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42-979: [REDACTED] Look up bemba in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Bemba may refer to: Languages and ethnic groups [ edit ] Bemba language , or Chibemba, a Bantu language spoken in Zambia Bemba people , or AbaBemba, of Zambia Bemba, a dialect of the Buyu language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo People [ edit ] Jeannot Bemba Saolona (1941–2009), Congolese businessman, father of Jean-Pierre Bemba Jean-Pierre Bemba (born 1962), Congolese politician Matthieu Bemba (born 1988), Guadeloupean footballer Other uses [ edit ] Bemba (deity) , in

84-645: A broader population of Twa Peoples, and one of three main ethnic groups, alongside the Hutu and the Tutsi . While their population numbers have decreased significantly–comprising around 0.2-0.7% of the population, with estimates ranging from 20,000 to 36,000 individuals according to various sources. The Twa in Rwanda have been designated as “Historically Marginalized People (HMP) a term that reflects their history of discrimination, prejudice, and exclusion. Their vulnerability

126-404: A mostly straightforward manner, Bemba being agglutinative and not inflective , but there are still some exceptions. The subject and object prefixes for the personal pronouns are given below. These can vary slightly according to mood, and the subject prefixes change for negative verbs. Where they are different, object prefixes are given in brackets. The subject prefix is placed first, and then

168-399: A number of ecotones next to an area that has game but will not support agriculture, such as the edges of the rainforest, open swamp, and desert. The Twa spend part of the year in the otherwise uninhabited region hunting game, trading for agricultural products with the farmers while they do so. Roger Blench has proposed that Twa (Pygmies) originated as a caste like they are today, much like

210-463: A significant decrease in livelihood for the Twa, who sustained themselves by providing forest resources and goods to other populations–as these populations no longer relied on the Twa for access and woodland territories decreased, the dependence on agricultural and pastoral resources increased, and a number of Twa struggled to maintain their way of life. Twa historical contributions and their indigeneity to

252-623: A spirit of brotherhood. (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights) Twa The Twa , often referred to as Batwa or Mutwa (singular), are indigenous hunter-gatherer peoples of the Great Lakes Region in Central Africa, recognized as some of the earliest inhabitants of the area. Historically and academically, the term “Pygmy” has been used to describe these groups, however, it

294-636: Is common in Bantu languages, adjectives follow the words they qualify, and take the adjectival concord prefixes, but there are not many of them in the strictest sense. Adverbs, relative clauses, or 'descriptors', often fulfil their function instead. Descriptors are placed after the noun, with the particle '-a', and the relevant pronoun prefix between them: chintu cha nomba , 'new thing'. The numbers from 1 to 10 are: The numerals 1-5 take adjectival concord prefixes (except for class 1 singular: muntu umo, 'one person'). The numerals 6-10 are left unchanged. 'Ikumi' has

336-632: Is considered derogatory, particularly by the Twa themselves. While some Batwa activists accept the term as an acknowledgement of their indigenous status, most prefer specific ethnic labels such as Bambuti (for the Ituri Forest region in the Democratic Republic of the Congo), Baaka (Lobaye Forest, Central African Republic), and Bambendjelle (Ndoki Forest, Congo-Brazzaville and Central African Republic). All Pygmy and Twa populations live near or in agricultural villages. Agricultural Bantu peoples have settled

378-431: Is often used to separate other combinations of vowels). The nasal 'n' changes to 'm' before 'b' or 'p', and is pronounced ŋ before 'k' or 'g'; after 'n', 'l' changes to 'd'. These rules will all be implicit in the tables given below. Like many Bantu languages, Bemba is tonal , with two tones. However, tone has limited effect on meaning as the number of words that would otherwise be confused is small. Stress tends to fall on

420-464: Is one of the spoken languages in Zambia, spoken by many people who live in urban areas, and is one of Zambia's seven recognized regional languages. Zambia's first president, Kenneth Kaunda , though Malawian by descent, was raised in a Bemba-speaking community, and two of the four Zambian presidents since have been Bemba-speakers. The third president, Levy Mwanawasa , was a Lenje /Lamba, Lamba people from

462-401: Is quite phonetic. Its letters, with their approximate phonetic values, are given below. It has become increasingly common to use 'c' in place of 'ch'. In common with other Bantu languages, as affixes are added, combinations of vowels may contract and consonants may change. For example, 'aa' changes to a long 'a', 'ae' and 'ai' change to 'e', and 'ao' and 'au' change to 'o' (in other cases, a 'y'

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504-575: Is underscored by reports that highlight their status as one of the most disadvantaged groups in the country. The Twa today make up less than one percent of Rwanda’s population. Historically, however, they held a greater presence in the region. Oral history and anthropological evidence substantiate their Indigenous status, showing no signs of a prior migration. The arrival of the Hutu and the Tutsi (as they are ethnically acknowledged today) around 1100 AD marked

546-501: The Numu blacksmith castes of West Africa , economically specialized groups which became endogamous and consequently developed into separate ethnic groups, sometimes, as with the Ligbi , also their own languages. A mismatch in language between patron and client could later occur from population displacements. The short stature of the "forest people" could have developed in the millennia since

588-717: The Bantu expansion , as happened also with Bantu domestic animals in the rainforest. Perhaps there was additional selective pressure from farmers taking the tallest women back to their villages as wives. However, that is incidental to the social identity of the Pygmy/Twa. Twa live scattered throughout the Congo . In addition to the Great Lakes Twa of the dense forests under the Ruwenzoris , there are notable populations in

630-689: The Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga National parks that border the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Rwanda living mainly in areas bordering other Bantu Tribes. In 1992 the Bwindi Impenetrable Forest became a national park and a World Heritage Site to protect the 350 endangered mountain gorillas within its boundaries. As a result, the Batwa were evicted from the park. Since they had no title to

672-721: The Copperbelt Province and Lenje from central province, Lenjes belong to the Bantu Botatwe (“three people”) ethnic grouping that comprises the Tonga-Lenje-Ila peoples. The Fourth President, Rupiah Bwezani Banda was a Chewa from the Eastern Province. In the years after the MMD took power in 1991, it was accused numerous times of promoting Bemba over other regional languages in the country. Although

714-677: The Mongo , on the rare occasions of caste mixing, the child is raised as Twa. If this is a common pattern with Twa groups, it may explain why the Twa are less physically distinct from their patrons than the Mbenga and Mbuti, where village men take Pygmy women out of the forest as wives. The Congolese variant of the name, at least in Mongo, Kasai, and Katanga, is Cwa . The Batwa of Uganda were forest dwellers who lived by gathering and hunting as their main source of food. They are believed to have lived in

756-701: The swamp forest around Lake Tumba in the west (about 14,000 Twa, more than the Great Lakes Twa in all countries), in the forest– savanna swamps of Kasai in the south-center, and in the savanna swamps scattered throughout Katanga in the south-east, as in the Upemba Depression with its floating islands , and around Kiambi on the Luvua River . The island of Idjwi has a native population of approx 7000 BaTwa. According to UNHRW more than 10,000 BaTwa are displaced from Virunga Park in

798-402: The Bantu norms. The simple singular imperative is identical to the 'dictionary' form of the verb consisting of the stem and the suffix '-a', changing to an '-e' if an object prefix is used - there is no subject prefix. The simple plural imperative changes '-a' to '-eni'. Prefixing 'aku-' or 'uka-', adds a sense of instruction to resume or continue an action. An emphatic form can be given by using

840-649: The Northern Kivu province's refugee camps such as Mugunga and Mubambiro due to decades of war. The term Batwa is used to cover a number of different cultural groups, while many Batwa in various parts of the DRC call themselves Bambuti. Arab and colonial accounts speak of Twa on either side of the Lomami River southwest of Kisangani , and on the Tshuapa River and its tributary the "Bussera". Among

882-640: The classification here is taken from that given by Schoeffer, Sheane and Cornwallis. Bemba nouns are divided into several partially-semantic classes. They are indicated by their prefixes and are generally similar but not always identical to the concord prefixes , attached to verbs they govern, adjectives qualifying them, and pronouns standing for them. By one convention, based on the plural, they are arranged as follows (most alternate forms are caused by phonetic considerations): The prefixes in class 9 essentially indicate case: 'ku-' corresponds to 'to' or 'from', 'mu-' to 'in', 'into', or 'out of', and 'pa-' to 'at'. As

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924-427: The earth, reflecting their long-standing and influential impact on the region. Southern Angola through central Namibia had Twa populations when Europeans first arrived in the 16th century. Estermann writes, The southern Twa today live in close economic symbiosis with the tribes among which they are scattered— Ngambwe , Havakona , Zimba and Himba . None of the individuals I have observed differs physically from

966-515: The interest is slowly growing. Some of these include Lutato and Shadreck Kondala, among others. Classic Bemba books include Uwauma Nafyala , Pano Calo and Imilimo ya bena Kale . Abantu bonse bafyalwa abalubuka nokulingana mu mucinshi nensambu. Balikwata amano nokutontonkanya, eico bafwile ukulacita ifintu ku banabo mu mutima wa bwananyina. Translation All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in

1008-408: The land constitute a vital foundation in the building of the socio-cultural landscape that currently exists in Rwanda today. Twa culture plays a major role in the oral traditions of history and mythology of neighboring groups as an autochthonous people–the earliest settlers of the land–they occupied critical positions of power in governance and presided over ceremonial traditions to honor the vitality of

1050-420: The land, they were given no compensation. The Batwa became conservation refugees in an unforested environment unfamiliar to them. Poverty, drugs and alcohol abuse were rampant, as well as a lack of education facilities, HIV as well as violence and discrimination against women and girls were higher among Batwa communities than among the neighboring Bantu communities. The Twa People of Rwanda are connected to

1092-408: The last consonant is nasal , changing the 'a' to 'ine' or 'ene' accordingly. There are irregularities in several verbs. The tense prefixes are given below. They come after the subject and object prefixes, and before the verb stem, except for the recent, completed or historic past in 'na-', which appears at the very beginning. Stress is marked with an acute (´) accent. The moods correspond closely to

1134-605: The lingua franca of the Zambian capital Lusaka is a dialect of Bantu Botatwe. Bemba has several dialects, many being varieties of Bemba spoken by other tribes which have historically fallen under Bemba influence. They include Chishinga , Lomotwa , Ngoma , Nwesi , Lala, Luunda, Mukulu, Ng’umbo, and Unga, which is spoken by Twa pygmies and sometimes considered a separate language (Nurse 2003). The Twa of Bangweulu speak another dialect of Bemba. The orthographical system in common use, originally introduced by Edward Steere ,

1176-472: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bemba&oldid=1245858045 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Bemba language Bemba

1218-636: The neighboring Bantu. These peoples live in desert environments. Accounts are limited and tend to confuse the Twa with the San . The Twa of these countries live in swampy areas, such as the Twa fishermen of the Bangweulu Swamps , Lukanga Swamp , and Kafue Flats of Zambia ; only the Twa fish in Southern Province , where the swampy terrain means that large-scale crops cannot be planted near

1260-626: The novels and narratives in Bemba were written between the period 1950 and 1980. Recently, very few creative works are published in Zambia mainly due to two reasons: the readership is generally poor and secondly, because of the first reason, publishers tend to hesitate to publish creative works in Bemba, especially novels of substantial length, for financial reasons due to the likely low levels of readership and thus profit. Instead, there are many short stories and novellas in Bemba literature. Despite these hiccups, such as poor readership and lack of publishing,

1302-406: The object prefix. When the subject or object is a specific noun in a given class, the verbal concord prefix of this class is used, and the negative form adds the prefix 'ta-' before this. The classification given here is that presented by Schoeffer. Some of these require a modified stem, changing final 'a' to 'ile' if the preceding vowel is 'a', 'i' or 'u', and to 'ele' if it is 'e' or 'o', or, if

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1344-460: The onset of Twa subjugation, a practice that was sustained during precolonial and colonial periods and into the era of post-colonial conflict As largely hunter gatherer populations, the Twa were experts of the woodland landscape, well versed in acquiring both plant and animal food sources for hundreds of years before herders and farmers began to clear large sections of forests—decimating arable land for agriculture and livestock. This decimation led to

1386-493: The plural 'makumi', which can be used as a noun with 'na' (and, with) to form all numbers up to 99: for example, makumi yatatu na pabula , 'thirty nine'. 100 is 'mwanda', with plural 'myanda'. The class-independent personal pronouns are: 'ine' (1st person sg.), 'iwe' (2nd person sg.), 'ifwe' (1st person pl.), 'imwe' (2nd person pl.). These are absolute, in the sense that they stand alone, and cannot appear as subjects or objects as they are. There are separate possessive pronouns, and

1428-432: The preceding vowel is a, i or u, and '-ek-' if the preceding vowel is e or o. This form is differs in meaning from the passive in that it emphasises the state resulting from an action rather than the action itself (cf. English 'the pot is broken', as opposed to 'the ball is kicked'). Generally, the indicative prefixes 'ta-' to the subject prefix except for the first person singular which changes to 'nshi' or 'shi'. Generally,

1470-423: The prefix, when it exists, and can lead to subtle differences of meaning (see the verb forms below). Many of the main features of Bemba grammar are fairly typical of Bantu languages: it is agglutinative , depends mainly on prefixes , has a system of several noun classes, a large set of verbal aspects and tenses, very few actual adjectives, and, like English, has a word order that is subject-verb-object . Most of

1512-420: The quality of the works that are published in Bemba is often high. Moreover, there seem to be many talented writers who would like to write in this language but could not because of the reasons that have been given above and others that are related. In terms of literary criticism, a lot of the works in Bemba have not been reviewed and critiqued. This is because there are very few literary critics in Bemba, though

1554-577: The stem by adding an extra syllable before the final 'a'. These are given below. There are also several compound tenses, many using the copula 'kuli' and 'kuba'. These are used to introduce coordinating or subordinate clauses, similarly to their use in English. There is a sizeable amount of literature in Bemba. There are narratives, poems and plays. Some of the notable writers in Bemba include Stephen Mpashi, Chongo Kasonkomona, Chishimba, Paul Mushindo, Bwalya Chilangwa, Mwila Launshi and Kambole. A lot of

1596-399: The subject pronoun prefix (generally of class 1) and following this by the prefix '-inda-'. The subjunctive is used hypothetically, as an indirect imperative, in exhortations, and in subordinate clauses, similarly but not identically to the subjunctive of many European languages. The common feature is a change of the final '-a' of the verb to '-e'. Its forms are given below. Here V stands for

1638-468: The subjunctive adds 'i' after the pronoun prefixes and in most cases changes a final 'e' to 'a'. The infinitive occasionally uses the negative 'te'. However, the precise rules are more complex, and the forms depend more finely on tense, aspect and mood. When the negative is used with the imperfect 'le', it is often in the sense of action not yet done, and is referred to by Schoeffer as a separate 'deferred tense'. There are several other verb forms which change

1680-621: The third person pronouns depend on class. There are also demonstrative pronouns, divided both by class and into three kinds by deixis ('this one, that one, and that one over there'), and relative pronouns are formed from these. Verbs have simple forms, usually ending in '-a' (everything before the 'a' being the 'stem', 'root' or 'radical'), and are agglutinated according to person, number and class of subject and object, tense, mood, voice, aspect and whether they are affirmative or negative. Further, their stems change to indicate various other shades of meaning. The following rules can all be combined in

1722-455: The traditional religion of the Bambara people of Mali Bemba, or bembe, a Caribbean membranophone used in the music of Trinidad and Tobago See also [ edit ] Bembe (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Bemba . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

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1764-443: The verb stem, and P for any pronoun prefixes. The usual phonological rules apply. The infinitive, strictly a verbal noun, has two forms. The simple form has prefix 'ku-' added to the simple form, as mentioned above, and the habitual infinitive has prefix 'kula-'. The passive is formed by placing the suffix '-w-' before the last vowel of the verb, but it is not frequently used. A 'neutral' voice can be formed by using '-ik-' instead if

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