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92-441: The Berkeley Hills are bounded by the major Hayward Fault along their western base, and the minor Wildcat fault on their eastern side. The highest peaks are Grizzly Peak with an elevation of 1,754 feet (535 m) and Round Top , an extinct volcano with an elevation of 1,761 feet (537 m) and William Rust Summit at an elevation of 1,004 feet (306 m). Vollmer Peak (elevation 1,905 feet/581 m), although commonly thought to be part of

184-426: A decade, owing to various factors. The progressively more severe reports and estimates of event probability and consequences have awakened a broad interest in training people for emergency response. It is becoming widely understood that professional fire fighting, police, and medical services will be overwhelmed by a major event and that neighbors will have to assist each other as best they can. Several jurisdictions in

276-611: A derailment occur. Derailments have often occurred during major earthquakes, both directly by tipping and by roadbed failures; industrial accidents involving these materials have caused extensive health hazards in the mixed residential–industrial areas of Richmond. In addition to extensive modifications to over crossings and elevated structures, largely to prevent dismantling due to shaking or destruction by soil failure, several other unique system feature require special treatment. Transbay tube BART trains travel between San Francisco and Oakland through an underwater tube structure. The tube

368-611: A failure of a single section of the upper deck of the eastern span of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge , which closed the bridge for 30 days. A replacement of the eastern span was completed in August 2013. Engineers and much of the public had long recognized that a strong earthquake centered close to the bridge on either the Hayward or San Andreas faults could cause a complete collapse of the eastern span. Parallel to

460-576: A geographic feature (much as "San Francisco Bay" is not limited to that stretch of the Pacific inlet within the bounds of the City and County of San Francisco). The ridge extends south through Oakland and San Leandro to the drainage of San Leandro Creek called Castro Valley, and geologically, continues southward above the line of the Hayward Fault. In the section above East Oakland to Castro Valley,

552-552: A landowner can alter the drainage from their parcel. Drainage options for the construction industry include: The surface opening of channel drainage usually comes in the form of gratings (polymer, plastic, steel or iron) or a single slot (slot drain) that run along the ground surface (typically manufactured from steel or iron). Earth retaining structures such as retaining walls also need to have groundwater drainage considered during their construction. Typical retaining walls are constructed of impermeable material, which can block

644-476: A large event are likely to be far more severe than seen in the Loma Prieta event. Many modifications have been made to freeway structures to reduce life hazards during seismic events. Significant adverse conditions remain which can cause disruption with possible long-term effects upon critical traffic infrastructure despite these modifications. Warren Freeway portion of Highway 13 In its northern extent,

736-418: A large number of dangerous unreinforced masonry (mostly brick) structures and chimneys, which can be extremely hazardous to occupants in a large earthquake, and a large number of buildings which are either not bolted to their foundations or with soft stories that are insufficiently resistant to shear forces. Foundation and soft story weaknesses are easily remediated in most cases, but this is only effective if

828-418: A liquid mud from the agitation, a mud unable to support buildings erected upon once-firm soil. This region is also covered with dense low-rise urban development, most of which was built soon after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake , and long before even moderately earthquake resistant construction practices had been developed in the late 1920s. Further improvement in the construction of resistant structures and

920-646: A major segment can substantially increase the likelihood of an earthquake on an adjacent fault segment, increasing the likelihood of two major regional earthquakes within a period of a few months. The connection between the Rodgers Creek Fault Zone and the Hayward Fault Zone was unclear until 2015 when a survey of the floor of San Pablo Bay found that the ends of the two faults were smoothly linked between Point Pinole and Lower Tubbs Island . An alternate prior hypothesis suggested that

1012-465: A northerly wind in the direction of Oakland. In winter during spells of tule fog inland, a reverse situation occurs, with the fog usually confined to areas east of the hills, although occasionally, the inland fog pours in from the north, around the hills by way of the Carquinez Strait . The Berkeley Hills affect rainfall; when the wind is perpendicular to the hills (southwest wind) during

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1104-412: A pilot program called Street Edge Alternatives Project. The project focuses on designing a system "to provide drainage that more closely mimics the natural landscape prior to development than traditional piped systems". The streets are characterized by ditches along the side of the roadway, with plantings designed throughout the area. An emphasis on non-curbed sidewalks allows water to flow more freely into

1196-663: A possible concurrent scenario (these are shown below). In October 2016, scientists found definitive evidence that the Rodgers Creek Fault and the Hayward Fault are linked together under San Pablo Bay. A simultaneous rupture of the connected Hayward-Rodgers Creek Fault – about 118 mi (190 km) long from just north of Healdsburg down to Alum Rock in San Jose – could result in a major earthquake of magnitude 7.4 that "would cause extensive damage and loss of life with global economic impact". It has been suggested that

1288-647: A road.) Similar conditions underlie the eastern approach roads to the Bay Bridge. Better, but still locally poor soils underlie the portion of Interstate Highway 880 that extends to the South Bay region from the MacArthur Maze . As the bulk of cargo containers from the Port of Oakland travel on these two roads, the disabling of both would cause severe disruption of West Coast import and export goods, owing to

1380-402: A rock overfill. Subsequent seismic analysis indicated the possibility that the overfill could fail due to agitation, allowing the buoyant tube to float upward, misaligning the tracks and possibly overstressing the bolted connections. This potential problem has been addressed by vibratory compaction of the overfill covering the tube. Additional stabilization includes the driving of large pilings and

1472-437: A series of echelon cracks . Creep effects may be seen also in older structures crossing the fault, some of which have been fitted with expansion joints to accommodate this slow motion. The magnitude of an earthquake, as indicated on a seismic scale , is roughly proportional to the length of the rupture, while the ground motion in the region surrounding the fault is highly dependent upon the local soil conditions, somewhat upon

1564-400: A storm, air is forced to rise, cooling and condensing additional moisture, increasing the precipitation on the western slopes and leaving areas east of the hills drier. Especially cold storms occasionally deposit wet snow on the peaks. In spring and fall, sinking air from aloft combining with inland high pressure periodically sends a hot, dry, and gusty northeasterly wind across the ridges of

1656-645: Is East Bay Hills , but its application to any particular range is unclear. It may refer to all of the ranges east of the Bay, from the Berkeley Hills to the Diablo Range and all the ranges between. The Berkeley Hills are a region of great biological diversity as part of Pacific Coastal Region of California and the San Francisco Bay ecosystem. Much of the area is covered by grassland which favors

1748-609: Is built on fill placed in the 1930s atop mudflats whose upper layers were deposited in the 19th century as a result of extensive hydraulic gold mining in the distant Sierra Nevada mountain foothills. This soft mud is expected to amplify earthquake shaking, and the mud supporting the heavy fill may liquefy, and so possibly cause major disruption of the highway due to failure by sinking of the highway and by differential movement of large sections. (More modern construction for these conditions employs linked and "floating" – in mud – lightweight concrete and plastic foam box structures to support

1840-505: Is common to hear the term " Oakland Hills " to refer to that section of the Berkeley Hills that runs along the east side of Oakland . As a proper name or recognized toponym , it is technically incorrect. When used on maps, the exact south end of the "Berkeley Hills" is unclear, but the maps of the USGS show them stretching well south into the northeastern portion of Oakland. It does not, in any case, correspond to any political boundaries, only to

1932-532: Is compared to 6.4 percent for the San Andreas Fault, which can have larger earthquakes but is farther away from a significant portion of the urbanized parts of the Bay Area. Earlier (January 2008) assessments suggest that the Hayward, Rodgers Creek, and Calaveras faults may be more likely to fail in the next few decades than previously thought. The 140th anniversary of the 1868 event was in 2008, and

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2024-430: Is composed of welded plate steel segments. Each oval outer section carries two inner train tubes of circular cross section and a central rectangular access and rescue tunnel, with the void between elements filled with concrete. The segments were sunk into a ditch dredged through bay mud and covered with rock fill, and then pumped free of water upon completion, making the resulting tube somewhat buoyant, but held in place with

2116-442: Is considered practical (see below). Seismic sensor network BART has installed and continues to enhance a network of seismic sensors (an earthquake warning system ) to trigger a system halt in the event of a major event, this to include automated event progression analysis to determine the best action with regard to individual trains for maximum safety (a fault rip can take up to several tens of seconds to completely propagate from

2208-697: Is parallel to the San Andreas Fault , which lies offshore and through the San Francisco Peninsula . To the east of the Hayward Fault lies the Calaveras Fault . In 2007, the Hayward Fault was discovered to have merged with the Calaveras Fault east of San Jose at a depth of 6.4 kilometers (4.0 mi), with the potential of creating earthquakes much larger than previously anticipated. Some geologists have suggested that

2300-418: Is that experts say there is a 72% chance of experiencing a magnitude 6.7 or greater earthquake before 2045. Moreover, they had a 51% chance of a M≥7 (threshold to be considered a "major" quake), a 20% chance of a M≥7.5 and a 4% chance of a M≥8 (a "great" quake) when all the mapped faults in the region are taken in to account. The surface of the fault is creeping at less than 0.5 cm (0.2 in) per year in

2392-540: Is the possibility that a large earthquake could trigger very large earth flows, particularly if the soils are seasonally saturated with water, possibly rendering extensive areas unbuildable. (See the Virtual tour – Google Earth Flyover below.) Many structures near the bay shore on either side would probably be severely affected by either a major Hayward Fault rupture or a nearby San Andreas Fault rupture. Severe effects were seen in both Oakland and northern San Francisco from

2484-599: Is then folded over the top of the stone and the trench is then covered by soil. Groundwater seeps through the geotextile and flows through the stone to an outfell. In high groundwater conditions a perforated plastic ( PVC or PE ) pipe is laid along the base of the drain to increase the volume of water transported in the drain. Alternatively, a prefabricated plastic drainage system made of HDPE , often incorporating geotextile, coco fiber or rag filters can be considered. The use of these materials has become increasingly more common due to their ease of use, since they eliminate

2576-527: The Caldecott Tunnel , is composed of extensive earth fill at the location where the fault is crossed. An earthquake may cause minor landsliding on some slopes of the freeway, and the plastic movement of the fill would likely disrupt the pavement if the movement here of the surface displacement is substantial, possibly presenting a hazard to motorists and shutting down the highway for a while. More extensive disruption and greater hazard could be caused by

2668-621: The East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) . From north to south, the parks are Wildcat Canyon Regional Park , Tilden Regional Park (includes Vollmer and Grizzly Peaks), Sibley Volcanic Regional Park (includes Round Top), Huckleberry Botanic Regional Preserve , Redwood Regional Park (enfolding Roberts Regional Recreation Area ), Anthony Chabot Regional Park , Lake Chabot Regional Park , and Cull Canyon Regional Recreation Area . Claremont Canyon Regional Preserve , and Temescal Regional Park are lower on

2760-712: The Maacama Fault , is also considered to be part of the "Hayward Fault subsystem". While the San Andreas Fault is the principal transform boundary between the Pacific plate and the North American plate , the Hayward-Rodgers Creek Fault takes up its share of the overall displacement of the two plates. The Pacific plate is a major section of the Earth's crust, gradually expanding by

2852-531: The Netherlands . The area between Amsterdam , Haarlem and Leiden was, in prehistoric times, swampland and small lakes. Turf cutting ( peat mining ), subsidence and shoreline erosion gradually caused the formation of one large lake, the Haarlemmermeer , or lake of Haarlem. The invention of wind-powered pumping engines in the 15th century permitted some of the marginal land drainage. Still,

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2944-917: The Walker Lane east of the Sierra Nevada . The Hayward Fault is one of the secondary faults in this diffuse zone, along with the Calaveras Fault to the east and the San Gregorio Fault , west of the San Andreas. The complete fault zone, including the Rodgers Creek fault, is divided by seismologists into three segments – Rodgers Creek, Northern Hayward, and Southern Hayward. It is expected that these segments may fail singly or in adjacent pairs, creating earthquakes of varying magnitude. The Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) in concert with other government agencies has sponsored

3036-474: The alluvial plain that drops from the East Bay Hills to the eastern shoreline of San Francisco Bay . At the lower elevations near the bay the soil is mostly water saturated mud and sand, placed in the early 20th century as fill in marsh areas. This soil tends to amplify the effects of an earthquake and so producing significantly greater ground motion. Additionally, the soil itself can fail, turning into

3128-406: The flatwoods citrus -growing region of Florida , United States. After periods of high rainfall, drainage pumps are employed to prevent damage to the citrus groves from overly wet soils. Rice production requires complete water control, as fields must be flooded or drained at different stages of the crop cycle. The Netherlands has also led the way in this type of drainage by draining lowlands along

3220-482: The 1868 earthquake were to reoccur. Since the fault runs through heavily populated areas, more than 5 million would be affected directly. Water could be cut off to 2.4 million people living in California's San Francisco Bay Area . For the thirty years following 2014, the probability of there being one or more magnitude 6.7+ earthquakes on the Hayward Fault during that time frame was estimated at 14.3 percent. This

3312-458: The 1868 event became known as the "Great San Francisco earthquake" until the larger tremor in 1906. Many seismologists believe that the 1906 San Francisco earthquake , which occurred on the San Andreas fault, reduced the stress on many faults in the Bay Area including the Hayward fault, creating an "earthquake shadow": a quiescent period following a major earthquake. Since the 1906 San Andreas event there have been no moderately strong earthquakes on

3404-479: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake , even though this event was not extremely large and was centered a significant distance away in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Most of the severe effects of that event were due to poorly responding soil conditions and design deficiencies in large structures. Only a portion of the structural deficiencies in the larger area have been addressed, and the surface motion effects of

3496-440: The Berkeley Hills, is actually located on the adjacent San Pablo Ridge near the point where it meets the Berkeley Hills at the head of Wildcat Canyon. Vollmer Peak was named in honor of the first police chief of the City of Berkeley, August Vollmer . It was formerly known as "Bald Peak", and as "Rocky Mound" in the 19th century. Over time, the widespread deposition of loose sediments along the hillsides, along with fracturing from

3588-480: The Berkeley Hills, posing a fire danger, which in the 20th century produced several wildfires, two of which caused major damage to Berkeley and Oakland. In the 1991 fire, residential neighborhoods as well as acres of vegetation were burnt and destroyed.( See 1923 Berkeley Fire and 1991 Oakland firestorm ). Hayward Fault Zone The Hayward Fault Zone is a right-lateral strike-slip geologic fault zone capable of generating destructive earthquakes . The fault

3680-728: The Eastshore Freeway and inland only two blocks is a four-track railroad route used for general freight traffic, including that generated by the Port of Oakland ( Union Pacific and BNSF railroads) and by Amtrak passenger traffic to the Pacific Northwest and eastward through Reno and Salt Lake City . Along the north shore of Contra Costa County , substantial amounts of pressurized liquid gas, flammable liquids, caustic materials, and various toxics are stored temporarily in bulk railcars adjacent to passenger and freight traffic mainlines, with great potential hazards should

3772-578: The Hayward Fault and Rodgers Creek Fault were probably connected by a series of en echelon fault strands beneath San Pablo Bay. The new finding means that the Rodgers-Hayward system together could produce a quake with a magnitude as high as 7.2. It is also considered possible that a major seismic event on either fault may involve movement on the other, either concurrently or within an interval of up to several months. The Association of Bay Area Governments has prepared ground shaking maps that include

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3864-417: The Hayward Fault in recorded history occurred in 1868, with an estimated magnitude of 7.0. It occurred on the southern segment of the fault, receiving its name (some decades later) from the nascent town of Hayward where it was determined the quake's epicenter was located. However, the 1868 quake caused much damage throughout the then sparsely settled Bay Area, including the city of San Francisco. In fact,

3956-649: The Hayward Fault lies directly beneath the portion of Highway 13 (the Warren Freeway ) that is south of its intersection with Highway 24 and north of its terminal connection with Interstate 580 (the MacArthur Freeway ). In this rift valley there are a number of elevated street crossings in the Montclair District that cross the fault. Highway 24 State Highway 24 , connecting Oakland to Orinda, Lafayette, and Walnut Creek through

4048-600: The Hayward Fault, arguing that it would be cheaper (and less disruptive to current operations) to rebore a misaligned portion after the fact than to protect riders (either by extensive modifications of the tunnel or by replacing it with a higher bore) against the small likelihood that a train (or two) would crash into or be cut in two by a major slippage of the fault. Modified train scheduling to prevent multiple train exposure at faults has been determined by BART engineers to be impractical due to variations in train passage, but automated event-related realtime train operational response

4140-410: The Hayward area may have been greater than in 1906 due to the proximity of the Hayward Fault. Earlier earthquakes have been detected by trench exposure and associated radiocarbon dating . Combined with the historic record, the last five major events were in 1315, 1470, 1630, 1725, and 1868, which have intervals of about 140 years (note that 2018 is 150 years from the major 1868 event). The longest time

4232-541: The Hayward fault as were seen before that earthquake. It also appears likely that this quiet period in the earthquake shadow is ending, as projected by the rate of plate motion and the stress state of other faults in the region. The 1868 earthquake occurred well before the East Bay region was extensively urbanized. The following year, in 1869, the William Meek Estate became one of the first developments in

4324-572: The Oak Woodland. Four protected species also call the Berkeley Hills their home, the San Francisco tree lupine moth, Alameda whipsnake , Callippe silverspot , and Bay checkerspot . Additionally, the grassland acts as an annual foraging spot for the northern harrier , American kestrel , prairie falcon , and turkey vulture . The Berkeley Hills affect the local climate by their elevation. The oceanic marine layer , which develops during

4416-661: The Pacific plate, due to the latter's much faster northwestward motion. The westward component of the North American plate's motion results in some compressive force along the San Andreas and its associated faults, thus helping lift the Pacific Coast Ranges and other parallel inland ranges to the west of the Central Valley , in this region most notably the Diablo Range . The Hayward Fault shares

4508-544: The Southern Calaveras should be renamed as the Southern Hayward. North of San Pablo Bay is the Rodgers Creek Fault, which was shown in 2016 to be linked with the Hayward Fault under San Pablo Bay to form a combined Hayward-Rodgers Creek Fault that is 190 kilometers (120 mi) long, stretching from north of Healdsburg through Santa Rosa down to Alum Rock in San Jose. Another fault further north,

4600-578: The affected area have implemented volunteer Community emergency response team programs to augment the professional response services. In 2012, USGS scientists said the fault was due for another magnitude 6.8 to 7.0 earthquake, with the California Geological Survey concurring, stating they believe there is a 31 percent chance of a magnitude-6.7 earthquake or greater along the Rodgers Creek-Hayward Fault in

4692-461: The analysis of local conditions and the preparation of maps indicative of the destructive potential of these earthquakes. The various ABAG maps shown below represent some of the more likely possible combinations. While there are indications that a substantial earthquake on a nearby parallel fault can release stress and so also decrease the near-term probability of an earthquake, the opposite appears to be true concerning sequential segments. A release on

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4784-546: The area, built on 3,000 acres (12 km ) in what became known as the Cherryland district of Eden Township. Recent renovations of the Meek Mansion have revealed that with the 1868 earthquake still fresh in minds of residents of the time, some unusual diagonal bracing was built into the original construction. Although its magnitude was less than the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the intensity of shaking experienced in

4876-412: The areas of permeable surface on the side of the streets. Because of the plantings, the run off water from the urban area does not all directly go into the ground, but can also be absorbed into the surrounding environment. Monitoring conducted by Seattle Public Utilities reports a 99 percent reduction of storm water leaving the drainage project. Drainage has undergone a large-scale environmental review in

4968-488: The average time between the last five major events is also averaged at 140 years. Recent estimates of the damage potential of a major Hayward Fault earthquake by a professional risk management firm indicate the potential for huge economic losses, of which only a small percentage is insured against earth movement. (Earthquake insurance is not only quite expensive, it tends to be burdened with large deductibles – at least 15 percent). Depending upon seasonal weather conditions at

5060-535: The connection of additional restraints. Slip joint The transbay tube terminates at an under-bay slip joint near the Embarcadero Station in San Francisco. The designed slip margin has been reduced by half due to unforeseen settlement of the tube structure. The projected worst-case motion at this joint has been determined to be beyond that for which the joint is presently capable, which could cause severe structural problems and mud and water entry into

5152-637: The consequent overloading of other West Coast container handling ports. Highway 580 A major route for commuters traveling from Southern Alameda County, the San Joaquin Valley and the East Bay hills to downtown Oakland and San Francisco, Interstate 580 crosses the fault, and runs very close to the fault between the intersections with State Route 13 (the Warren Freeway) and Interstate 238 . The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake caused

5244-428: The construction process, they set out all the necessary levels for roads , street gutters , drainage, culverts and sewers involved in construction operations. Civil engineers and construction managers work alongside architects and supervisors, planners, quantity surveyors , and the general workforce, as well as subcontractors. Typically, most jurisdictions have some body of drainage law to govern to what degree

5336-553: The development of retrofitting method have only recently been developed, largely in response to the effects of the 1971 Sylmar , 1989 Loma Prieta , and 1994 Northridge events in California – none of which were hugely catastrophic, but each of which caused loss of life in structures not thought to be vulnerable, and so increased public, engineering, and government awareness of the need for specific remediations and construction methods required for improved life safety. Although many structures have undergone seismic retrofitting there are

5428-424: The distance and relationship to the progression of the fault rupture, and (as recently recognized in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake ) reflected energy from deep discontinuities in the Earth's structure. The area affected by an earthquake is also dependent upon the density and uniformity of the soils surrounding the fault. The Hayward fault is considered to be particularly dangerous due to the poor soil conditions in

5520-406: The drain. Geotextiles are synthetic textile fabrics specially manufactured for civil and environmental engineering applications. Geotextiles are designed to retain fine soil particles while allowing water to pass through. In a typical drainage system, they would be laid along a trench which would then be filled with coarse granular material : gravel , sea shells , stone or rock . The geotextile

5612-402: The drainage system. Drainage in planters refers to the implementation of effective drainage systems specifically designed for plant containers or pots. Proper drainage is crucial in planters to prevent waterlogging and promote healthy plant growth. Planter Drainage involves the incorporation of drainage holes, drainage layers, or specialized drainage systems to ensure excess water can escape from

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5704-591: The epicenter to the more distant affected locations). Such sensor networks and warning devices have a potential to reduce the hazards from falling objects and furnishings provided that the people notified are well trained in appropriate responses (similar to the Cold War's " duck and cover " training of schoolchildren). Of primary concern with respect to the Hayward Fault is the huge Chevron Richmond Refinery in Richmond . Although founded on better ground than most of

5796-540: The eruption of magma along the East Pacific Rise to the southeast. It is also being subducted far to the northwest into the Aleutian Trench . In California, the plate is sliding northwestward along a transform boundary , the San Andreas Fault , toward the subduction zone. At the same time, the North American plate is moving southwestward relative to the Earth's core, but southeastward relative to

5888-538: The failure of elevated structures, both those over which the highway passes and overcrossings of the freeway, of which there are two nearby. As elsewhere in the area, such structures have undergone extensive retrofitting for safety. Highways 80 and 880 and the Port of Oakland A severe earthquake is likely to disable the offshore causeway portions of Interstate Highway 80 (the Eastshore Freeway ), since it

5980-545: The fault and other factors make these hills susceptible to landslides . These landslides are more likely to be caused by precipitation than by a seismic event. Much of the west slope of the Berkeley Hills has residential neighborhoods of mostly single family homes, except on the land of University of California, Berkeley . Most streets are narrow and tend to follow the contours of the terrain, although three streets, Marin Avenue, Moeser Lane, and Potrero Avenue, run directly toward

6072-399: The final drainage of the lake had to await the design of large steam-powered pumps and agreements between regional authorities. The lake was eliminated between 1849 and 1852, creating thousands of km of new land. Coastal plains and river deltas may have seasonally or permanently high water tables and must have drainage improvements if they are to be used for agriculture. An example is

6164-420: The major cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro had access to water and drainage facilities. Waste water was directed to covered gravity sewers , which lined the major streets. The invention of hollow-pipe drainage is credited to Sir Hugh Dalrymple, who died in 1753. New storm water drainage systems incorporate geotextile filters that retain and prevent fine grains of soil from passing into and clogging

6256-419: The most prolific trees. Past Eucalyptus tree farming during the early 20th century has also introduced large Eucalyptus groves scattered across the Berkeley Hills. The area welcomes a wide variety of birds, black-tailed deer , coyote , ground squirrel , striped skunk , western terrestrial garter snake , gray fox , bobcat , and red-tailed hawk . There are also periodic sightings of mountain lions amongst

6348-513: The name "Rodgers Creek Fault" be retired and that the entire 118 mi (190 km) fault be known as the "Hayward Fault". The Calaveras Fault is continuous from the Sunol area south to Hollister . It was long believed that there was no connection between the Hayward Fault and the Calaveras, but geological studies (particularly the examination of very small and deep earthquakes) suggest that

6440-414: The need for further pipework systems to be installed in parallel to the drainage, reducing the environmental impact of production as well as improving water collection. Stainless steel , concrete channel, PVC and HDPE are all materials available for slot drainage which have become industry standards on construction projects. The civil engineer is responsible for drainage in construction projects. During

6532-461: The need for transporting and laying stone drainage aggregate, which is invariably more expensive than a synthetic drain and concrete liners. Over the past 30 years, geotextile, PVC filters, and HDPE filters have become the most commonly used soil filter media. They are cheap to produce and easy to lay, with factory controlled properties that ensure long term filtration performance even in fine silty soil conditions. Seattle's Public Utilities created

6624-586: The next 30 years. In March 2015, the United States Geological Survey released "UCERF3: A New Earthquake Forecast for California's Complex Fault System". The UCERF3 represents the best available science to date, and it now considers "multifault ruptures" and "fault readiness", in addition to historical seismicity, in the calculus of earthquake forecasting. The upshot, for those who live in the San Francisco Bay Area,

6716-564: The path of groundwater. When groundwater flow is obstructed, hydrostatic water pressure buildups against the wall and may cause significant damage. If the water pressure is not drained appropriately, retaining walls can bow, move, and fracture, causing seams to separate. The water pressure can also erode soil particles, leading to voids behind the wall and sinkholes in the above soil. Traditional retaining wall drainage systems can include French drains , drain pipes or weep holes . To prevent soil erosion, geotextile filter fabrics are installed with

6808-762: The planter. This helps to prevent root rot , water accumulation, and other issues that can negatively impact plant health. By providing adequate drainage in planters, it supports optimal plant growth and contributes to the overall success of gardening or landscaping projects. Drainage options for the planter include: Wetland soils may need drainage to be used for agriculture . In the northern United States and Europe, glaciation created numerous small lakes , which gradually filled with humus to make marshes . Some of these were drained using open ditches and trenches to make mucklands , which are primarily used for high-value crops such as vegetables . The world's largest project of this type has been in process for centuries in

6900-540: The recent past in the United Kingdom. Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) are designed to encourage contractors to install drainage system that more closely mimic the natural flow of water in nature. Since 2010 local and neighbourhood planning in the UK is required by law to factor SUDS into any development projects that they are responsible for. Slot drainage is a channel drainage system designed to eliminate

6992-464: The regions of concern. Extreme southern regions of the fault are creeping more quickly, perhaps sufficiently to prevent fault rupture there, but mostly the creep is insufficient to relieve the accumulating forces upon most of the fault and so will not prevent a large earthquake. The creep is sufficient to displace roads, curbs, and sidewalks and so visibly reveal the surface trace in many locations. Creep damage to asphalt road surfaces will usually appear as

7084-568: The ridge appears on most maps as the San Leandro Hills . The northern extent of the proper name "Berkeley Hills" is less indefinite; most maps including those of the USGS apply the name along the entire ridge as it runs continuously right up to the mouth of Wildcat Canyon in Richmond . The eastern slopes of the Berkeley Hills lie entirely outside of the city of Berkeley within Contra Costa County. Another common usage

7176-506: The ridgeline. Other roads to the ridgeline wind their way up the canyons. Grizzly Peak and Skyline Boulevards follow the top of the ridge. Many neighborhoods in the Berkeley Hills are home to the more affluent residents of Berkeley and Oakland. Preservation The east slope of the Berkeley Hills is mostly preserved or partially developed wildland , much of it owned by the East Bay Regional Park District and

7268-410: The roots eliminates air movement through the soil. Other soils may have an impervious layer of mineralized soil, called a hardpan , or relatively impervious rock layers may underlie shallow soils. Drainage is especially important in tree fruit production. Soils that are otherwise excellent may be waterlogged for a week of the year, which is sufficient to kill fruit trees and cost the productivity of

7360-479: The same relative motions of the San Andreas. As with portions of other faults, a large extent of the Hayward Fault trace is formed from a narrow complex zone of deformation which can span hundreds of feet in width. The transform boundary defined by the San Andreas Fault is not perfectly straight, and the stresses between the Pacific and North American plates are diffused over a wide region of the West, extending as far as

7452-404: The shore and pushing back the sea until the original nation has been greatly enlarged. In moist climates, soils may be adequate for cropping with the exception that they become waterlogged for brief periods each year, from snow melt or from heavy rains . Soils that are predominantly clay will pass water very slowly downward. Meanwhile, plant roots suffocate because the excessive water around

7544-420: The shoreline, this refinery has extensive crude oil and finished product docks and pipelines extending into the bay, which could produce catastrophic spills into the bay, with the potential to adversely affect hundreds of miles of sensitive wetlands. Dismantling of high pressure and temperature process units and the consequent fire danger to personnel and equipment could produce substantial economic consequences for

7636-422: The southwest facing slopes. Livestock used to inhabit this area and graze on the grasslands. In the 1930's to establish a watershed system and regional parks, these animals were removed from certain areas which caused parts of the grasslands to get taken over by shrublands. Amongst the north east hills, Baccharis Brushland and Oak Woodland are most prominent with Coast live oak and California bay laurel as some of

7728-459: The summer, bringing fog and low clouds with it, is usually less than 2,000 feet deep and thus is blocked by the range. This produces a "fog shadow" effect to the east, which is warmer than areas west of the hills. The westerly wind that carries the marine layer through the Golden Gate typically splits its flow as it hits the Berkeley Hills producing a southerly wind from Berkeley northward and

7820-419: The time of a major event a seismic event could be followed by urban wildfires compounded by damage to water systems or massive landslides in saturated soils. In addition to direct damage the effects on commerce due to damaged infrastructure would also be substantial. Experience with large area urban destruction such as caused by earthquake, hurricane, and firestorms has shown that complete rebuilding can take up to

7912-477: The tube and adjacent subway systems. This is to be corrected at great expense – first estimated at $ 142 million but expected to cost far more – probably the largest single cost item in the list of BART seismic retrofits. Berkeley Hills Tunnel In June 2006 Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) management announced that they have elected not to modify the Berkeley Hills Tunnel , which actually penetrates

8004-419: The two may be connected. If true, this link would have significant implications for the potential maximum strength of earthquakes on the Hayward, since this strength is determined by the maximum length of the fault rupture and this rupture could extend beyond the juncture point and so include some portion of the Calaveras. (This potential is not shown in the shake intensity maps shown below.) The largest quake on

8096-663: The western slopes while Las Trampas Regional Wilderness is lower on the eastern slope above Danville. Tunnels The Berkeley Hills are pierced by several tunnels. The Claremont Tunnel brings water from an EBMUD treatment plant in Orinda to points west. The Berkeley Hills Tunnel serves the Yellow Line of the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system. The four bores of the Caldecott Tunnel carry State Highway 24 between Oakland and Contra Costa County. It

8188-776: The western states. Large liquid storage tanks are protected by berms that are designed to contain the contents should a tank fail under normal conditions. Similar process and product conditions exist at other refineries further inland near Martinez , but mostly these plants are exposed to earthquakes from other faults. Drainage Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of a surface's water and sub-surface water from an area with excess water. The internal drainage of most agricultural soils can prevent severe waterlogging (anaerobic conditions that harm root growth), but many soils need artificial drainage to improve production or to manage water supplies. The Indus Valley Civilization had sewerage and drainage systems. All houses in

8280-486: The work is competently done, with proper attention to minor details such as nailing patterns and proper connections. Local surveys of recently completed work have exposed deficient workmanship in a number of cases involving household retrofits. There are many small active landslides and evidence of numerous large archaic landslides in the Berkeley Hills . Such areas may be stable only under present conditions. There

8372-547: Was first named in the Lawson Report of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake in recognition of its involvement in the earthquake of 1868. This fault is about 119 km (74 mi) long, situated mainly along the western base of the hills on the east side of San Francisco Bay . It runs through densely populated areas, including Richmond , El Cerrito , Berkeley , Oakland , San Leandro , Castro Valley , Hayward , Union City , Fremont , and San Jose . The Hayward Fault

8464-468: Was the 160-year period between 1470 and 1630. In 2028, it will have been 160 years since the 1868 event. United States Geological Survey (USGS) scientists state that a major earthquake occurring on the zone is "increasingly likely". When the next major earthquake occurs on the fault, damage will be catastrophic. More than 1.5 trillion U.S. dollars in property exists in the affected area, and more than 165 billion US dollars in damage would likely result if

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