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86-562: The Palm Islands consist of three artificial archipelagos : Palm Jumeirah , Dubai Islands (formerly known as Palm Deira or Deira Islands), and Palm Jebel Ali , on the coast of Dubai , United Arab Emirates . The Palm Islands were constructed around the same time as The World Islands . Nakheel Properties is the Palm Islands real estate developer. The creation of the islands began in 2001 and ended around 2006/2007. These islands have significantly impacted ocean sediment and wildlife in

172-399: A clear distinction between land masses eligible for expansion into new island groups and those that do not qualify. According to this legal framework, low-tide elevations are considered part of the seabed and do not generate a territorial sea, EEZ, or continental shelf. However, they serve as a reference point for measuring the entitlements of nearby rocks or islands. Rocks, unlike islands, lack

258-473: A conservation area for birds and other wildlife, the project started in 2016. Maldives have been creating various artificial islands to promote economic development and to address the threat of rising sea level . Hulhumalé island was reclaimed to establish a new land mass required to meet the existing and future housing, industrial and commercial development demands of the Malé region. The official settlement

344-514: A critical level to remove material from the debris lobe. Debris lobes can be very persistent and can take many years to completely disappear. Beaches dissipate wave energy on the foreshore and provide a measure of protection to the adjoining land. The stability of the foreshore, or its resistance to lowering. Once stable, the foreshore should widen and become more effective at dissipating the wave energy, so that fewer and less powerful waves reach beyond it. The provision of updrift material coming onto

430-592: A crowded metropolis. An example of the first case is Dejima (or Deshima ), created in the bay of Nagasaki in Japan 's Edo period as a contained center for European merchants . During the isolationist era, Dutch people were generally banned from Nagasaki and Japanese from Dejima. Similarly, Ellis Island , in Upper New York Bay beside New York City , a former tiny islet greatly expanded by land reclamation , served as an isolated immigration center for

516-712: A definition of hybrid warfare that suggests it is targeted at populations. Additionally, China's objective is not to destabilise other states, but rather to enhance its national security by gaining control over regional waters. Furthermore, China is not aiming to seize control from another power, but rather seeks to establish a dominant security and political position in the region. It is worth noting that China employs unarmed or lightly armed vessels deliberately, as they are unlikely to resort to deadly force. However, others argue that China's greyzone tactics can be classified as hybrid warfare. Some viewpoints contend that China's establishment of military bases on artificial islands serves as

602-475: A horrific case of coastal erosion is due to an increase in the frequency and the intensity of storms it experienced. These natural events had destroyed the Hampton Pier, Hernecliffe Gardens, a set of villas, several roads, and many other structures that once lay on Hampton-On-Sea. After this destruction, in 1899 they started building a sea wall to protect the rest of the remaining land and buildings. However,

688-404: A length of about 11.5 km, the base of these breakwaters and the island itself were constantly monitored during the construction process with the help of deep-sea divers. The divers checked the alignment and placement of the rocks beneath the surface to ensure their stability. The shape of the island was monitored using the global positioning system. The sand on top of the island was sprayed by

774-488: A means to assert their territorial claims through the use of force. This approach is referred to as the Cabbage strategy, wherein a contested area is encircled by multiple layers of security to deny access to rival nations, ultimately solidifying their claim. While there is no consensus on China's motives behind the creation of artificial islands, it is widely acknowledged that China aims to bolster its power and influence in

860-548: A rate of over 100 feet per year, earning the area the nickname "Washaway Beach". Much of the original town has collapsed into the ocean. The area is said to be the fastest-eroding shore of the United States' West Coast. Measures were finally taken to slow the erosion, with substantial slowing of the process noted in 2018. Fort Ricasoli , a historic 17th century fortress in Malta is being threatened by coastal erosion, as it

946-576: A solution that keeps in mind environmental justice . Typically, there has been low public support for "retreating". However, if a community does decide to relocate their buildings along the coast it is common that they will then turn the land into public open space or transfer it into land trusts in order to protect it. These relocation practices are very cost-efficient, can buffer storm surges, safeguard coastal homes and businesses, lower carbon and other pollutants, create nursery habitats for important fish species, restore open space and wildlife, and bring back

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1032-410: A technique called rainbowing . The whole island was planned to have no stagnant water between the island and the breakwaters. To achieve this, small structural modifications were made to the breakwaters surrounding the island, allowing the seawater to move through the breakers without causing any damage to the island. To prevent erosion of the sand from the island, maintenance systems spray material along

1118-552: A temporal scale of tides, seasons, and other short-term cyclic processes. Coastal erosion may be caused by hydraulic action, abrasion , impact and corrosion by wind and water, and other forces, natural or unnatural. On non-rocky coasts, coastal erosion results in rock formations in areas where the coastline contains rock layers or fracture zones with varying resistance to erosion. Softer areas become eroded much faster than harder ones, which typically result in landforms such as tunnels , bridges , columns , and pillars . Over time

1204-697: A whole new range of solutions to coastal erosion, not just structural solutions. Solutions that have potential include native vegetation, wetland protection and restoration, and relocation or removal of structures and debris. The solutions to coastal erosion that include vegetation are called "living shorelines". Living shorelines use plants and other natural elements. Living shorelines are found to be more resilient against storms, improve water quality, increase biodiversity, and provide fishery habitats. Marshes and oyster reefs are examples of vegetation that can be used for living shorelines; they act as natural barriers to waves. Fifteen feet of marsh can absorb fifty percent of

1290-421: A year, 1917, directly due to earlier dredging of shingle in the bay in front of it. The California coast, which has soft cliffs of sedimentary rock and is heavily populated, regularly has incidents of house damage as cliffs erodes. Devil's Slide , Santa Barbara , the coast just north of Ensenada , and Malibu are regularly affected. The Holderness coastline on the east coast of England, just north of

1376-426: Is building several airports on artificial islands, they include runways of Shanghai international Airport Dalian Jinzhouwan International Airport being built on a 21 square kilometer artificial island , Xiamen Xiang'an International Airport , Sanya Hongtangwan International Airport designed by Bentley Systems which is being built on a 28 square kilometer artificial islands. Artificial islands negatively impact

1462-531: Is damaging the marine habitat, burying coral reefs, oyster beds and subterranean fields of seagrass, threatening local marine species and other species dependent on them for food. Oyster beds have been covered in as much as two inches of sediment, while above the water, beaches are eroding with the disruption of natural currents In 2006, the World Wildlife Fund announced, "[The] UAE's human pressure on global ecosystems (its ecological footprint ) [is]

1548-669: Is designed by the firm Atkins. It consists of a series of 15 large artificial islands covering an area of about 5 km2 (54,000,000 sq ft) and has six atolls, five fish-shaped islands, two crescent-shaped islands, and two more small islands related to the Marina area. In 1969, the Flevopolder in the Netherlands was finished, as part of the Zuiderzee Works . It has a total land surface of 970 km , which makes it by far

1634-511: Is due to waves causing erosion of the primarily sedimentary material on which the buildings foundations sit. Dunwich , the capital of the English medieval wool trade, disappeared over the period of a few centuries due to redistribution of sediment by waves. Human interference can also increase coastal erosion: Hallsands in Devon , England, was a coastal village washed away over the course of

1720-426: Is estimated the average life span of a seawall is 50–100 years and the average for a groyne is 30–40 years. Because of their relative permanence, it is assumed that these structures can be a final solution to erosion. Seawalls can also deprive public access to the beach and drastically alter the natural state of the beach. Groynes also drastically alter the natural state of the beach. Some claim that groynes could reduce

1806-587: Is suffering from this problem as well. Hampton-on-Sea is located in Kent, England. It was at one time very popular for its oyster fishing and was very reliant on the sea. Hampton-on-Sea has undergone the effects of coastal erosion since before the 1800s. Hampton-on-Sea's coastal erosion worsened with the increase in global warming and climate change. Global warming is causing a rise in sea level, more intense and frequent storms, and an increase in ocean temperature and precipitation levels. Another reason Hampton-on-Sea had such

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1892-588: Is the first airport to be built completely on an artificial island in 1994, followed by Chūbu Centrair International Airport in 2005, and both the New Kitakyushu Airport and Kobe Airport in 2006, Ordu Giresun Airport in 2016, and Rize-Artvin Airport in 2022 When Hong Kong International Airport opened in 1998, 75% of the property was created using land reclamation upon the existing islands of Chek Lap Kok and Lam Chau . Currently China

1978-493: Is to exploit vulnerabilities and weaknesses in order to achieve geopolitical and strategic goals. Some argue, that China's greyzone tactics mainly aim to improve its geopolitical position in a peaceful manner. In contrast to the greyzone tactics used by Russia in Crimea in 2014, China's approach differs significantly. One supporting argument is that the majority of the activities occur in uninhabited areas at sea, which contradicts

2064-544: Is understood as a form of conflict that combines conventional and irregular tactics. Hybrid warfare may also be defined as a multifaceted strategy aimed at destabilising a functioning state and dividing its society. This comprehensive definition portrays hybrid strategy as a versatile and complex approach utilising a combination of conventional and unconventional means, overt and covert activities, involving military, paramilitary, irregular, and civilian actors across different domains of power. The ultimate objective of hybrid warfare

2150-469: Is worth mentioning that artificial islands may include stationary oil rigs. Coastal states are permitted to undertake reclamation within designated areas as long as they fulfil their obligation to inform other countries and respect their rights, as outlined by UNCLOS rules. However, any artificial islands created through this process are restricted to maintaining a 500-meter safety zone around them and must not obstruct international navigation. Hybrid warfare

2236-541: The Dubai Waterfront . Palm Islands ( Palm Jumeirah , Palm Jebel Ali , and Deira Island ) and the World Islands off Dubai are created for leisure and tourism purposes. The Burj Al Arab is on its own artificial island. The Universe, Palm Jebel Ali, Dubai Waterfront, and Palm Deira are on hold. China has conducted a land reclamation project which had built at least seven artificial islands in

2322-547: The Florida land boom of the 1920s . When the bubble that the developers were riding burst, the bay was left scarred with the remnants of their failed project. A boom town development company was building a sea wall for an island that was to be called Isola di Lolando but could not stay in business after the 1926 Miami Hurricane and the Great Depression , dooming the island-building project. The concrete pilings from

2408-557: The Humber Estuary , is one of the fastest eroding coastlines in Europe due to its soft clay cliffs and powerful waves. Groynes and other artificial measures to keep it under control has only accelerated the process further down the coast, because longshore drift starves the beaches of sand, leaving them more exposed. The white cliffs of Dover have also been affected. The coastline of North Cove, Washington has been eroding at

2494-619: The South China Sea off the coast of Palawan totaling 2000 acres in size by mid 2015. One artificial island built on Fiery Cross Reef near the Spratly Islands is now the site of a military barracks , lookout tower and a runway long enough to handle Chinese military aircraft. A largely touristic and commercial project is the Ocean Flower Island project on Hainan island. Kansai International Airport

2580-665: The United States in the late 19th and early 20th century, preventing an escape to the city of those refused entry for disease or other perceived flaws, who might otherwise be tempted toward illegal immigration . One of the most well-known artificial islands is the Île Notre-Dame in Montreal , built for Expo 67 . The Venetian Islands in Miami Beach, Florida , in Biscayne Bay added valuable new real estate during

2666-412: The cliff face depends on many factors. The hardness (or inversely, the erodibility ) of sea-facing rocks is controlled by the rock strength and the presence of fissures , fractures , and beds of non-cohesive materials such as silt and fine sand . The rate at which cliff fall debris is removed from the foreshore depends on the power of the waves crossing the beach . This energy must reach

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2752-561: The 12 nautical mile territorial sea, a country holds the right to reclaim land as it falls under its sovereign authority. However, beyond this 12 nautical mile limit, the country must consider whether its actions conform to the rights and jurisdictions recognised by UNCLOS. Reclamation activities conducted between 12 and 200 nautical miles are considered part of the process of establishing and utilising artificial islands, installations, and structures, governed by specific provisions within UNCLOS. It

2838-510: The Jumeirah (Dubai) coastline. Additional data was collected with technological improvements, including remote video monitoring of Dubai beaches, sediment sampling and analysis, near-shore directional wave and current recordings, and intensive measurement exercises at selected locations using Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) equipment. Because of this, they can constantly monitor the continuously changing environmental conditions along

2924-688: The Philippines and China have been reported to have constructed artificial islands in the South China Sea, primarily to assert territorial claims over the disputed waters. Similarly, Russia has allegedly done so in the Arctic, both for strategic and military purposes. These reports are subject to ongoing political and diplomatic debates. The island-building activities of China have been the subject of close examination by experts, who suggest that they are driven by strategic objectives. The issue at

3010-579: The South China Sea. China began building islands in the 1980s, initially creating a series of minor military garrisons. However, the reason why China faces criticism is because some of the reclaimed islands fall within the EEZs of other countries, which raises concerns about China's compliance with UNCLOS. Vietnam has also made a historical claim, pointing to its rule over the islands in the 17th century. The Philippines argues for its rights based on geographical proximity. Meanwhile, Malaysia and Brunei claim parts of

3096-445: The capacity to sustain human habitation or support economic activity. While they generate a territorial sea, they do not establish an EEZ or continental shelf. UNCLOS stipulates that both rocks and islands must be naturally formed and remain above water at high tide. The Spratly Islands have been a subject of contention among multiple countries, including Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, and China. China's claim to

3182-428: The cliff face which can be used for this same wave action and attrition. Corrosion or solution/chemical weathering occurs when the sea's pH (anything below pH 7.0) corrodes rocks on a cliff face. Limestone cliff faces, which have a moderately high pH, are particularly affected in this way. Wave action also increases the rate of reaction by removing the reacted material. The ability of waves to cause erosion of

3268-439: The cliff or have a corrasion (abrasion) effect, similar to sandpapering. Solution is the process in which acishutds contained in sea water will dissolve some types of rock such as chalk or limestone. Abrasion , also known as corrasion , occurs when waves break on cliff faces and slowly erode it. As the sea pounds cliff faces it also uses the scree from other wave actions to batter and break off pieces of rock from higher up

3354-443: The coast generally evens out. The softer areas fill up with sediment eroded from hard areas, and rock formations are eroded away. Also erosion commonly happens in areas where there are strong winds, loose sand , and soft rocks. The blowing of millions of sharp sand grains creates a sandblasting effect. This effect helps to erode, smooth and polish rocks. The definition of erosion is grinding and wearing away of rock surfaces through

3440-678: The coast of Deira, Dubai , United Arab Emirates . As of 2021, little development has occurred on the islands. At first, the project—which was supposed to be a part of the Palm Islands—was known as Palm Deira. It was intended to be the biggest palm of the three, roughly eight times as big as the Palm Jumeirah. Dubai built the Palm Tree Islands to increase the coastline for tourists. Dubai is known for its sunny weather and beaches, but more than 72 km (45 miles) of coastline

3526-482: The coast of Dubai. [REDACTED] Media related to The Palm at Wikimedia Commons 25°7′1″N 55°7′55″E  /  25.11694°N 55.13194°E  / 25.11694; 55.13194 Artificial island In modern times, artificial islands are usually formed by land reclamation , but some are formed by flooding of valleys resulting in the tops of former knolls getting isolated by water (e.g., Barro Colorado Island ). There are several reasons for

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3612-522: The coast of Dubai. Instead of hitting the shores directly, the waves move unusually around the new obstruction. This has led to the weakening of the shores of Dubai. To properly manage their shorelines and effects, Dubai relies on its coastal monitoring program. Established in 1997, the Dubai Coastal Monitoring program began studying the baseline bathymetric (measurement of the depth of water in oceans or seas) and topographic survey of

3698-528: The coast of the island and also along the coast of Dubai. A vibro-compaction technique was used to prevent the process of liquefaction. This was done to hold the island's base together and to make a strong foundation for further construction. The construction of the Palm Islands along the coast of Dubai has had a significant impact on the surrounding environment, resulting in changes to area wildlife (especially aquatic life), coastal erosion , alongshore sediment transport, and wave patterns. The origin of most of

3784-549: The coastal state may authorize their construction (Article 60); however, on the high seas beyond national jurisdiction, any "state" may construct artificial islands (Article 87). The unrecognised micronation known as the Principality of Sealand (often shorted to simply "Sealand") is entirely on a single artificial island. Over time, after World War II , several countries have been reported to have built artificial islands for strategic and military purposes. For instance,

3870-405: The construction of these islands, which include residential, industrial, commercial, structural (for bridge pylons) or strategic purposes. One of the world's largest artificial islands, René-Levasseur Island , was formed by the flooding of two adjacent reservoirs. Technological advancements have made it feasible to build artificial islands in waters as deep as 75 meters. The size of the waves and

3956-547: The continental shelf. China's claim to the South China Sea dates back to the 1940s. At that time, China recovered islands in the name of the Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Proclamation , and there was no reaction from Vietnam or any other state against it. In 1947, China drafted the eleven-dash line (also referred to as the nine-dash line ) to outline the geographical scope of its authority over

4042-411: The cracks can grow, sometimes forming a cave . The splinters fall to the sea bed where they are subjected to further wave action. Attrition occurs when waves cause loose pieces of rock debris ( scree ) to collide with each other, grinding and chipping each other, progressively becoming smaller, smoother and rounder. Scree also collides with the base of the cliff face, chipping small pieces of rock from

4128-581: The crescent and the tree to build boardwalks that encircle the "fronds" of the "palm" and spell out an Arabic poem written by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum . Construction on the island began in 2001, but progression was halted due to the Great Recession . The Deira Islands ( 25°20′00″N 55°16′05″E  /  25.3333°N 55.2681°E  / 25.3333; 55.2681 ) are four undeveloped artificial islands off

4214-455: The culture of these coastal communities. Storms can cause erosion hundreds of times faster than normal weather. Before-and-after comparisons can be made using data gathered by manual surveying, laser altimeter , or a GPS unit mounted on an ATV. Remote sensing data such as Landsat scenes can be used for large scale and multi year assessments of coastal erosion. Moreover, geostatistical models can be applied to quantify erosion effects and

4300-443: The effects of erosion. These options, including Sandbag and beach nourishment , are not intended to be long-term solutions or permanent solutions. Another method, beach scraping or beach bulldozing allows for the creation of an artificial dune in front of a building or as means of preserving a building foundation. However, there is a U.S. federal moratorium on beach bulldozing during turtle nesting season, 1 May – 15 November. One of

4386-548: The energy of incoming waves. Relocation of infrastructure any housing farther away from the coast is also an option. The natural processes of both absolute and relative sea level rise and erosion are considered in rebuilding. Depending on factors such as the severity of the erosion, as well as the natural landscape of the property, relocation could simply mean moving inland by a short distance or relocation can be to completely remove improvements from an area. A coproduction approach combined with managed retreat has been proposed as

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4472-469: The environmental damage stems from disturbed sediment from the construction of the Palm Island. The sediment decreased the amount of sunlight filtering down to the sea vegetation and injured the surrounding marine fauna. Environmental disturbances caused by changes in sediment and coastal erosion have attracted the attention of environmental groups such as Greenpeace , who criticized the Palm Islands for

4558-530: The eroded sands that attract visitors to Florida and help support its multibillion-dollar tourism industries. There are three common forms of coastal erosion control methods. These three include: soft-erosion controls, hard-erosion controls, and relocation. Hard-erosion control methods provide a more permanent solution than soft-erosion control methods. Seawalls and groynes serve as semi-permanent infrastructure. These structures are not immune from normal wear-and-tear and will have to be refurbished or rebuilt. It

4644-406: The foreshore beneath the cliff helps to ensure a stable beach. The adjacent bathymetry , or configuration of the seafloor, controls the wave energy arriving at the coast, and can have an important influence on the rate of cliff erosion. Shoals and bars offer protection from wave erosion by causing storm waves to break and dissipate their energy before reaching the shore. Given the dynamic nature of

4730-444: The function of a natural storm beach , may be a soft-erosion control alternative in high energy environments such as open coastlines. Over the years beach nourishment has become a very controversial shore protection measure: It has the potential to negatively impact several of the natural resources. Some large issues with these beach nourishment projects are that they must follow a wide range of complex laws and regulations, as well as

4816-705: The heart of the matter revolves around China's claim that its historical entitlement justifies its actions in the area. This is opposed by the legal argument supported by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It is noteworthy that UNCLOS serves as the primary legal framework that governs the use and control of maritime zones. This convention establishes regulations on how coastal states can exercise their sovereignty over territorial waters, contiguous zones, exclusive economic zones ( EEZs ), and

4902-400: The high expenses it takes to complete these projects. Just because sand is added to a beach does not mean it will stay there. Some communities will bring in large volumes of sand repeatedly only for it to be washed away with the next big storm. Despite these factors, beach nourishment is still used often in many communities. Lately, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers emphasized the need to consider

4988-441: The highest in the world. The country is supposedly at present five times more unsustainable than any other country" (Samarai, 2007). It also mentioned that the construction from the start-up to date had caused many visible ecological and environmental changes that threatened the future. According to a study published in the journal Water in 2022, the construction of Palm Jumeirah Island has increased water-soluble materials, changed

5074-428: The interval between beach nourishment projects though they are not seen as a solution to beach nourishment. Other criticisms of seawalls are that they can be expensive, difficult to maintain, and can sometimes cause further damage to the beach if built improperly. As we learn more about hard erosion controls it can be said for certain that these structural solutions cause more problems than they solve. They interfere with

5160-514: The islands, despite entering the dispute relatively late, has been supported by arguments asserting historical presence and construction activities on the islands as a basis for their claim. In terms of international law, land reclamation itself is not explicitly prohibited. There is no specific rule within international law that prohibits any country from engaging in land reclamation at sea. The legality of such activities primarily depends on their location in relation to adjacent land territories. Within

5246-483: The lack of sustainability. The non-profit environmental news service Mongabay has reported on Dubai's artificial islands, stating that: Significant changes in the maritime environment [of Dubai] [... ] As a result of the dredging and redepositing of sand for the construction of the islands, the typically crystalline waters of the Persian Gulf at Dubai have become severely clouded with silt. Construction activity

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5332-545: The largest artificial island by land reclamation in the world. The island consists of two polders , Eastern Flevoland and Southern Flevoland. Together with the Noordoostpolder , which includes some small former islands like Urk , the polders form Flevoland , the 12th province of the Netherlands that almost entirely consists of reclaimed land. An entire artificial archipelago , Marker Wadden has been built as

5418-539: The marine environment. The large quantities of sand required to build these islands are acquired through dredging , which is harmful to coral reefs and disrupts marine life. The increased amount of sand, sediment, and fine particles creates turbid conditions, blocking necessary UV rays from reaching coral reefs, creating coral turbidity (where more organic material is taken in by coral) and increasing bacterial activity (more harmful bacteria are introduced into coral). The construction of artificial islands also decreases

5504-491: The mechanical action of other rock or sand particles. According to the IPCC, sea level rise caused by climate change will increase coastal erosion worldwide, significantly changing the coasts and low-lying coastal areas. Hydraulic action occurs when waves striking a cliff face compress air in cracks on the cliff face. This exerts pressure on the surrounding rock, and can progressively splinter and remove pieces. Over time,

5590-416: The most common methods of soft erosion control is beach nourishment projects. These projects involve dredging sand and moving it to the beaches as a means of reestablishing the sand lost due to erosion. In some situations, beach nourishment is not a suitable measure to take for erosion control, such as in areas with sand sinks or frequent and large storms. Dynamic revetment , which uses loose cobble to mimic

5676-475: The natural temporal and spatial evolution of tracked coastal coastal profiles. The results can be used to determine the required temporal and spatial distances between the measured profiles for ecomic tracking. A place where erosion of a cliffed coast has occurred is at Wamberal in the Central Coast region of New South Wales where houses built on top of the cliffs began to collapse into the sea. This

5762-462: The natural water currents and prevent sand from shifting along coasts, along with the high costs to install and maintain them, their tendency to cause erosion in adjacent beaches and dunes, and the unintended diversion of stormwater and into other properties. Natural forms of hard-erosion control include planting or maintaining native vegetation, such as mangrove forests and coral reefs. Soft erosion strategies refer to temporary options of slowing

5848-506: The project still stand as another development boom roared around them, 80 years later. Bahrain has several artificial islands including Northern City , Diyar Al Muharraq , and Durrat Al Bahrain . Named after the 'most perfect pearl' in the Persian Gulf, Durrat Al Bahrain is a US$ 6 billion joint development owned by the Bahrain Mumtalakat Holding Company and Kuwait Finance House Bahrain (KFH). The project

5934-407: The reef including Funaafou , Sulufou , and Adaege. The people of Lau Lagoon build islands on the reef as this provided protection against attack from the people who lived in the centre of Malaita. These islands were formed literally one rock at a time. A family would take their canoe out to the reef which protects the lagoon and then dive for rocks, bring them to the surface and then return to

6020-434: The region. These actions contribute to the escalating tensions in the South China Sea . Coastal erosion Coastal erosion is the loss or displacement of land, or the long-term removal of sediment and rocks along the coastline due to the action of waves , currents , tides , wind-driven water, waterborne ice, or other impacts of storms. The landward retreat of the shoreline can be measured and described over

6106-519: The right to sail, fly, and conduct military exercises in those waters. Nevertheless, China has repeatedly challenged this principle by constructing artificial islands, imposing restrictions on navigation, and militarising the area. The legal implications surrounding China's island construction efforts present complex challenges. A key issue revolves around determining the classification of land masses as either rocks or seabed, which holds significant importance in these disputed cases. Maritime law establishes

6192-484: The sea using EEZ as the basis of their claims. UNCLOS Article 60 stipulates that naturally formed islands can generate EEZs, while artificial islands cannot. Therefore, China's construction of artificial islands raises questions about whether they can legitimately claim an EEZ around those islands. UNCLOS also enshrines the freedom of navigation and overflight in the EEZ of coastal states, which implies that all countries have

6278-426: The sea wall did not offer much help: buildings continued to be affected by the erosion. Then a storm came and broke the sea wall, it then flooded the land behind it. These events cause many land investors to back out. Eventually, Hampton-on-Sea had to be abandoned because the erosion overtook so much of the land. By 1916 Hampton-on-Sea had been completely abandoned. By the 1920s only a couple of structures still stood. It

6364-547: The seafloor, changes in the location of shoals and bars may cause the locus of beach or cliff erosion to change position along the shore. Coastal erosion has been greatly affected by the rising sea levels globally. There has been great measures of increased coastal erosion on the Eastern seaboard of the United States. Locations such as Florida have noticed increased coastal erosion. In reaction to these increases Florida and its individual counties have increased budgets to replenish

6450-412: The selected site and drop the rocks into the water. Living on the reef was also healthier as the mosquitoes, which infested the coastal swamps, were not found on the reef islands. The Lau people continue to live on the reef islands. Many artificial islands have been built in urban harbors to provide either a site deliberately isolated from the city or just spare real estate otherwise unobtainable in

6536-452: The site. The Atlantis is the largest hotel currently constructed on Palm Jumeirah. The island has a population of over 18,000 people as of 2015. Palm Jebel Ali ( Google 25°00′N 54°59′E  /  25.000°N 54.983°E  / 25.000; 54.983 ) is an artificial archipelago that features a palm tree that is 50% larger than the original Palm Jumeirah. The island has a larger crescent shape. Space has been created between

6622-646: The still extant floating islands of Lake Titicaca . The city of Tenochtitlan , the Aztec predecessor of Mexico City that was home to 500,000 people when the Spaniards arrived, stood on a small natural island in Lake Texcoco that was surrounded by countless artificial chinamitl islands. The people of Langa Langa Lagoon and Lau Lagoon in Malaita , Solomon Islands, built about 60 artificial islands on

6708-522: The structural integrity of the island play a crucial role in determining the maximum depth. Despite a popular image of modernity, artificial islands actually have a long history in many parts of the world, dating back to the reclaimed islands of Ancient Egyptian civilization , the Stilt crannogs of prehistoric Wales , Scotland and Ireland , the ceremonial centers of Nan Madol in Micronesia and

6794-515: The subaqueous area in surrounding waters, leading to habitat destruction or degradation for many species. Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea treaty (UNCLOS), artificial islands are not considered harbor works (Article 11) and are under the jurisdiction of the nearest coastal state if within 200 nautical miles (370 km) (Article 56). Artificial islands are also not considered islands for purposes of having their own territorial waters or exclusive economic zones , and only

6880-410: The surrounding area. Palm Jumeirah ( Google 25°07′00″N 55°08′00″E  /  25.11667°N 55.13333°E  / 25.11667; 55.13333 ) is the site of numerous private residences and hotels. From the air, the archipelago resembles a stylized palm tree within a circle. Construction began in 2001 and was financed mainly by Dubai's income from petroleum. By 2009, 28 hotels had opened on

6966-560: The water's spectral profile, and increased the water surface temperature around the island. Variations in alongshore sediment transport have resulted in changes in erosion patterns along the UAE coast, which has also been exacerbated by altered wave patterns as the waters of the Persian Gulf attempt to move around the new obstruction of the islands. The rock walls constructed around the palm islands can result in different wave patterns along

7052-495: The world, with a size of 22km2. The Pearl-Qatar is the third largest artificial island in the world, with a size of 13.9km2. The island was built in 2006, by main contractor DEME Group. The United Arab Emirates is home to several artificial island projects. They include the Yas Island , augmentations to Saadiyat Island , Khalifa Port , Al Reem Island , Al Lulu Island , Al Raha Creek, al Hudairiyat Island, The Universe and

7138-410: Was built on a fault in the headland which is prone to erosion. A small part of one of the bastion walls has already collapsed since the land under it has eroded, and there are cracks in other walls as well. In El Campello , Spain, the erosion and failure of a Roman fish farm excavated from rock during the first century B.C. was exacerbated by the construction of a close sport harbour. Hampton-on-Sea

7224-535: Was inaugurated on May 12, 2004. The Pearl Island is in the north of the Qatari capital Doha , home to a range of residential, commercial and tourism activities. Qanat Quartier is designed to be a 'Virtual Venice in the Middle East'. Lusail & large areas around Ras Laffan , Hamad International Airport & Hamad Port . The New Doha International Airport is the second largest artificial island built in

7310-452: Was needed to accommodate the goal of tripling the number of tourists to 15 million annually. The solution was to construct a massive island shaped like a palm tree, which, upon completion in 2006, would add 56 km (35 miles) to the coastline. The island is designed to be a city within itself, featuring shopping centers, restaurants, hotels, and residential properties. Palm Jumeirah was built entirely from sand and rocks; no concrete or steel

7396-463: Was used to build the island. This was done following the order of the Ruler of Dubai , who came up with the idea for Palm Islands and the design. Installation of utilities and pipelines was complicated and required a lot of labour. To counteract the waves and constant motion of the sea, breakwaters were built around the island. They are 3 meters high and 160 km in total length. Expanded over

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