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46-492: The center was founded in 1996 as the "Center on Law and Technology" by Jonathan Zittrain and Professor Charles Nesson . This was built on previous work including a 1994 seminar they held on legal issues involving the early Internet. Professor Arthur Miller and students David Marglin and Tom Smuts also worked on that seminar and related discussions. In 1997, the Berkman family underwrote the center, and Lawrence Lessig joined as

92-582: A DPhil (doctoral) degree in "Information, Communication, and the Social Sciences." Since 2009, it has offered a one-year Master of Science (MSc) degree in "Social Science of the Internet". From 2015, prospective students can apply to study the MSc degree part-time over two years. In addition, the department also runs an annual Summer Doctoral Programme which brings outstanding PhD students to study at

138-534: A flight to closed systems and his message that software developers need control and software patents must end, to a request for cost-benefit analysis, to the belief that netizenship will not scale to the business world to faith that consumers will buy only open, non-proprietary systems. Directed by Palfrey and Zittrain, StopBadware receives high-level guidance from its advisory board: Vint Cerf of Google, Esther Dyson , George He of Lenovo , Greg Papadopoulos (formerly CTO of Sun Microsystems ), and Ari Schwartz of

184-654: A particular interest in computer science and public policy. In the United States, he was also the Jack N. & Lillian R. Berkman Visiting Professor for Entrepreneurial Legal Studies at Harvard Law School in Cambridge, Massachusetts and director and founder with Charles Nesson of its Berkman Center for Internet & Society . Zittrain was a visiting professor at the Stanford Law School in 2007 and

230-728: A review of child safety online called the Internet Safety Technical Task Force. In 2009, Yochai Benkler led a review of United States broadband policy. In 2010, Urs Gasser, along with Palfrey and others, led a review of Internet governance body ICANN , focusing on transparency, accountability, and public participation. The Berkman Klein Center's main research topics are Teens and Media, Monitoring , Privacy , Digital art , Internet Governance , Cloud Computing and Internet censorship . The Berkman Klein Center supports events, presentations, and conferences about

276-482: A site thereafter had been cleaned. One of StopBadware's goals is to "preempt" the stifling of the Internet. The founders think that centralized regulation could follow a serious Internet security breach, and that consumers might then choose to purchase closed, centrally managed solutions like tethered appliances that are modified by their vendor rather than owner, or might flee to services in walled gardens. In Zittrain's word, "generative" devices and platforms, including

322-459: Is Professor Victoria Nash. Research at the OII covers a diverse range of topics, with faculty publishing journal articles and books on issues including privacy and security , e-government and e-democracy , virtual economies , smart cities , digital exclusion, digital humanities , online gaming, big data and Internet geography . The OII currently has the following research clusters reflecting

368-714: Is an American professor of Internet law and the George Bemis Professor of International Law at Harvard Law School . He is also a professor at the Harvard Kennedy School , a professor of computer science at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , and co-founder and director of the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society . Previously, Zittrain was Professor of Internet Governance and Regulation at

414-673: Is an integral part of the University of Oxford's Social Sciences Division in England. The OII is spread across three locations on St Giles in Oxford , with its main hub at 1 St Giles, owned by Balliol College . This department focuses on exploring digital life to influence Internet research, policy, and usage. Founded in 2001, the OII explores how the Internet affects our lives. It unites experts in fields like politics, sociology, and science to study online behavior. The current director

460-616: Is the son of two attorneys, Ruth A. Zittrain and Lester E. Zittrain. In 2004 with Jennifer K. Harrison, Zittrain published The Torts Game: Defending Mean Joe Greene , a book the authors dedicated to their parents. His brother, Jeff, is an established Bay Area musician. His sister, Laurie Zittrain Eisenberg, is a scholar of the Arab and Israeli conflict and teaches at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. Zittrain, who grew up in

506-432: Is to support the rights of citizens to access, develop and share independent sources of information, to advocate responsibly, to strengthen online networks, and to debate ideas freely with both civil society and government. These subjects will be examined through a series of case studies in which new technologies and online resources have influenced democracy and civic engagement. The project will include original research and

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552-483: The 2020 United States Senate elections . Several researchers at the OII study the digital economy. The OII is home of the Online Labour Index (OLI), the first economic indicator measuring the activity of the global online gig-economy , which was created and is administered by the OII researchers Otto Kässi , Vili Lehdonvirta , and Fabian Stephany . The index is a globally recognised reference for

598-548: The Internet with law and policy including intellectual property , censorship and filtering for content control , and computer security . He founded a project at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society that develops classroom tools. In 2001 he helped found Chilling Effects , a collaborative archive created by Wendy Seltzer to protect lawful online activity from legal threats. He also served as vice dean for Library and Information Resources at Harvard. Zittrain

644-637: The Oxford Internet Institute of the University of Oxford and visiting professor at the New York University School of Law and Stanford Law School . He is the author of The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It as well as co-editor of the books, Access Denied ( MIT Press , 2008), Access Controlled (MIT Press, 2010), and Access Contested (MIT Press, 2011). Zittrain works in several intersections of

690-526: The Oxford Internet Institute , Google , Lenovo and Sun Microsystems . In 2010, StopBadware became an independent entity supported by Google , PayPal , and Mozilla . The Digital Public Library of America is a project aimed at making a large-scale digital public library accessible to all. In 2017, the BKC received a $ 27M grant with the MIT Media Lab to "advance artificial intelligence research for

736-555: The People's Republic of China . The authors published a statement of issues and a call for data that year. Building on the work completed at the Berkman Center, ONI published special reports, case studies, and bulletins beginning in 2004, and as of 2008, offered research on filtering in 40 countries as well as by regions of the world. As of 2016, Zittrain remains a principal investigator at ONI, together with Ronald Deibert of

782-559: The University of Toronto , John Palfrey , who was previously the executive director of the Berkman Center (now the head of School at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts ), and Rafal Rohozinski of the University of Cambridge . In 2001, Zittrain cofounded Chilling Effects with his students and former students, including its creator and leader, Wendy Seltzer . It monitors cease and desist letters. Google directs its users to Chilling Effects when its search results have been altered at

828-639: The Center for Democracy and Technology. The working group, which has included Ben Adida, Scott Bradner, Beau Brendler, Jerry Gregoire, Eric L. Howes, and Nart Villeneuve at various times, frames the project's research agenda and methodology and is the body which helps to inform the public about StopBadware's work. StopBadware has been supported by AOL , Google, eBay / PayPal , Lenovo, Trend Micro , and VeriSign and its use has been advised by Consumer Reports WebWatch. Writing with Laura Freider of Purdue University , in 2008 Zittrain published Spam Works: Evidence from Stock Touts and Corresponding Market Activity , in

874-545: The Center holds the specification), and podcasts (of which the first series took place at the Berkman Klein Center). Its newsletter, The Buzz , is on the Web and available by e-mail, and it hosts a blog community of Harvard faculty, students, and Berkman Klein Center affiliates. The Berkman Klein Center faculty and staff have also conducted major public policy reviews of pressing issues. In 2008, John Palfrey led

920-725: The Citizen Media Law Project. The purposes of the DMLP were: In 2014, Berkman Klein Center announced that it would "spin off its most effective initiatives and cease operation as a stand-alone project within the Berkman Klein Center." The Berkman Klein Center operated the now-completed Internet and Democracy Project, which describes itself as an: initiative that will examine how the Internet influences democratic norms and modes, including its impact on civil society, citizen media, government transparency, and

966-485: The Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal to document the manipulation of stock prices via spam e-mail . They found evidence that "stocks experience a significantly positive return on days prior to heavy touting via spam" and that "prolific spamming greatly affects the trading volume of a targeted stock". Apart from transaction costs, in some circumstances the spammer earned over 4% while

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1012-468: The Internet and invites scientists to share their ideas. Lumen, formerly Chilling Effects, is a collaborative archive created by Wendy Seltzer that allows recipients of cease-and-desist notices to submit them to the site and receive information about their legal rights and responsibilities. The Digital Media Law Project (DMLP) was a project hosted by the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard Law School. It had previously been known as

1058-563: The Internet itself, offer an opening forward. In 2007, he cautioned, "...we're moving to software-as-service, which can be yanked or transformed at any moment. The ability of your PC to run independent code is an important safety valve." Reactions in the Boston Review accompanied the publication of his book, The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It , in 2008. Support came from David D. Clark and Susan P. Crawford . Criticism ranged from Richard Stallman 's finding no evidence of

1104-923: The OII for two weeks each July. From 2018, prospective students also have the option to apply for a one-year Master of Science degree in Social Data Science with the related DPhil in Social Data Science available from 2020 onward. The Oxford Internet Institute was made possible by a major donation from the Shirley Foundation of over £10m, with public funding totalling over £5m from the Higher Education Funding Council for England . The idea originated with Derek Wyatt MP and Andrew Graham , then Master-Elect of Balliol . Two Balliol Alumni, who knew Dame Stephanie from The Worshipful Company of Information Technologists, persuaded Dame Stephanie to meet Andrew Graham and it

1150-624: The Oxford Internet Institute. OII has published several studies on Internet geography and Misplaced Pages. In November 2011, The Guardian Data Blog published maps of geotagged Misplaced Pages articles written in English, Arabic , Egyptian Arabic , French , Hebrew and Persian . OII researcher Mark Graham led the study and published the results on his blog, Zero Geography . Graham also leads an OII project focused on how new users are perceived, represented, and incorporated into

1196-680: The University of Oxford such as the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism , the Department of Computer Science , and the Oxford Martin School . In 2020, OII researcher Fabian Stephany and his colleague Hamza Salem published a study on using information-seeking behaviour patterns of Misplaced Pages users to predict US congressional elections. Their model accurately predicted the election outcome for 31 of 35 states in

1242-502: The Misplaced Pages community. In 2013, OII researchers led by Taha Yasseri published a study of controversial topics in 10 different language versions of Misplaced Pages, using data related to "edit wars". The OII has also been involved in research on the effects of computational propaganda, the ethics of big data in different contexts, and the political implications of the Internet and social media. It collaborates with other institutions of

1288-519: The average investor who bought on the day of receipt of the spam would lose more than 5% if they sold two days later. Frieder said in 2006 that she knew of no other explanation for their results, but that people do follow the stock tips in their spam e-mail. Home pages Media coverage Oxford Internet Institute The Oxford Internet Institute (OII) serves as a hub for interdisciplinary research, combining social and computer science to explore information, communication, and technology. It

1334-1156: The class while logged into Second Life. (www.secondlife.com) In 2009 Zittrain was elected to the Internet Society 's board of trustees for a four-year term. In February 2011 he joined the board of the Electronic Frontier Foundation . In May 2011 Zittrain was made for Federal Communications Commission Distinguished Scholar. In May 2012 he was made for Chair at Federal Communications Commission Open Internet Advisory Committee. Between 2001 and 2003 at Harvard's Berkman Center, Zittrain and Benjamin Edelman studied Internet filtering. The OpenNet Initiative (ONI) monitors Internet censorship by national governments. In their tests during 2002, when Google had indexed almost 2.5 billion pages, they found sites blocked, from approximately 100 in France and Germany to 2,000 in Saudi Arabia , and 20,000 in

1380-489: The classroom at Harvard, founded H2O and used the system to teach his classes. Students are polled, assigned opposing arguments, and use H2O to develop their writing skills. Students enrolled in his The Internet and Society class could participate both orally and via the Internet. A teaching fellow seated in the classroom supplied Zittrain with the comments received from students in real time via e-mail as well as through "chat" or "instant message" from students participating in

1426-426: The diverse expertise of faculty: The research conducted at the OII covers a wide range of topics in Internet studies and the social impact of online technologies. Online politics, online education, social media and mental health, Internet-based collaboration, online dating, digital economy, the geography of the internet, and ethical and legal aspects of online technologies are among the main research topics followed at

Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society - Misplaced Pages Continue

1472-507: The first Berkman professor. In 1998, the center changed its name to the "Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard Law School." Since then, it has grown from a small project within Harvard Law School to a major interdisciplinary center at Harvard University. The Berkman Klein Center seeks to understand how the development of Internet-related technologies is inspired by the social context in which they are embedded and how

1518-460: The identification and development of innovative web-based tools that support the goals of the project. The team, led by Project Director Bruce Etling, will draw on communities from around the world, with a focus on the Middle East. In 2006, the center established the non-profit organization StopBadware, aiming to stop viruses, spyware, and other threats to the open Internet, in partnership with

1564-602: The meaning of copyright". After Zittrain joined the staff at Oxford, Zittrain and John Palfrey at the Berkman Center founded StopBadware.org in 2006 to function as a clearinghouse for what has become proliferation of malware . Borrowing Misplaced Pages's "ethical code that encourages users to do the right thing rather than the required thing", the organization wished to assign the task of data collection—and not analysis—about malware to Internet users at large. When its scans find dangerous code, Google places StopBadware alerts in its search results and rescans later to determine whether

1610-705: The measurement of the online freelance economy. Since 2021, the Online Labour Index is hosted on a new research hub, the Online Labour Observatory jointly administered by the OII and the International Labour Organisation . In 2020, OII researchers initiated the CoRisk Index , the first economic indicator of industry risk assessments related to COVID-19 . Since 2006, the OII has offered

1656-652: The plaintiff, they argued that the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) was unconstitutional. The court ruled 7–2 on January 15, 2003, to uphold the CTEA which extended existing copyrights 20 years, from the life of the author plus 50 years, to plus 70 years. In the words of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg , the petitioners did "not challenge the CTEA's 'life-plus-70-years' time span itself. They maintain that Congress went awry not with respect to newly created works, but in enlarging

1702-621: The public good" and "to ensure automation and machine learning are researched, developed, and deployed in a way which vindicates social values of fairness, human autonomy, and justice." Fellows include or have included: Faculty include: The center also has active groups of faculty associates, affiliates and alumni who host and participate in their projects each year. 42°22′46″N 71°07′10″W  /  42.37955°N 71.11957°W  / 42.37955; -71.11957 Jonathan Zittrain Jonathan L. Zittrain (born December 24, 1969)

1748-513: The request of a national government. Since 2002, researchers have been using the clearinghouse (renamed "Lumen" in 2015) to study the use of cease-and-desist letters, primarily looking at DMCA 512 takedown notices, non-DMCA copyright, and trademark claims. On October 9, 2002, Zittrain and Lawrence Lessig argued a landmark case, known as Eldred v. Ashcroft , before the United States Supreme Court . As co-counsel for

1794-505: The rule of law, with a focus on the Middle East. Through a grant of $ 1.5 million from the US Department of State's Middle East Partnership Initiative, the Berkman Center will undertake the study over the next two years in collaboration with its extended community and institutional partners. As with all its projects, the Berkman Center retains complete independence in its research and other efforts under this grant. The goal of this work

1840-558: The suburb of Churchill outside of Pittsburgh, graduated in 1987 from Shady Side Academy , a private school in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . He holds a bachelor's summa cum laude in cognitive science and artificial intelligence from Yale University , 1991, where he was a member of the Yale Political Union , Manuscript Society and Davenport College , a JD magna cum laude from Harvard Law School , 1995, where he

1886-463: The term for published works with existing copyrights." The court found that the act did "not exceed Congress' power" and that "CTEA's extension of existing and future copyrights does not violate the First Amendment ". In 2003 Zittrain said he was concerned that Congress will hear the same arguments after the 20-year extension passes, and that the Internet is causing a "cultural reassessment of

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1932-446: The use of those technologies affects society in turn. It seeks to use the lessons drawn from this research to inform the design of Internet-related law and pioneer the development of the Internet itself. The Berkman Klein Center sponsors Internet-related events and conferences, and hosts numerous visiting lecturers and research fellows. Members of the center teach, write books, scientific articles, weblogs with RSS 2.0 feeds (for which

1978-675: Was a visiting professor at New York University School of Law in Manhattan for the spring 2008 semester. Zittrain taught, or taught with others, Harvard's courses on Cyberlaw: Internet Points of Control , The Exploding Internet: Building A Global Commons in Cyberspace , Torts , Internet & Society: The Technologies and Politics of Control , The Law of Cyberspace , The Law of Cyberspace: Social Protocols , Privacy Policy , The Microsoft Case , and The High Tech Entrepreneur . He searched for novel ways to use technology unobtrusively in

2024-636: Was also a longtime forum administrator, or sysop , for the online service CompuServe , serving for many years as the chief administrator for its private forum for all of its forum administrators. Zittrain joined the staff of the University of Oxford in September 2005. He held the Chair in Internet Governance and Regulation, was a principal of the Oxford Internet Institute , and was a Professorial Fellow of Keble College , which has developed

2070-481: Was following their meeting that she agreed to give the idea her support. The Oxford Internet Institute is part of a small network of research centres that includes the centres like the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society and Information Society Project at the Yale Law School . But it is the only one that functions as a fully functioning, degree-granting department. For its 10th anniversary,

2116-749: Was the winner of the Williston Negotiation Competition , and a Master of Public Administration from Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government , 1995. Zittrain clerked for Stephen F. Williams of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit and served with the U.S. Department of Justice and, in 1991, with the Department of State , as well as at the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence in 1992 and 1994. He

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