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46-410: Bereldange ( Luxembourgish : Bäreldeng [ˈbɛːʀəldeŋ] , German : Bereldingen ) is a town in the commune of Walferdange , in central Luxembourg . As of 2024, the town has a population of 4,665. Bereldange was part of the commune of Steinsel until 1 January 1851. 49°39′N 6°08′E  /  49.650°N 6.133°E  / 49.650; 6.133 This article related to

92-417: A dialect continuum of gradual change. Spoken Luxembourgish is relatively hard to understand for speakers of German who are generally not familiar with Moselle Franconian dialects (or at least other West Central German dialects). They can usually read the language to some degree. For those Germans familiar with Moselle Franconian dialects, it is relatively easy to understand and speak Luxembourgish as far as

138-540: A certain influence on both the national language Luxembourgish and the Luxembourg national variety of German. Luxembourgish, German and French are the three official languages (Amtssprachen) of Luxembourg. As a standard form of the Moselle Franconian language , Luxembourgish has similarities with other High German dialects and the wider group of West Germanic languages . The status of Luxembourgish as

184-598: A consistent amount of lexical similarities with Luxembourgish . The dialect was mainly spoken in Transylvania (contemporary central Romania ), by native speakers of German, Flemish , and Walloon origins who were settled in the Kingdom of Hungary starting in the mid and mid-late 12th century (more specifically from approximately the 1140s/1150s to the 19th century). Over the passing of time, it had been consistently influenced by both Romanian and Hungarian given

230-442: A few nominal phrases such as der Däiwel ("the devil") and eiser Herrgott ("our Lord"). Rare examples of the genitive are also found: Enn des Mounts ("end of the month"), Ufanks der Woch ("at the beginning of the week"). The functions of the genitive are normally expressed using a combination of the dative and a possessive determiner: e.g. dem Mann säi Buch (lit. "to the man his book", i.e. "the man's book"). This

276-505: A lesser extent, Alba County and Hunedoara County respectively. Furthermore, the Transylvanian Saxon dialect also varied from village to village where it was spoken (that is, a village could have had a slightly different local form of Transylvanian Saxon than the other but there was still a certain degree of mutual intelligibility between them; for instance, more or less analogous and similar to how English accents vary on

322-748: A radius of 5 miles (8.0 km) in the England/United Kingdom). Before the Romanian Revolution of 1989 , most of the Transylvanian Saxons were still living in Transylvania. During the communist dictatorship of Nicolae Ceaușescu , many thousands of these Saxons were sold for a total sum of money of around $ 6 million paid to communist Romania by West Germany . By 1990, the number of Saxons living in Transylvania had decreased dramatically. Shortly after

368-415: A well. Good day, good day, dear sir, now I would like to talk to you! What did my woman and child do to you that you knocked them down because of me? What has young innocence done to you that they are now stone dead on the ground? One he stabbed down from his horse, he cut off the head of the other. The third one he split like a fish, the fourth one ran into the green bush. Not

414-426: Is also the native dialect of the current President of Romania , Klaus Iohannis , by virtue of the fact that he is a Transylvanian Saxon. It is also the native dialect of well known German rock superstar Peter Maffay . Additionally, according to the 2011 Romanian census , only 11,400 Transylvanian Saxon were still living in Transylvania at that time. The 2021 Romanian census (postponed one year to 2022 because of

460-689: Is currently also the only political party in Luxembourg that wishes to implement written laws also in Luxembourgish and that wants Luxembourgish to be an officially recognized language of the European Union . In this context, in 2005, then- Deputy Prime Minister Jean Asselborn of the LSAP rejected a demand made by the ADR to make Luxembourgish an official language of the EU, citing financial reasons and

506-460: Is formed using the adverb méi : e.g. schéin → méi schéin The superlative involves a synthetic form consisting of the adjective and the suffix -st : e.g. schéin → schéin st (compare German schönst , English prettiest ). Attributive modification requires the emphatic definite article and the inflected superlative adjective: Predicative modification uses either the same adjectival structure or

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552-675: Is known as a periphrastic genitive , and is a phenomenon also commonly seen in dialectal and colloquial German, and in Dutch. The forms of the personal pronouns are given in the following table (unstressed forms appear in parentheses): The 2pl form is also used as a polite singular (like French vous , see T-V distinction ); the forms are capitalised in writing: Like most varieties of colloquial German, but even more invariably, Luxembourgish uses definite articles with personal names. They are obligatory and not to be translated: A feature Luxembourgish shares with only some western dialects of German

598-698: Is known by the endonym Siweberjesch Såksesch or just Såksesch ; in German as Siebenbürgisch-Sächsisch , Siebenbürgisch-sächsischer Dialekt/Mundart , or Die siebenbürgisch-sächsische Sprache (obsolete German spelling: Siebenbürgisch Teutsch ); in Transylvanian Landler dialect as Soksisch ; in Hungarian as erdélyi szász nyelv ; and in Romanian as Limba săsească , săsește , or dialectul săsesc . Linguistically,

644-487: Is quite similar to that of Standard German . Luxembourgish has three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), and three cases ( nominative , accusative , and dative ). These are marked morphologically on determiners and pronouns . As in German, there is no morphological gender distinction in the plural. The forms of the articles and of some selected determiners are given below: As seen above, Luxembourgish has plural forms of en ("a, an"), namely eng in

690-499: Is seen today as an independent language. Luxembourgish managed to gain linguistic autonomy against a vigorous One Standard German Axiom by being framed as an independent language with a name rather than as a national pluricentric standard variety of German. As Luxembourgish has a maximum of some 285,000 native speakers, resources in the language like books, newspapers, magazines, television, internet etc. are limited. Since most Luxembourgers also speak Standard German and French, there

736-578: Is standardized and officially the national language of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. As such, Luxembourgish is different from the German language also used in the Grand Duchy. The German language exists in a national standard variety of Luxembourg, which is slightly different from the standard varieties in Germany , Austria or Switzerland . Another important language of Luxembourg is French, which had

782-606: Is strong competition with these languages, which both have large language resources. Because of this, the use of Luxembourgish remains limited. Luxembourgish belongs to the West Central German group of the High German languages and is the primary example of a Moselle Franconian language . Furthermore, it is closely related to Transylvanian Saxon which has been spoken since the High Middle Ages by

828-416: Is that women and girls are most often referred to with forms of the neuter pronoun hatt : Adjectives show a different morphological behaviour when used attributively and predicatively . In predicative use, e.g. when they occur with verbs like sinn ("to be"), adjectives receive no extra ending: In attributive use, i.e. when placed before the noun they describe, they change their ending according to

874-1926: The COVID-19 pandemic in Romania ) reported a smaller overall figure for the German minority in Romania and, most probably, an even fewer number of native Transylvanian Saxon speakers still living in Transylvania. Below is a sample text written in the Transylvanian Saxon dialect, entitled 'De Råch' (meaning 'The Revenge'), which is, more specifically, an old traditional ballad/poem (also translated and in comparison with standard German/Hochdeutsch and English): Hië ritt berjuëf, hië ritt berjåff, bäs e se un em Brånnen tråf. Geaden Dåch, geaden Dåch, ir läf Härrn, nea wäll ich met ech riëde gärn! Wat huët ech menj Fra uch Känjd gedon, dåt ir mer se huët nedergeschlon? Wat huët ech dä jang Easchuld gedon, dåt sä nea stiindiut äm Iëren lån? Den enen stauch hië vum Ruëß eruëf diëm åndren schleach e det Hiift em uëf. Dien drätten spålt e wä en Fäsch, der viert lef än den gränen Bäsch. Net ener wul do bläiwe stohn, net ener wul an Åntwert son. Hië ritt dohänne mät fräschem Meat, esi bezuëlt em de Fånden geat. (Standard German) Er ritt bergab, er ritt bergauf, bis er sie an einem Brunnen traf. Guten Tag, guten Tag, ihr lieben Herrn, nun will ich mit euch reden gern! Was hat euch mein' Frau und Kind getan dass ihr sie mir habt niedergeschlag’n? Was hat euch die junge Unschuld getan, dass sie nun steintod am Boden lahn? Den einen stach er vom Ross herab, dem andern schlug er das Haupte ab. Den dritten spaltete er wie einen Fisch, der vierte lief in den grünen Busch. Kein einz’ger wollt’ dort bleiben stehn, Kein einz'ger wollte Antwort geb’n. Er ritt dahin mit frischem Mut, so bezahlt man seine Feinde gut. (English translation) He rode downhill, he rode uphill, until he met them at

920-692: The Province of Luxembourg ) and in small parts of Lorraine in France . In the German Eifel and Hunsrück regions, similar local Moselle Franconian dialects of German are spoken. The language is also spoken by a few descendants of Luxembourg immigrants in the United States and Canada . Other Moselle Franconian dialects are spoken by ethnic Germans long settled in Transylvania , Romania (Siebenbürgen). Moselle Franconian dialects outside

966-548: The Transylvanian Saxons in Transylvania , present-day central Romania . Luxembourgish is considered the national language of Luxembourg and also one of the three administrative languages, alongside German and French . In Luxembourg, 77% of residents can speak Luxembourgish, and it is the primary language of 48% of the population. It is also spoken in the Arelerland region of Belgium (part of

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1012-631: The Luxembourg state border tend to have far fewer French loanwords, and these mostly remain from the French Revolution. The political party that places the greatest importance on promoting, using and preserving Luxembourgish is the Alternative Democratic Reform Party (ADR) and its electoral success in the 1999 election pushed the CSV-DP government to make knowledge of it a criterion for naturalisation . It

1058-645: The Transylvanian Saxon dialect is very close to Luxembourgish (especially regarding its vocabulary ). This is because many ancestors of the present-day Transylvanian Saxons stemmed from contemporary Luxembourg as early as the 12th century, especially in the area of contemporary Sibiu County (German: Kreis Hermannstadt ), as part of the Ostsiedlung process. In their case, the Ostsiedlung colonisation process took place in southern, southeastern, and northeastern Transylvania for economic development, guarding

1104-543: The Transylvanian Saxon dialect was mainly spoken in the rural areas of Transylvania throughout the passing of time, since the arrival of the Transylvanian Saxons in the Carpathian Basin during the Middle Ages (more specifically beginning in the 12th century) onwards. In the urban settlements (i.e. several towns and cities such as Sibiu /Hermannstadt or Brașov /Kronstadt), standard German (i.e. Hochdeutsch)

1150-555: The US, Canada as well as other Western European countries, managing in the process to preserve (at least temporarily) their specific language there. Lastly, one can perceive the Transylvanian Saxon dialect, bearing in mind its conservative character when compared to other dialects of the German language (due primarily to its geographic isolation from other German idioms) as a type of German spoken in medieval times, or, more specifically as Old High German or Middle High German . Traditionally,

1196-661: The Zipsers in Spiš (German: Zips ), northeastern Slovakia as well as Maramureș (i.e. Maramureș County ) and Bukovina (i.e. Suceava County ), northeastern Romania. There are two main types or varieties of the dialect, more specifically northern Transylvanian Saxon ( German : Nordsiebenbürgisch ), spoken in Nösnerland ( Romanian : Țara Năsăudului ) including the dialect of Bistrița , and south Transylvanian Saxon (German: Südsiebenbürgisch ), including, most notably,

1242-431: The adoption of the "OLO" ( ofizjel lezebuurjer ortografi ) on 5 June 1946. This orthography provided a system for speakers of all varieties of Luxembourgish to transcribe words the way they pronounced them, rather than imposing a single, standard spelling for the words of the language. The rules explicitly rejected certain elements of German orthography ( e.g. , the use of ⟨ ä ⟩ and ⟨ ö ⟩ ,

1288-437: The adverbial structure am + - sten : e.g. schéin → am schéinsten : Some common adjectives have exceptional comparative and superlative forms: Several other adjectives also have comparative forms, not commonly used as normal comparatives, but in special senses: Luxembourgish exhibits "verb second" word order in clauses. More specifically, Luxembourgish is a V2 - SOV language , like German and Dutch. In other words, we find

1334-818: The basis of the standard orthography that became official on 10 October 1975. Modifications to this standard were proposed by the Permanent Council of the Luxembourguish language and adopted officially in the spelling reform of 30 July 1999. A detailed explanation of current practice for Luxembourgish can be found in Schanen & Lulling (2003). The Luxembourgish alphabet consists of the 26 Latin letters plus three letters with diacritics: ⟨é⟩ , ⟨ä⟩ , and ⟨ë⟩ . In loanwords from French and Standard German, other diacritics are usually preserved: In German loanwords,

1380-688: The capitalisation of nouns). Similarly, new principles were adopted for the spelling of French loanwords. This proposed orthography, so different from existing "foreign" standards that people were already familiar with, did not enjoy widespread approval. A more successful standard eventually emerged from the work of the committee of specialists charged with the task of creating the Luxemburger Wörterbuch , published in 5 volumes between 1950 and 1977. The orthographic conventions adopted in this decades-long project, set out in Bruch (1955), provided

1426-484: The centuries-long cohabitation of the Saxons with Romanians and Hungarians (mostly Szeklers ) in the south, southeast, and northeast of Transylvania. The main areas where Transylvanian Saxon was spoken in Transylvania were southern and northern Transylvania. In the contemporary era, the vast majority of the native speakers have emigrated in several waves, initially to Germany and Austria , but then subsequently to

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1472-472: The dialect of Sibiu (German: Hermannstadt ). In the process of its development, the Transylvanian Saxon dialect has been influenced by Romanian and Hungarian as well. Nowadays, given its relatively small number of native speakers worldwide, the dialect is severely endangered. In terms of comparative linguistics , it pertains to the Moselle Franconian group of West Central German dialects. In this particular regard, it must be mentioned that it shares

1518-521: The digraphs ⟨ eu ⟩ and ⟨ äu ⟩ indicate the diphthong /oɪ/ , which does not appear in native words. Like many other varieties of Western High German, Luxembourgish has a rule of final n -deletion in certain contexts. The effects of this rule (known as the "Eifel Rule") are indicated in writing, and therefore must be taken into account when spelling words and morphemes ending in ⟨n⟩ or ⟨nn⟩ . For example: The consonant inventory of Luxembourgish

1564-485: The easternmost borders of the former Kingdom of Hungary as well as mining, especially in the area of Bistrița (German: Bistritz or Nösen, archaic form ). Consequently, the Transylvanian Saxon dialect has been spoken in the south, southeast, and northeast of Transylvania since the High Middle Ages onwards. In addition, the Transylvanian Saxon dialect is also similar to the Zipser German dialect spoken by

1610-399: The everyday vocabulary is concerned. The large number of French loanwords in Luxembourgish may hamper communication about certain topics or with certain speakers (those who use many terms taken from French). A number of proposals for standardising the orthography of Luxembourgish can be documented, going back to the middle of the 19th century. There was no officially recognised system until

1656-463: The fall of communism, from 1991 to 1994, many Transylvanian Saxons who still remained in Transylvania decided to ultimately emigrate to re-unified Germany, leaving just a minority of approximately 20,000 Transylvanian Saxons in Romania at the round of the 21st century (or less than 1 percent of the entire population of Transylvania). The number of native Transylvanian Saxon speakers today is estimated at approximately 200,000 persons. Transylvanian Saxon

1702-465: The following finite clausal structures: Non-finite verbs (infinitives and participles) generally appear in final position: These rules interact so that in subordinate clauses, the finite verb and any non-finite verbs must all cluster at the end. Luxembourgish allows different word orders in these cases: This is also the case when two non-finite verb forms occur together: Luxembourgish (like Dutch and German) allows prepositional phrases to appear after

1748-536: The geography of Luxembourg canton is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Luxembourgish language Luxembourgish ( / ˈ l ʌ k s əm b ɜːr ɡ ɪ ʃ / LUK -səm-bur-ghish ; also Luxemburgish , Luxembourgian , Letzebu(e)rgesch ; endonym : Lëtzebuergesch [ˈlətsəbuəjəʃ] ) is a West Germanic language that is spoken mainly in Luxembourg . About 300,000 people speak Luxembourgish worldwide. The language

1794-428: The grammatical gender, number and case of the noun: The definite article changes with the use of an attributive adjective: feminine d' goes to déi (or di ), neuter d' goes to dat , and plural d' changes to déi . The comparative in Luxembourgish is formed analytically, i.e. the adjective itself is not altered (compare the use of - er in German and English; tall → taller , klein → kleiner ). Instead it

1840-619: The national language of Luxembourg and the existence there of a regulatory body have removed Luxembourgish, at least in part, from the domain of Standard German, its traditional Dachsprache . It is also related to the Transylvanian Saxon dialect spoken by the Transylvanian Saxons in Transylvania , contemporary central Romania . Luxembourgish was considered a German dialect like many others until about World War II but then it underwent ausbau , creating its own standard form in vocabulary, grammar, and spelling and therefore

1886-503: The nominative/accusative and engen in the dative. They are not used as indefinite articles, which—as in German and English—do not exist in the plural, but they do occur in the compound pronouns wéi en ("what, which") and sou en ("such"). For example: wéi eng Saachen ("what things"); sou eng Saachen ("such things"). Moreover, they are used before numbers to express an estimation: eng 30.000 Spectateuren ("some 30,000 spectators"). Distinct nominative forms survive in

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1932-405: The population and the dissemination of the language through mass media such as radio and television are leading to a gradual standardisation towards a "Standard Luxembourgish" through the process of koineization . There is no distinct geographic boundary between the use of Luxembourgish and the use of other closely related High German dialects (for example, Lorraine Franconian ); it instead forms

1978-579: The sufficiency of official German and French . A similar proposal by the ADR was rejected by the Chamber of Deputies in 2024. There are several distinct dialect forms of Luxembourgish including Areler (from Arlon ), Eechternoacher ( Echternach ), Dikrecher ( Diekirch ), Kliärrwer ( Clervaux ), Miseler ( Moselle ), Stater ( Luxembourg ), Veiner ( Vianden ), Minetter (Southern Luxembourg) and Weelzer ( Wiltz ). Further small vocabulary differences may be seen even between small villages. Increasing mobility of

2024-566: The verb cluster in subordinate clauses: Luxembourgish has borrowed many French words. For example, the word for a bus driver is Buschauffeur (as in Dutch and Swiss German ), which would be Busfahrer in German and chauffeur de bus in French. Some words are different from Standard German, but have equivalents in German dialects. An example is Gromperen (potatoes – German: Kartoffeln ). Other words are exclusive to Luxembourgish. Listen to

2070-528: The words below. Note: Words spoken in sound clip do not reflect all words on this list. Neologisms in Luxembourgish include both entirely new words, and the attachment of new meanings to old words in everyday speech. The most recent neologisms come from the English language in the fields of telecommunications , computer science , and the Internet . Transylvanian Saxon dialect The dialect

2116-406: Was more spoken and written more instead. The traditional areas where the Transylvanian Saxon dialect has been spoken are southern Transylvania and north-eastern Transylvania which represent the main areas of settlement of the Transylvanian Saxons since the High Middle Ages onwards. These areas correspond mainly to Sibiu County , Brașov County , Mureș County , and Bistrița-Năsăud County and, to

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