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85-406: Beirut Film Festival may refer to: Beirut International Film Festival Beirut International Women Film Festival Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Beirut Film Festival . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

170-653: A Sunni militia which controlled the harbour and was backed by the PLO , and the Alawite Arab Democratic Party ’s militia. The ADP were backed by the communist Red Knights as well as Syrian special forces. After a week of fighting which saw around 150 killed, 4500 wounded and 200,000 people leaving their homes, the Syrians brokered a truce which involved the Syrian army occupying five key positions and

255-1111: A curiously shaped corniche, doorway or moulded window frame. Among the finest is the madrassa al-Burtasiyah, with an elegant façade picked out in black and white stones and a highly decorated lintel over the main door. Public buildings in Mamluk Tripoli were emphasized through sitting, façade treatment, and street alignment. Well-cut and well-dressed stones (local sandstone) were used as media of construction and for decorative effects on elevations and around openings (the ablaq technique of alternating light and dark stone courses). Bearing walls were used as vertical supports. Cross vaults covered most spaces from prayer halls to closed rectangular rooms, to galleries around courtyards. Domes were constructed over conspicuous and important spaces like tomb chambers, mihrab , and covered courtyards. Typical construction details in Mamluk Tripoli included cross vaults with concave grooves meeting in octagonal openings or concave rosettes as well as simple cupolas or ribbed domes. The use of double drums and corner squinches

340-768: A dispersed audience. 1.1 LatinArab International Film Festival The Latin Arab International Film Festival has been held yearly for the last seven years in the City of Buenos Aires. The only festival of its kind in the American continent, it has grown into a platform where to meet and promote Arab cinema and where to build a bridge and bring together the Latin American and Arab cultures, as they have so much in common. The festival's venues are public theatres Cine.Ar and el cultural San Martín and

425-535: A financial center and main port of northern Phoenicia with sea trade (East Mediterranean and the West), and caravan trade (North Syria and hinterland). Under the Seleucids , Tripoli gained the right to mint its own coins (112 BCE); it was granted autonomy between 104 and 105, which it retained until 64 BCE. At the time, Tripoli was a center of shipbuilding and cedar timber trade (like other Phoenician cities). During

510-463: A fine example of the architecture of that time. The oldest among them were built with stones taken from 12th and 13th-century churches; the characteristics of the architecture of the period are best seen in the mosques and madrassas , the Islamic schools. It is the madrassas which most attract attention, for they include highly original structures as well as decoration: here a honeycombed ceiling, there

595-541: A heterogeneous population including Western Europeans , Greeks , Armenians , Maronites , Nestorians , Jews , and Muslims . During that time, Tripoli witnessed the growth of the inland settlement surrounding the "Pilgrim's Mountain" (the Citadel of Tripoli ) into a built-up suburb including the main religious monuments of the city such as: The "Church of the Holy Sepulchre of Pilgrim's Mountain" (incorporating

680-599: A high rate of urban growth and a fast city development (according to traveler's accounts). It also had poles of growth including the fortress, the Great Mosque , and the river banks. The city had seven guard towers on the harbor site to defend the inland city, including what still stands today as the Lion Tower . During the period the castle of Saint-Gilles was expanded as the Citadel of Mamluk Tripoli. The "Aqueduct of

765-475: A lack of established distribution channels, artists are beginning to produce more and more commercially viable films. Films featured at festivals both in the Arab world and elsewhere around the globe run the gamut from films about war, identity, political or social issues to romantic comedies and thrillers. Goals of festival organizers are largely to provide an alternative and more inclusive portrayal of people from

850-643: A number of different names as far back as the Phoenician age. In the Amarna letters the name Derbly , possibly a Semitic cognate of the city's modern Arabic name Ṭarābulus , was mentioned, and in other places Ahlia or Wahlia are mentioned (14th century BCE). In an engraving concerning the invasion of Tripoli by the Assyrian King Ashurnasirpal II (888–859 BCE), it is called Mahallata or Mahlata , Mayza , and Kayza . Under

935-707: A shipyard, since the Ottoman rule and until this day a ship and marine contractor. It was also known as St Thomas Island during the Crusades. The opposite of Palms Island, which is a large flat sandy beach, is Ramkin Island . This island is largely made up of cliffs and rocks. The Citadel of Tripoli is also known as the Castle of Saint-Gilles ( Arabic : قلعة سان جيل Qalʻat Sān Jīl ; French : Château Saint-Gilles ), in reference to Raymond de Saint-Gilles , who dominated

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1020-638: Is a world-class annual film festival in Cairo, Egypt. Established in 1976, it was the first film festival to be held in the Arab world and was the only international competitive feature film festival in the West Asia and Africa recognized by the FIAPF until Fajr International Film Festival became another west asian festival accredited by FIAPF . The festival has awarded many Egyptian and internationally renowned actors, actresses and directors. Special awards, such as

1105-522: Is also given the title of "City of Knowledge and Scholars" (Arabic: طرابلس مدينة العلم والعلماء , romanized:  Ṭarābulus madīnat al-ʿilm wa-l-ʿulamāʾ ). Evidence of settlement in Tripoli dates back as early as 1400 BCE. Tripoli was originally established as a Phoenician colony in the 8th century BC. There, the Phoenicians established a trading station and later, under Persian rule,

1190-468: Is attributable, in part, to the city's dysfunctional politics, in which a fragmented array of Sunni political figures (such as Saad Hariri , Najib Mikati , Faisal Karami , and Ashraf Rifi ) vie for influence through competing networks of patronage: "No single leader has been able to assert dominance, leaving city politics to devolve into chaos." Tripoli has a majority Arab , Sunni Muslim population in neighborhoods such as Bab al-Tabbaneh, right next to

1275-519: Is concentrated in the winter months, with the summer typically being very dry. Tripoli has many offshore islands. The Palm Islands Nature Reserve , or the Rabbits' Island, is the largest of the islands with an area of 20 ha (49 acres). The name "Araneb" or Rabbits comes from the great numbers of rabbits that were grown on the island during the time of the French mandate early in the 20th century. It

1360-620: Is in its 6th edition in 2020 with its first online film festival in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. A handful of notable Saudi filmmakers exists and in 2012 the first female Saudi filmmaker released the first critically acclaimed feature film filmed entirely in Saudi Arabi, Wadjda , at the Cannes Film Festival . Red Sea International Film Festival in the coastal city of Jeddah was launched in 2019. Established in 1979,

1445-566: Is managed by UK-based non-profit the Palestine Film Foundation . It combines screenings, artists' talks, and panel discussions, with art exhibitions, conferences, and book launches. The Middle Eastern Film Festival NYC , produced by Media Space NYC, aims to entertain and enlighten moviegoers with both short and feature-length films about topics related to the Middle East. It is an offshoot and new medium incarnation of

1530-697: Is now a nature reserve for green turtles, rare birds and rabbits. Declared as a protected area by UNESCO in 1992, camping, fire building or other depredation is forbidden. In addition to its scenic landscape, the Palm Island is also a cultural heritage site. Evidence for human occupation, dated back to the Crusader period, was uncovered during 1973 excavations by the General Directorate of Antiquities. The Bakar Islands, also known as Abdulwahab Island, were leased to Adel and Khiereddine Abdulwahab as

1615-503: The small Lebanese-Alawite community that is concentrated in the Jabal Mohsen neighborhood. Christians constitute today less than 5 percent of the population of the city. The Christian population in the city comprises Greek Orthodox Christians , Maronites and Greek Catholics, along with Armenians . Tripoli stands as one of Lebanon's less stable cities, marked by recurrent sectarian tensions among its communities , notably

1700-670: The Damascus International Film Festival is a biannual film festival hosted by the government of Syria. The festival was established by the late Syrian film director Muhammad Shahin and alternates with the Carthage Film Festival in Tunisia. Since 2011, however, the film festival has been cancelled until further notice due to the crisis in Syria. The now defunct Abu Dhabi Film Festival

1785-498: The Arab world to that in mainstream global media in order to promote understanding and dialogue between this region and the rest of the world, especially the West. In addition, festivals work to support filmmakers from the Arab world and elsewhere by providing a platform for them to screen and promote their cinematic achievements to broad audiences. The Cairo International Film Festival

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1870-723: The Egyptian Cinema production Egyptian filmmaker Khaled El-Hagar presented his controversial Girls' Love , the story of a love affair between an Egyptian man and a Jewish woman. More recently, films screened and/or competing at the festivals have reflected the Arab Spring. The 2012 Dubai International Film Festival showcased Hinde Boujemaa's It was Better Tomorrow , in which a homeless woman and her son live hand to mouth, squatting in apartments left empty by fleeing multinationals. Another documentary, True Story of Love, Life Death and Sometimes Revolution by Nidal Hassan, gathers

1955-458: The Eyalet of Tripoli , encompassing the coastal territory from Byblos to Tarsus and the inland Syrian towns of Homs and Hama ; the two other eyalets were Aleppo Eyalet , and Şam Eyalet . Until 1612, Tripoli was considered as the port of Aleppo. It also depended on Syrian interior trade and tax collection from mountainous hinterland. Tripoli witnessed a strong presence of French merchants during

2040-528: The Karama Human Rights Film Festival was conceived and organized by Ma3mal 612 (Think Factory), a collective of avant-garde artists and filmmakers. Karama, which means dignity, promotes cinema that explores human rights issues and opens democratic dialogue about human rights between and among local and international audiences. The Green Caravan Film Festival, in its 5th year now, is West Asia's premiere film festival dedicated to

2125-559: The Kuwait International Film Retreat is a three-day mini film festival with short and feature film screenings, workshops, social gatherings and an awards ceremony showcasing the best short films in competition. Beirut International Film Festival (BIFF) is Lebanon's oldest and most prestigious film festival. The annual competition includes categories for feature films, short films and documentaries. Recent years have seen smaller and more intimate editions of

2210-520: The Phoenicians , the name Athar was used to refer to Tripoli. When the Ancient Greeks settled in the city they called it Trípolis , meaning 'triple city', influenced by the earlier phonetically similar but etymologically unrelated name Derbly . The Arabs called it Ṭarābulus and Ṭarābulus ash-Shām (referring to bilād ash-Shām , or Levant , to distinguish it from the Libyan city with

2295-491: The Roman and Byzantine period, Tripoli witnessed the construction of important public buildings including a municipal stadium or gymnasium due to the strategic position of the city midway on the imperial coastal highway leading from Antioch to Ptolemais . In addition, Tripoli retained the same configuration of three distinct and administratively independent quarters ( Aradians , Sidonians , and Tyrians ). The territory outside

2380-626: The Syrian National Bloc until the French cut off their support, resulting in a massive 33 day general strike in 1936. Since Lebanese independence was achieved, Tripoli has been mired in a period of extended economic and political decline. Beirut's rise as Lebanon's dominant port deprived Tripoli of its former preeminence as a trade hub, and globalization eroded the city's ability to compete in manufacturing. Lebanon's civil war , from 1975 to 1990, hit Tripoli hard. On 15 September 1985 intense fighting broke out between Tawheed al-Islami ,

2465-550: The partition of the Ottoman Empire , the French created the territory of Greater Lebanon , whose borders forcibly separated Tripoli from Syria, a decision that was contested by Tripolitans. Tripoli's population - mostly Sunni Muslims - found itself isolated in this state dominated by Christians, and so Tripoli developed a strong identity as a bastion for Muslim Arab nationalism and anti-imperialism. During this period, protests demanding reunification with Syria were backed by

2550-568: The 14th century BCE. It was called Athar by the Phoenicians , and later Tripolis by the Greek settlers, whence the modern Arabic name Ṭarābulus derives. In the Arab world , Tripoli has been historically known as Ṭarābulus ash-Shām (Arabic: طرابلس الشام , lit.   'Tripoli of the Levant '), to distinguish it from its Libyan counterpart , known as Ṭarābulus al-Gharb (Arabic: طرابلس الغرب‎ , lit.   'Tripoli of

2635-662: The 17th and 18th centuries and became under intense inter-European competition for trade. Tripoli was reduced to a sanjak centre in the Vilayet of Beirut in 19th century and retained her status until 1918 when it was captured by British forces. Public works in Ottoman Tripoli included the restoration of the Citadel of Tripoli by Suleiman I , the Magnificent. That was the only major project during 400 years of Ottoman Rule. Later governors brought further modifications to

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2720-596: The Alliance Francaise. At the same time, LatinArab's industry Forum (The Latin Arab Co-Production Forum), held within the frame of the Mar del Plata International Film Festival, aims at potentiating both regions' film industries with the conception of films carried out as co-productions. Arab film festivals sometimes serve as forums for political and cultural statements. In 2003, for instance,

2805-591: The Arab World. The founder, Mouhamad Keblawi, is also managing director. Thirteen prices are awarded yearly. In addition, a number of Arab film festivals abroad focus specifically on the issue of Palestine. Events such as the Boston Palestine Film Festival , Toronto Palestine Film Festival , Houston Palestine Film Festival and Chicago Palestine Film Festival bring Palestinian and Palestine-related cinema, narratives and culture to

2890-596: The Arab world. These festivals play a key role in increasing access to and interest in Arab cinema outside of the Arab world. They are also important for Arab diasporas eager to stay in touch with the cultural scene of their homelands. Established in California in 1996, the Arab Film Festival is the largest independent annual exhibition of Arab films in the United States. It is regarded as one of

2975-651: The Best Arab Film Award, are bestowed upon the most exceptional regional films of the year. In addition, the Alexandria International Film Festival , Egypt's second largest film festival, is held every September in local theaters. Organized by the Egyptian Association of Film Writers and Critics (EAFWC), the festival promotes film culture and aims to bolster relations among international filmmakers and

3060-606: The Crusaders' rule the city became the capital of the County of Tripoli . In 1289, it fell to the Mamluks and the old port part of the city was destroyed. A new inland city was then built near the old castle. During Ottoman rule from 1516 to 1918, it retained its prosperity and commercial importance. Tripoli and all of Lebanon was under French mandate from 1920 until 1943 when Lebanon achieved independence. Many historians reject

3145-589: The International short film competition and the Arab short film competition. Notably, the festival was suspended in 2011 as an act of protest against the killing of peaceful protesters during the Arab Spring. In a statement, the JSFF founder and director noted that "it would be misleading and dishonest to pretend that Jordan under such circumstances can host film festivals that can openly and freely screen films about human rights and other pressing issues." In 2009,

3230-622: The Magnificent who had ordered the restoration. In the early 19th century, the Citadel was extensively restored by the Ottoman Governor of Tripoli Mustafa Agha Barbar . The Clock Tower is one of the most iconic monuments in Tripoli. The tower is located in Al-Tell square, and was gifted to the city by the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II . It was erected in 1906 to celebrate the 30th year of Abdulhamid II of

3315-666: The Mediterranean in particular. Celebrating its 10th edition in 2017 is the Cairo International Women's Film Festival . From its earliest edition, Entre Cineastas, to the Caravan of Arab and Latin American Women's Films, CIWFF has developed and expanded over the years. The festival aims at introducing films made by female filmmakers from around the world and serving as a meeting point for them and

3400-916: The Prince" was reused to bring water from the Rash'in spring. Several bridges were constructed and the surrounding orchards expanded through marsh drainage. Fresh water was supplied to houses from their roofs. The urban form of Mamluk Tripoli was dictated mainly by climate, site configuration, defense, and urban aesthetics. The layout of major thoroughfares was set according to prevailing winds and topography. The city had no fortifications, but heavy building construction characterized by compact urban forms, narrow and winding streets for difficult city penetration. Residential areas were bridged over streets at strategic points for surveillance and defense. The city also included many loopholes and narrow slits at street junctions. The religious and secular buildings of Mamluk Tripoli comprise

3485-776: The Shiite shrine), the Church of Saint Mary of the Tower, and the Carmelite Church . The state was a major base of operations for the military order of the Knights Hospitaller , who occupied the famous castle Krak Des Chevaliers (today a UNESCO world heritage site). The state ceased to exist in 1289, when it was captured by the Egyptian Mamluk sultan Qalawun . The mid-twelfth century earthquake led to

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3570-531: The Sunni and Alawite populations. The impact of the Syrian civil war , beginning in 2011, has extended into Tripoli, where local Alawites align with the Assad regime, while Lebanese Sunnis support the opposition, resulting in frequent and intense clashes between the two groups. Tripoli has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csa ) with mild wet winters and very dry, hot summers. Temperatures are moderated throughout

3655-748: The West';). Landmarks of Tripoli include the Mansouri Great Mosque and the Citadel of Tripoli , which is the largest crusader castle in Lebanon. The city has the second highest concentration of Mamluk architecture after Cairo . Tripoli also holds a string of four small islands offshore, the Palm Islands , which were declared a protected area because of their status as a haven for endangered loggerhead turtles ( Caretta caretta ), rare monk seals and migratory birds . Tripoli borders

3740-575: The ancient southern port quay, grinding mills , different types of columns, wheels, bows, and a necropolis from the end of the Hellenistic period . A sounding made in the Crusader castle uncovered Late Bronze Age , Iron Age , in addition to Roman , Byzantine , and Fatimid remains. At the Abou Halka area (at the southern entrance of Tripoli) refuges dating to the early (30,000 years old) and middle Stone Age were uncovered. Tripoli became

3825-448: The audience. Chosen solely by public vote, one film is presented with the Audience Award. Other film festivals held in Egypt include: Founded in 2004, the Jordan Short Film Festival is managed by the Amman Filmmakers Cooperative , a film collective based in Amman, Jordan. In addition to a week-long event, the festival organizers promote independent cinema with screenings throughout the year and have launched two main competitions:

3910-399: The buildings and include the use of marble marquetry, stucco, and glass mosaic). Mosques evenly spread with major concentration of madrasas around the Mansouri Great Mosque. All khans were located in the northern part of the city for easy accessibility from roads to Syria. Hammams (public baths) were carefully located to serve major population concentrations: one next to the Grand Mosque,

3995-403: The city became the center of a confederation of the Phoenician city-states of Sidon , Tyre , and Arados Island. Under Hellenistic rule, Tripoli was used as a naval shipyard and the city enjoyed a period of autonomy. It came under Roman rule around 64 BCE. The 551 Beirut earthquake and tsunami destroyed the Byzantine city of Tripoli along with other Mediterranean coastal cities. Tripoli

4080-457: The city for almost three decades until 2005: As a majority Sunni city with a growing strain of indigenous Islamist militancy , Tripoli suffered some of the Syrians’ cruelest predations at a time when then-President Hafez al-Assad was engaged in the brutal suppression of Syria’s own Muslim Brotherhood . Wartime violence and instability triggered waves of emigration and capital flight. It also left Tripoli increasingly isolated, not least due to

4165-405: The city in 1102 and commanded a fortress to be built in which he named Mont Pèlerin (Mount Pilgrim). The original castle was burnt down in 1289, and rebuilt again on numerous occasions and was rebuilt in 1307–08 by Emir Essendemir Kurgi . Later the citadel was rebuilt in part by the Ottoman Empire which can be seen today, with its massive Ottoman gateway, over which is an engraving from Süleyman

4250-513: The city of El Mina , the port of the Tripoli District, which it is geographically conjoined with to form the greater Tripoli conurbation. With the formation of Lebanon and the 1948 breakup of the Syrian–Lebanese customs union, Tripoli, once on par in economic and commercial importance to Beirut, was cut off from its traditional trade relations with the Syrian hinterland and therefore declined in relative prosperity. The city faces recurrent sectarian clashes, high unemployment, economic disparities, and

4335-420: The city was divided between the three quarters. Tripoli gained in importance as a trading centre for the whole Mediterranean after it was inhabited by the Arabs . Tripoli was the port city of Damascus ; the second military port of the Arab Navy, following Alexandria ; a prosperous commercial and shipbuilding center; a wealthy principality under the Kutama Ismaili Shia Banu Ammar emirs . Legally, Tripoli

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4420-434: The city with walls but restored and reused Saint-Gille's citadel. During the Mamluk period, Tripoli became a central city and provincial capital of the six kingdoms in Mamluk Syria . Tripoli ranked third after Aleppo and Damascus . The kingdom was subdivided into six wilayahs or provinces and extended from Byblos and Aqra mountains south, to Latakia and al Alawiyyin mountains north. It also included Hermel ,

4505-642: The city's first congregational mosque in memory of his father (Qalawun), in either late 1293 or 1294 (693 AH). Six madrasas were later built around the mosque. The Mamluks did not fortify the city with walls but restored and reused a Crusader citadel on the site. In addition, there were two quarter mosques ( Abd al-Wahed and Arghoun Shah ), and two mosques that were built on empty land (al-Burtasi and al-Uwaysiyat). Other mosques incorporated earlier structures (churches, khans, and shops). Mamluk Tripoli also included 16 madrasas of which four no longer exist (al-Zurayqiyat, al-Aattar, al-Rifaiyah, and al-Umariyat). Six of

4590-490: The death of many Jews in Tripoli, as noted by Jewish explorer Benjamin of Tudela . Tripoli was captured by Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun from the Crusaders in 1289. The Mamluks destroyed the old city and built a new city 4 km inland from it. About 35 monuments from the Mamluk city have survived to the present day, including mosques, madrasas, khanqahs , hammams (bathhouses), and caravanserais , many of them built by local Mamluk amirs (princes). The Mamluks did not fortify

4675-618: The dismantling of Lebanon's rail network and the abandonment of the Tripoli railway station . The city, moreover, saw little of the post-war reconstruction funding that Prime Minister Rafic Hariri ushered into Lebanon, with an overwhelming focus on the capital. In the years since, living conditions in Tripoli have continued to decline. In 2016, the United Nation's Human Settlements Program estimated that 58% of Tripoli's Lebanese residents lived in poverty. That already high figure preceded Lebanon's 2019 financial crisis , which has ratcheted up poverty and food insecurity. Tripoli's stagnation

4760-445: The event. The Doha Tribeca Film Festival was launched in 2009 through a cultural partnership between Doha Film Institute and Tribeca Enterprises, a diversified global media company based in New York City. The annual five-day event - a "celebration of film, education and community" - promotes Arab and international film and helps develop a sustainable film industry in Qatar. The Saudi Film Festival takes place every year, and

4845-410: The festival due to the uncertain political climate in the country. Tripoli Film Festival (TFF) is an international cinematic competition held annually since 2018, usually in the spring in Tripoli , and covering features, shorts, animation and documentaries. Beirut International Women Film Festival (BWFF) is an annual event held in Beirut. Maskoon Fantastic Film Festival , the only event in

4930-461: The infiltration of radical Islamist groups in poorer neighborhoods. According to classical writers Diodorus Siculus , Pliny the Elder , and Strabo , the city was founded by combining colonies from three different Phoenician cities – Tyre , Sidon and Arwad . These colonies were each a stadion ( c.  180 m ) apart from each other, and the combined city became known as 'Triple City', or Trípolis ( Τρίπολις ) in Greek . Tripoli had

5015-481: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beirut_Film_Festival&oldid=1074914381 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Beirut International Film Festival Though burgeoning filmmakers from majority Arabic -speaking countries still struggle with constrained funding and

5100-399: The madrasas concentrated around the Grand Mosque. Tripoli also included a Khanqah , many secular buildings, five Khans, three hammams ( Turkish baths ) that are noted for their cupolas. Hammams were luxuriously decorated and the light streaming down from their domes enhances the inner atmosphere of the place. During the Ottoman period, Tripoli became the provincial capital and chief town of

5185-491: The most important Arab film festivals outside of the Arab world. The official mission of the festival is to "enhance public understanding of Arab culture and to provide alternative representations of Arabs that contradict the stereotypical images frequently encountered in the American mass media." The festival shows films from and about the Arab world in order to furnish audiences with realistic images of Arab culture, art, history, people and politics. Amal Euroarab Film Festival

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5270-593: The niche market of environmental films. It began in Kuwait in 2009, and from 2010 added Dubai-based screenings to its programming, and plans to add more Gulf cities to its venue locations in the future. The Kuwait Young Film Festival, an offshoot of the Kuwait International Film Festival, aims to provide talented youth in Kuwait and elsewhere with an avenue to display their work and compete for awards. Participants must be in school and under 30 years old in order to enter their work. The festival includes film screenings, workshops and social gatherings. Now in its second year,

5355-420: The opportunity to view cinema from the region, stimulating cross-cultural dialogue, connection and understanding. Also in London, the annual London Palestine Film Festival was established in 1998, making it the UK's longest-running festival specialising in film from and upon any region of the Arab world. Providing a platform for international as well as Palestinian film, the festival takes place in Spring and

5440-609: The original Crusader structure used as garrison center and prison. Khan al-Saboun (originally a military barrack) was constructed in the center of the city to control any uprising. Ottoman Tripoli also witnessed the development of the southern entrance of the city and many buildings, such as the al-Muallaq or "hanging" Mosque (1559), al-Tahhan Mosque (early 17th century), and al-Tawbah mosque (Mamluk construction, destroyed by 1612 flood and restored during early Ottoman Period). It also included several secular buildings, such as Khan al-Saboun (early 17th century) and Hammam al-Jadid (1740). After

5525-505: The other in the center of the commercial district, and the third in the right-bank settlement. About 35 monuments from the Mamluk city have survived to the present day, including mosques, madrasas, khanqahs, hammams, and caravanserais, many of them built by local Mamluk amirs. Major buildings in Mamluk Tripoli included six congregational mosques (the Mansouri Great Mosque, al-Aattar , Taynal , al-Uwaysiyat , al-Burtasi , and al-Tawbat Mosques). Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–93) founded

5610-471: The persecution of dhimmis by the Shi'ite Fatimid caliph al-Hakim (996–1021), the synagogue faced conversion into a mosque. Notably, during the Seljuk invasion in the 1070s, Tripoli served as a refuge for Jews from Palestine, as documented in Cairo Geniza records. During the Crusade period, the city became the chief town of the County of Tripoli (a Crusader state founded by Raymond of Saint-Gilles ) extending from Byblos to Latakia and including

5695-425: The plain of Akkar with the famous Krak des Chevaliers . Tripoli was also the seat of a bishopric . Tripoli was home to a busy port and was a major center of silk weaving, with as many as 4,000 looms. Important products of the time included lemons, oranges, and sugar cane. For 180 years, during the Frankish rule, Occitan was among the languages spoken in Tripoli and neighboring villages. At that time, Tripoli had

5780-488: The plain of Akkar , and Hosn al-Akrad ( Krak des Chevaliers ). Tripoli became a major trading port of Syria supplying Europe with candy, loaf and powdered sugar (especially during the latter part of the 14th century). The main products from agriculture and small industry included citrus fruits, olive oil, soap, and textiles (cotton and silk, especially velvet ). The Mamluks formed the ruling class holding main political, military and administrative functions. Arabs formed

5865-501: The population base (religious, industrial, and commercial functions) and the general population included the original inhabitants of the city, immigrants from different parts of the Levant, North Africans who accompanied Qalawun 's army during the liberation of Tripoli, Eastern Orthodox Christians , some Western families, and a minority of Jews . The population size of Mamluk Tripoli is estimated at 20,000–40,000; against 100,000 in each of Damascus and Aleppo. Mamluk Tripoli witnessed

5950-529: The presence of any Phoenician civilization in Tripoli before the 8th (or sometimes 4th) century BCE. Others argue that the north–south gradient of Phoenician port establishments on the Lebanese coast indicates an earlier age for the Phoenician Tripoli. Tripoli has not been extensively excavated because the ancient site lies buried beneath the modern city of El Mina . However, a few accidental finds are now in museums. Excavations in El Mina revealed skeletal remains of ancient wolves , eels , and gazelles , part of

6035-711: The region that celebreaates genre cinema, launched in 2015 in Beirut. The International Film Festival of Marrakech , an annual event dedicated to Moroccan and foreign feature and short films, has been held at the end of every year for the past twelve years. His Royal Highness Prince Moulay Rachid presides over the event, which always attracts a bevy of stars. In addition to a grand prize, awards are also given out for best actor, best actress, best short film and jury favorite. The Muscat International Film Festival, now in its eighth year, showcases films and filmmakers from more than 90 countries. In addition to film premieres and screenings, seminars, workshops and awards shows round out

6120-458: The removal of heavy weapons. The truce broke down on 27 September and Tahweed al-Islami positions where bombarded from SSNP and Syrian artillery positions in the surrounding hills. On 1 October, following an Iranian diplomatic intervention, Tahweed agreed to surrender their heavy weapons and Syrian troops, on 6 October, were deployed throughout the city. A further 350 people had been killed and hundreds more wounded. The Syrian army remained in

6205-484: The same name ). Once, Tripoli was also known as al-Fayḥāʾ ( الفيحاء ), which is a term derived from the Arabic verb fāḥa ( فاح ) which is used to indicate the diffusion of a scent or smell. Tripoli was once known for its vast orange orchards. During the season of blooming, the pollen of orange flowers was said to be carried on the air, creating a splendid perfume that filled the city and suburbs. The city of Tripoli

6290-625: The second-largest city in the country. Situated 81 km (50 mi) north of the capital Beirut , it is the capital of the North Governorate and the Tripoli District . Tripoli overlooks the eastern Mediterranean Sea , and it is the northernmost seaport in Lebanon. The city is predominantly inhabited by Sunni Muslims , with smaller populations of Alawites and Christians , including Maronites and Armenians among others. The history of Tripoli dates back at least to

6375-506: The very successful Noor Play Festival. The Sofia Middle East & North Africa Region Film Festival is an annual Arab/Islamic event in the Balkans, presenting films from the Middle East and North Africa to a Bulgarian audience. Since its inception in 2009, the festival has screened more than 120 titles. Malmö Arab Film Festival (MAFF) , founded in 2011 has rapidly grown to be one of the major yearly manifestations of Arab film outside

6460-500: The views and testimonies of Syrian women during the Syrian revolution. Tripoli, Lebanon Tripoli ( / ˈ t r ɪ p əl i / TRIP -əl-ee ; Arabic : طَرَابُلُس , ALA-LC : Ṭarābulus , pronounced [tˤaˈraːbulus] ; Lebanese Arabic : طرابلس , romanized:  Ṭrāblus , locally [ˈtˤrɔːblɪs] ; see below ) is the largest and most important city in northern Lebanon and

6545-406: The year due to the warm Mediterranean current coming from Western Europe. Therefore, temperatures are warmer in the winter by around 10 °C (18 °F) and cooler in the summer by around 7 °C (13 °F) compared to the interior of Lebanon. Although snow is an extremely rare event that only occurs around once every ten years, hail is common and occurs fairly regularly in the winter. Rainfall

6630-498: Was conquered by an Arab Muslim army in 635. During Umayyad rule, Tripoli became a commercial and shipbuilding center. It achieved semi-independence under Fatimid rule, when it developed into a center of learning. The Crusaders laid siege to the city at the beginning of the 12th century and were able finally to enter it in 1109. This caused extensive destruction, including the burning of Tripoli's famous library, Dar al-'Ilm (House of Knowledge), with its thousands of volumes. During

6715-508: Was 'postponed' in 2014 and it never returned. Tropfest Arabia , a short film festival, debuted in 2011 in Abu Dhabi. The festival aims to support emerging talent that might otherwise be excluded from the region's film festivals. Tropfest Arabia is a part of Tropfest , the largest short film festival in the world and what many consider the first truly global festival. A large and growing number of Arab film festivals take place outside of

6800-633: Was born in 2003 in Santiago de Compostela , Spain. It is developed by Araguaney-Bridge between Cultures Foundation and directed by Ghaleb Jaber Martínez. Amal means "hope" in Arab language, the hope that Arab world needs more than ever. Amal Festival seeks to promote the development of co-productions between Galicia and Spain and Arab countries, building cross-cultural bridges. The London Middle East & North Africa Film Festival , created in 2011, provides an annual platform for filmmakers to showcase their work and reach audiences who might not otherwise get

6885-630: Was commonly used to make the transition from square rooms to round domes. Decorations in Mamluk buildings concentrated on the most conspicuous areas of buildings: minarets , portals, windows, on the outside, and mihrab, qiblah wall, and floor on the inside. Decorations at the time may be subdivided into structural decoration (found outside the buildings and incorporate the medium of construction itself such as ablaq walls, plain or zigzag moldings, fish scale motifs, joggled lintels or voussoirs, inscriptions, and muqarnas ) and applied decoration (found inside

6970-431: Was created in 2007 and presented works by Arab filmmakers in competition alongside those by major talents of world cinema. It was presented each October, the festival curated "exceptional programs to engage and educate the local community, inspire filmmakers and nurture the growth of the regional film industry." It was unfortunately brought to a close after eight editions in 2015. The Dubai International Film Festival ,

7055-487: Was held each December since 2004, showcases new and exciting cinema from the Arab world, and other countries in Asia, Africa and beyond. It aimed to promote better cultural understanding through achievements in film. The DIFF has also pioneered several industry initiatives within its Dubai Film Market, which runs concurrently with the festival and is designed to help support and develop the Arab cinema industry. The 2018 festival

7140-810: Was officially cancelled and the management announced that it would return in 2019 with a "new approach". The Gulf Film Festival took place annually in Dubai. Held in April, the festival presented the best in cinema from the Persian Gulf region. Festival organizers recently announced the formation of the Gulf Film Market, an initiative aimed at developing local and regional film culture through mentoring and social networks. The market will also help create more opportunities for Gulf filmmakers in training, development, production and distribution. The festival

7225-480: Was part of the jurisdiction of the military province of Damascus ( Jund Dimashq ). The Jewish community of Tripoli traces its roots back to the seventh century, as recounted by the Abbasid -era historian al-Baladhuri . During the caliphate of Rashidun caliph Uthman (644–655), the governor of Syria, Mu'awiya, settled Jews in Tripoli, fostering amicable relations with the majority Sunni Muslims . However, during

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