduced a new format called Super VHS (often known as S-VHS) which extended

7225-521: Was used extensively in the low-end professional market for filming and editing. After leaving the head drum, the tape passes over the stationary audio and control head. This records a control track at the bottom edge of the tape, and one or two linear audio tracks along the top edge. Anthology 2 Anthology 2 is a compilation album by the Beatles , released on 18 March 1996 by Apple Records as part of The Beatles Anthology series. It features rarities, outtakes and live performances from

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