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65-426: The area of Berlin was one of the first to abandon East Low German as a written language, which occurred in the 16th century, and later also as a spoken language. That was the first regiolect of Standard German with definite High German roots but a Low German substratum apparently formed ( Berlinerisch may therefore be considered an early form of Missingsch ). Only recently has the new dialect expanded into

130-783: A form of direct address was previously widespread among German speakers when speaking to subordinates and those of lower social rank. In modern Berlin German, er may be used for direct address, as in Hatter denn ooch’n jült’jen Fahrausweis? ("Hat er denn auch einen gültigen Fahrausweis?"or "Does he [=do you] also have a valid ticket?" ). This can also be see with the feminine sie (she), as in Hattse denn die fümf Euro nich’n bisken kleena? ("Hat sie denn die fünf Euro nicht ein bisschen kleiner? or “Doesn't she [=don't you] have something smaller than five Euros?") . The third-person plural nominative wir

195-610: A gradual process of linguistic borrowing resulting from linguistic contact with English speakers for the roughly 250 years since the Battle of the Plains of Abraham of 1759. Metropolitan French, on the other hand, mostly adopted its anglicisms in recent decades due to the post-Second World War international dominance of English, or the rise of English as a lingua franca . Due to the differences in English borrowings between Canada and France,

260-1054: A historic au/oo or ei/ee split between the Middle High German and Low German dialects. For example, ein/een ("a/an") and Rauch/Rooch ("smoke") conform to the split, but Eis ("ice") and Haus ("house") do not. As a Central German dialect bordering Low German regions, Berlin German does not exhibit all features of the High German consonant shift , retaining some older features, such as geminate 'p' [pp], as in Appel and Kopp for High German Apfel and Kopf , as well as det/dit , wat, and et for das, was, and es, respectively. Berlin dialect speakers often reduce and contract words that are separated in High German. For example, High German auf dem becomes Berlin German uffm . Berlinese grammar contains some notable differences from that of Standard German. For instance,

325-552: A number of thematic categories: Take note, that some of the borrowed words already have Polish equivalents and therefore are not recognised by all language users: In addition to lexical borrowings, there is also a number of calques in everyday use. Spanglish (a portmanteau of the words "Spanish" and "English") is a name sometimes given to various contact dialects, pidgins , or creole languages that result from interaction between Spanish and English used by people who speak both languages or parts of both languages, mainly spoken in

390-512: A sign of overspecialisation, if used outside the context of the jargon. Generally, direct imitation is not as common, but there are examples. For example, the word sexy [ˈseksy] , pronounced with an Y unlike in English / ˈ s ɛ k s i / , might be used as an adjective. This is teenager-specific. Lexical calques take an English expression, like killer application , and produce tappajasovellus , which does mean "an application that kills" just as in English. Readers need to know

455-433: A strong Low German substrate. Only recently has this new dialect spread to the surrounding area, which had previously remained East Low German. Berlin German has parallels to Colognian ("Kölsch"), which also has strong features of a regiolect and has been shaped by immigration over the centuries. Both exhibit the characteristic softening of initial sounds, such as in jut ( gut, 'good') and jehen ( gehen, 'to go'). In

520-480: A word or construction peculiar to English; a word or phrase that is peculiar to British English ; or English syntax, grammar, or meaning transposed in another language resulting in incorrect language use or incorrect translation. A number of scholars agree that for anglicism to take place, adaptation must first occur such as in the case of the integration of a great number of anglicisms in Europe. Fischer said that it

585-535: Is "Der Berlina sacht imma mir, ooch wenn et richtich is" ("The Berliner always says mir , even if it is right."). In contrast, speakers in southern Brandenburg, use the pronoun mich in both cases, as in " Bringt mich mal die Zeitung " ("Bring me the newspaper."). The lack of distinction between these pronouns may be attributed to the influence of Brandenburg Low German, in which both mir and mich sound like mi [mi] or mai [maɪ] . Second-person singular familiar pronouns dir (dative) and dich (accusative) follow

650-644: Is a group of Low German dialects spoken in north-eastern Germany as well as by minorities in northern Poland . Together with West Low German dialects, it forms a dialect continuum of the Low German language. Before 1945 , the dialect was spoken along the entire then-German-settled Baltic Coast from Mecklenburg , through Pomerania , West Prussia into certain villages of the East Prussian Klaipėda Region . East Pomeranian, Central Pomeranian and West Pomeranian should not be confused with

715-525: Is a political term and does not necessarily indicate the etymology or history of the word itself. Rather, it indicates the common attitudes and perceptions about the (theoretically English) history of the word. For example, because English itself borrowed a great amount of French vocabulary after the Norman Conquest , some anglicisms are actually Old French words that dropped from usage in French over

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780-489: Is also sometimes used for second-person address in Berlin German. " Na, hamwa nu det richt’je Bier jewählt? ("Na, haben wir nun das richtige Bier gewählt?" or "Well, have we now selected the right beer?") The Berlin regiolect has a number of distinctive idioms, including the following: East Low German East Low German ( German : ostniederdeutsche Dialekte, ostniederdeutsche Mundarten, Ostniederdeutsch )

845-694: Is also spoken in Brazil (see Pomerode , in Santa Catarina , Santa Maria de Jetibá , in Espírito Santo , and Arroio do Padre , Morro Redondo , Turuçu , Canguçu , São Lourenço do Sul and Pelotas , in Rio Grande do Sul ). By the early Middle Ages, Pomerania was largely populated by Slavic Pomeranians and Liuticians , who spoke the Pomeranian and Polabian languages. During

910-516: Is classified as a dialect of German. Berlinish has long been looked down upon as a dialect of "the common people," and the educated class has historically distanced themselves through use of the High German dialect, which is considered the standard. Berliners use written conventions of High German, but there does exist a Brandenburg-Berlin dictionary which includes vocabulary specific to the Berlin dialect. When recording Berlinish speech in writing, there

975-745: Is employed in various situations of language contact. The criteria for being considered an anglicism by the Usage Dictionary of Anglicisms in Selected European Languages are as follows: a loanword that is recognisably English in form with regards to spelling, pronunciation and morphology. In this specific sense, loan translations and calques are excluded (as well as words that are etymologically derived from languages related to modern French). Some see anglicisms as harmless and useful, others perceive them as bad influences to be countered. Other definitions of anglicism include:

1040-421: Is even standard language, e.g. sherry [ˈʃerry] , instead of according to English pronunciation šeri [ˈʃeri] . A distinction is made between well-established English borrowings into French, and other words and structures regarded as incorrect. The term anglicisme is often pejorative, carries a large amount of political weight, and frequently denotes an excessive use of English in

1105-425: Is no consensus on transcription. Pronunciation varies among speakers and individual speakers may alter their pronunciation depending on communicative context. For published texts, each publisher determines its own transcription system for embedded passages of Berlin German within texts. The majority use High German orthography, only changing letters or words to mark prominent differences in pronunciation. Berlin German

1170-511: Is no longer used in French, but the English Gallicism "to flirt" has now returned to French and is considered an anglicism, despite its likely French origins. Denglisch is a pejorative term used in German describing the increased use of anglicisms and pseudo-anglicisms in the German language. It is a portmanteau of the German words Deutsch ( German ) and Englisch . The term is first recorded from 1965. To some extent,

1235-471: Is rendered in Finnish as Syömättä ei elä , where a separate grammatical impersonal (also known as passiivi ) is used. When translated word-by-word, Sä et elä jos sä et syö , it will refer directly to the listener. Here the contraction sä of spoken language is used instead of the sinä of spoken language. Then, you will need to understand that it is an anglicism, or you can be offended by

1300-600: Is similar to neologism in the sense that it completes several phases of integration, which include: 1) the beginning, when it is still new and not known to many speakers; 2) the phase where it begins to spread and take part in the process of institutionalisation; and, 3) the word becomes part of the common core of the language. There are experts who propose a more detailed framework such as the model of anglicism adaptation that transpires on four levels: orthographic, phonological, morphological, and semantic. These are English terms, expressions, or concepts that have been absorbed into

1365-476: Is the central language variety of a regiolect area extending across Berlin, Brandenburg, and parts of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Saxony-Anhalt. In Brandenburg, Berlin German has been considered the colloquial variety since the 20th century, but In Berlin itself, especially in West Berlin, an influx of people with educated middle-class dialects has resulted in Berlin German becoming one of many dialects in

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1430-646: Is usually called "巴士" ; (baa si ) in Hong Kong and Macao because its Cantonese pronunciation is similar to its English counterpart. Another type of anglicism is syntactic anglicism, when a sentence is rendered following the English word order instead of the standard Chinese word order; for example, the word for " network " is 网络 ; (網絡) or 网路 ; (網路) , where 网 ; 網 can be translated as "net". The anglicisms can be divided to four types: direct phonetic imitation, lexical and grammatical calques , and contamination of orthography. Official language (as given by

1495-664: The Benrath Line and has been influenced by Low and Central German since its first documented mention in 1237. From 1300-1500, immigration from the Flemish areas of the Holy Roman Empire the East Low German spoken in Berlin underwent a number of changes but was eventually abandoned as a colloquial language. This resulted in a separate variety of Standard High German with a clear Middle German basis but

1560-585: The Berlinerisch dialect that is gaining ground on the Brandenburgisch dialect by which it is surrounded. East Low German dialects are: Instead of Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch also Mecklenburgisch and Vorpommersch are used. For some it also includes Plautdietsch (originating from Danzig ), which is spoken by Mennonites in North America , Mexico and a few other places in

1625-482: The Language Planning Office ) deprecates Anglicisms, and for the most part, native constructions are sufficient even in spoken language . Nevertheless, some anglicisms creep in. Computer jargon is generally full of direct imitation, e.g. svappi "swap". Other jargons with abundant anglicisms are pop music, scifi, gaming, fashion, automobile and to some extent scientific jargon. This is regarded

1690-634: The West Slavic Pomeranian language ( German : Pomoranisch ). East Low German belongs to the dialect continuum of the West Germanic languages . It developed from the older Middle Low German . In the West it fades into West Low German . The distinction is usually made referring to the plural endings of the verbs: East Low German endings are based on the old first person ending: -e(n), whereas West Low German endings are based on

1755-726: The accusative case and dative case are not distinguished. Similarly, conjunctions that are distinguished in standard German are not in Berlinese. For example, in Standard German, wenn (when, if) is used for conditional, theoretical or consistent events, and wann (when) is used for events that are currently occurring or for questions. There is no difference between the two in Berlinese. Genitive forms are also replaced by prepositional accusative forms, some still with an inserted pronoun: dem sein Haus (this one his house) rather than

1820-427: The katakana script. In some countries, such anglicisation is seen as relatively benign, and the use of English words may even take on a chic aspect. In Japan, marketing products for the domestic market often involves using English or pseudo-English brand names and slogans . In other countries, anglicisation is seen much more negatively, and there are efforts by public-interest groups and governments to reverse

1885-498: The portmanteau word clavardage is increasingly gaining acceptance. This neologism is a word coined from the words clavier ("keyboard") and bavardage ("chat"). Other replacements have various forms created by the Académie and Office québécois de la langue française . Quebec French and Metropolitan French tend to have entirely different anglicisms for historical reasons. Quebec French acquired its anglicisms in

1950-483: The 20th century and gradually English replaced Czech, German, French, Italian and other languages as the primary source of new imports into the Polish language. At the turn of the century there were roughly 250 English words in use, by 1961 the number of English lexemes in Polish rose to over 700, breaking 1000 lexemes in the 1980s and at least 1600 in 1994. Borrowings from English language used in modern Polish fall into

2015-509: The Académie have largely been unsuccessful. Sociolinguists have attributed these failures to the general inability of linguistic institutions to enforce a linguistic norm. The Académie regularly updates a list of prescribed linguistic norms, many of which include using suggested French replacements instead of anglicisms (e.g., mot-dièse for hashtag ). Replacements have taken many different forms. For example, in Quebec French ,

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2080-505: The Americas. The first proper anglicisms were also related to geography and were recorded in an 18th-century work Geografia, czyli opisanie naturalne, historyczne i praktyczne krajów we czterech częściach się zawierające by Franciszek Siarczyński . By the end of that century there were at least 21 lexemes of English provenance in Polish usage. The 1859 dictionary of foreign words by Michał Amszejewicz contains roughly 100 anglicisms,

2145-562: The Chinese language, including any of its varieties , and should not be confused with Chinglish , the variety of the English language used by native Chinese speakers. The origins of Chinese anglicisms vary, one of the most common being those obtained by phonetic borrowing. For example, a " bus " ( traditional Chinese : 公共汽車 ; simplified Chinese : 公共汽车 ; lit. 'public vehicle', in Mainland China or Taiwan )

2210-484: The French language. French has many words of English origin for which the English roots are unknown or unrecognised due to a lack of salience or the length of time since the borrowing took place; this also includes other words which are seen as English but that are well accepted as part of French (e.g., parking , week-end ). Other examples include clown (pronounced KLOON ), square (meaning "public square"), and spleen (meaning " melancholy " rather than

2275-743: The High Middle Ages , Germans from northern parts of the Holy Roman Empire settled in Pomerania as part of the medieval Ostsiedlung . Most Slavic Pomeranians gradually became Germanized . The new Pomeranian dialects which emerged from the admixture of the Low German dialects of the settlers are classified as East Low German. After World War II , Germans east of the Oder-Neisse line were expelled to post-war Germany . Most varieties of East Pomeranian dialect have largely died out in

2340-710: The Italian alternatives proposed in the last century such as: guardavia , sicurvia , guardastrada and the Helvetism guidovia have not met with any success, being little used. Today, Italian is one of the most receptive languages for anglicisms. Anglicised words in Japanese are altered to reflect the absence of certain phonemes in Japanese, such as 'l' (changed to 'r') and 'v' (changed to 'b'). Other changes occur when, for example, an English word ending in "l" becomes "ru". For example, "hotel" becomes hoteru , as in

2405-564: The United States. It is a blend of Spanish and English lexical items and grammar . Spanglish can be considered a variety of Spanish with heavy use of English or vice versa. It can be more related either to Spanish or to English, depending on the circumstances. Since Spanglish arises independently in each region, it reflects the locally spoken varieties of English and Spanish. In general different varieties of Spanglish are not necessarily mutually intelligible. In Mexican and Chicano Spanish

2470-475: The centuries but were preserved in English and have now come full circle back into French. For instance, one attested origin of the verb "to flirt" cites influence from the Old French expression conter fleurette , which means "to (try to) seduce". Other possible origins for the word include flit , E. Frisian flirt (a flick or light stroke), and E. Frisian flirtje (a giddy girl). This expression

2535-518: The commanding "You there!" tone produced. (There are also native examples of the same construction, so the origin of this piece of grammar may not always be English.) An English orthographical convention is that compound words are written separately, whereas in Finnish, compound words are written together, using a hyphen with acronyms and numbers. In Finnish, prosessitekniikka and Intel 80286 -prosessori would be correct, but process engineering or Intel 80286 processor would not. Failure to join

2600-416: The equivalent English term to understand this. Some speakers, especially those in frequent contact with the English language, have created a grammatical calque of the English you -impersonal. The English impersonal utilises the second person pronoun you , e.g. You can't live if you don't eat . Here, the word you does not refer explicitly to the listener, but signifies a general statement. The same example

2665-476: The expression abekku hoteru (love hotel), the word abekku is strictly speaking not an anglicism, coming from the French avec (with). The first anglicisms in the written sources of Latvian appear at the end of the 18th century, however, up until the middle 1970s they were barely researched as their number remained low and since they mostly appeared in the terminology of sports and engineering. The direct contact between Latvian and English at that time

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2730-577: The following decades as the expellees were assimilated into their new homes, although West Pomeranian and Central Pomeranian are still spoken in Vorpommern (Western or Hither Pomerania), part of the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . As a result of German immigration to Brazil , there are still some communities speaking East Pomeranian in Rio Grande do Sul , Santa Catarina and Espírito Santo . Fritz Reuter and Heinrich Bandlow are among

2795-519: The globe, as there are no pre-existing words for them. English words are sometimes imported verbatim and sometimes adapted to the importing language in a process similar to anglicisation. In languages with non- Latin alphabets , these borrowed words can be written in the Latin alphabet anyway, resulting in a text made up of a mixture of scripts; other times they are transliterated . Transliteration of English and other foreign words into Japanese generally uses

2860-402: The historical relationship to French. In Quebec, anglicisms are never used in formal documentation (government papers, instruction sheets) and very rarely used in informal writing (magazines, journals ). In 1993, the French passed the legislation Loi Toubon which forbids the use of anglicisms (or those from other languages) in commercial and government publications. In both countries, wherever

2925-453: The influence of English on German can be from normal language contact. The term Denglisch is however mostly reserved for forced, excessive exercises in anglicisation, or pseudo-anglicisation, of the German language. Under Benito Mussolini , efforts were made to purify Italian of anglicisms and other foreign words. A well-known example of anglicism used in Italian is guardrail , which has always been totally rooted in common usage, given that

2990-472: The late 18th century, the common colloquial Brandenburg (or Markish) dialect, was replaced by a Central German koiné based on Upper Saxon. This is similar to developments in other Low German regions, which first developed Missingsch dialects as a mixed language with the law firm language and changed their use to colloquial language. The newly created koiné dialect, which was very similar to modern Berlin German, adopted individual words ( ick, det, wat, doof ) from

3055-579: The letter j (representing IPA: [j]) instead of g, as is exemplified in the word for good , in which gut becomes jut . Word initially and after front vowels and approximants , 'g' is realized as the voiced palatal approximant [j]. After back vowels, the sound is pronounced as a voiced velar fricative [ɣ], the same sound as High German 'r.' Many diphthongs are realized as long monophthongs in Berlin German: au [au] to oo [o:], ei [aɪ] to ee [e:]. However, this pattern holds only for words with

3120-498: The most famous East Low German writers. Anglicisms An anglicism is a word or construction borrowed from English by another language. With the rise in Anglophone media and the global spread of British and US colonialism in the 20th century and cultures in the 21st century, many English terms have become widespread in other languages. Technology-related English words like internet and computer are prevalent across

3185-456: The neighboring Low German-speaking areas. Berlin was a destination for ever increasing immigration starting in 1871. Large numbers of immigrants from Saxony and Siliesia pushed back against some of the Low German elements of the Berlin dialect. The 1900s saw large waves of emigration out of Berlin and into West Germany , the first starting in1945 and the second in 1961.   Due to the extensive commonalities with High German, Berlin German

3250-524: The old second person ending: -(e)t. The categorization of the Low German dialects into an Eastern and a Western group is not made by all linguists. In the South, it fades into East Central German . The difference is that the East Low German varieties have not been affected by the High German consonant shift . The areas affected by the High German consonant shift are still expanding today, especially

3315-577: The organ). These are not considered anglicisms but are fully accepted as French words by the Académie Française . Occasionally governments and linguistic institutions of both Quebec and France have undertaken strenuous efforts to eradicate anglicisms, often by suggesting French replacements with French phonology and morphology. Although efforts in Quebec have been met with some success (e.g., fin de semaine for week-end ), attempts by

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3380-523: The people of Quebec and France often consider each other's anglicisms to be incorrect or humorous, while considering their own to be perfectly normal. An example of a Metropolitan French anglicism not used in Quebec French: An example of a Quebec French anglicism not used in France; The social meaning and acceptance of anglicisms also differs from country to country due to the differences in

3445-458: The regiolect is found on advertising. The area now known as Berlin was originally settled by Germanic tribes, who may have given their name to the Havel River in West Berlin. The area was later inhabited by immigrant Slavs , as evidenced by place and field names such as Kladow , Buckow and Köpenick , and by the Berlin word Kietz, ‘city neighborhood.’ The city of Berlin lies south of

3510-453: The region, no longer a regiolect but a sociolect. Berliner pronunciation is similar to that of other High German varieties. Nevertheless, it maintains unique characteristics, which set it apart from other variants. The most notable are the strong contraction trends over several words and the rather irreverent adaptation of foreign words and anglicisms that are difficult to understand for many speakers of Upper German . Also, some words contain

3575-595: The same pattern, sounding like di [di] or dai [daɪ]. Berlin German uses ick or icke for first-person singular subject pronoun ich , as shown in the old Berlin saying, Icke, dette, kieke mal, Oogn, Fleesch und Beene, wenn de mir nich lieben tust, lieb ick mir alleene . The high German equivalent is Ich, das, schau mal, Augen, Fleisch und Beine, wenn du mich nicht liebst, liebe ich mich alleine . ("I, that, just look, eyes, flesh, and legs, if you don't love me, I love me alone.") Personal pronouns: Interrogative pronoun: Er/Wir for Direct Address Er ('he') as

3640-512: The so-called Vilnian dictionary of 1861 contains roughly 180 of such words. The anglicisms recorded in the 19th century were in large part words related to social, political, legal and economic concepts used in English society and lacking corresponding institutions in contemporary Poland. Another group comprised naval, sports-related and technical terms. Typically new words were initially being written in their original form, especially when they were used to describe English or American contexts. Such

3705-459: The standard sein Haus (his house). Plural forms often have an additional -s, regardless of the standard plural ending. Words ending in -ken are often written colloquially and pronounced as -sken . The accusative and dative case pronouns are almost identical in Berlin German. While in High German the first-person singular accusative is mich , and the first-person singular dative is mir , Berlin German uses mir for both cases. A popular saying

3770-418: The surroundings, which had used East Low German. Since the 20th century, the Berlin dialect has been a colloquial standard in the surrounding Brandenburg region. However, in Berlin proper, especially in the former West Berlin , the dialect is now seen more as a sociolect , largely through increased immigration and trends among the educated population to speak Standard German in everyday life. Occasionally,

3835-425: The trend. It is also important to note that while the word anglicism is rooted in the word English, the process does not necessarily denote anglicisms from England. It can also involve terms or words from all varieties of English so that it becomes necessary to use the term Americanism for the loan words originating from the United States. Definitions of anglicism differ significantly across various fields. The word

3900-436: The use of an anglicism is unavoidable, it is often written in italics or in quotations. Various anglicisms are largely differentiated on the way in which they entered the language. One type of anglicism is a calque , or a direct translation from English. For example, the valediction sincèrement vôtre is regarded as an anglicism, since it is a direct translation of the English "sincerely yours". Other anglicisms include

3965-402: The wholesale adoption of English terms such as "business" or "start-up". Additionally, some English words in French might not have the same meaning as those words in English. One example is the word "golf", which has an increased semantic field , referring not just to the game of golf, but also to a golf course, as in on va aller au golf (trans: "we're going to the golf course"). Anglicism

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4030-415: The words or omitting the hyphen can be either an honest mistake, or contamination from English. Another orthographical convention is that English words tend to be written as the originals. For example, the computer jargon term from to chat is written as chattailla (chat + frequentative ), even if it is pronounced sättäillä . The forms chattäillä or chättäillä are used, too. Sometimes, it

4095-618: The world. In Berlin a version of Brandenburgisch was spoken in medieval times until the city took up an East Central German dialect that incorporated Brandenburgisch elements and developed into today's Berlin[er]isch . The German dialects of Pomerania are compiled and described in the Pommersches Wörterbuch ("Pomeranian Dictionary"), a dictionary of the German dialects spoken within the Province of Pomerania 's borders in 1936. East Pomeranian dialect of East Low German

4160-684: Was the case of the word budget , first recorded as such in 1792 in relation to English economy, but soon also used in Polish context. With time the word was assimilated and remains in modern Polish dictionaries, written as budżet . Early 19th century Dictionary of the Polish Language by Samuel Linde includes the following anglicisms: foksal (after London's suburb of Vauxhall ; meaning an evening garden party in contemporary Polish), galon , klub , kwakier , piknik , poncz , rum and porter . The assimilation of new English words into Polish sped up in

4225-609: Was very limited, thus most of the anglicisms entered Latvian through German or Russian. Ever since Latvia regained its independence, there has been an influx of anglicisms into the Latvian language due to the fact that media in English is more accessible than ever. Sporadic linguistic contacts between Polish and English-speaking areas have been noted at least since the 15th century. However, most early anglicisms in Polish were mostly limited to names for places in Great Britain and

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