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38-950: As the reformation in Zürich progressed in the 1520s, the surrounding Swiss cantons were also affected. Bern was the capital of the Swiss Confederacy and was "the largest, most conservative and aristocratic of the Swiss cantons" at the time. The early Protestant movement spearheaded by Martin Luther had an effect on Bern as early as 1518, and Protestant teaching was being debated in Bern by 1522. By 1523, Protestants already held significant posts in Bern, including artist Niklaus Manuel and preacher Berchtold Haller . Disputations with Luther and his followers had already occurred in different parts of Germany, and Switzerland had also already been home to

76-615: A lively exchange of letters. In 1526, Haller participated in the disputation of Baden , and in 1528 in the Bern Disputation , which resulted in the Bernese Reformation edict on 7 February 1528 in which Bern officially decided for the Reformation. Zwingli's 1531 death brought the Reformation in Bern to a crisis, to which the city council reacted by calling the first Bernese Synod with 200 participants. Haller

114-510: A teacher in Rottweil in 1510 and in Bern in 1513, where he was appointed assistant preacher at the church of St Vincent in 1515. In 1520 he became a canon and the people's priest. Even before his acquaintance with Huldrych Zwingli in 1521 he had begun to preach the Reformation, his sympathetic character and his eloquence making him and the painter and writer Niklaus Manuel a great force. Zwingli became his friend and adviser and they began

152-458: Is Christ, is born of the Word of God, and abides in the same, and listens not to the voice of a stranger. 2. The Church of Christ makes no laws and commandments without the Word of God. Hence human traditions are no more binding on us than as far as they are founded in the Word of God. 3. Christ is the only wisdom, righteousness, redemption, and satisfaction for the sins of the whole world. Hence it

190-694: Is a denial of Christ when we confess another ground of salvation and satisfaction. 4. The essential and corporal presence of the body and blood of Christ cannot be demonstrated from the Holy Scripture. 5. The mass as now in use, in which Christ is offered to God the Father for the sins of the living and the dead, is contrary to the Scripture, a blasphemy against the most holy sacrifice, passion, and death of Christ, and on account of its abuses an abomination before God. 6. As Christ alone died for us, so he

228-452: Is also to be adored as the only Mediator and Advocate between God the Father and the believers. Therefore it is contrary to the Word of God to propose and invoke other mediators. 7. Scripture knows nothing of a purgatory after this life. Hence all masses and other offices for the dead are useless. 8. The worship of images is contrary to Scripture. Therefore images should be abolished when they are set up as objects of adoration. 9. Matrimony

266-649: Is continued to be revised until the present day. Berchtold Haller Berchtold Haller (c. 1492 – 25 February 1536) was a German Protestant reformer . He was the reformer of the city of Bern , Switzerland , where the Reformation received little to none opposition. Haller was born at Aldingen in Württemberg . After schooling in Pforzheim , where he established a friendship with Philipp Melanchthon , he studied theology in Cologne . He became

304-486: Is not forbidden in the Scripture to any class of men; but fornication and unchastity are forbidden to all. 10. Since, according to the Scripture, an open fornicator must be excommunicated, it follows that unchastity and impure celibacy are more pernicious to the clergy than to any other class. All to the glory of God and his holy Word. These theses were drafted by Berthold Haller and Franz Kolb, and were sent to Zwingli who suggested revisions that were made to it. Haller

342-535: The Mass as well as a wave of iconoclasm . These ten theses were approved by the Bern city council on 7 February 1528. The council also approved 13 additional articles drafted by Zwingli that furthered ecclesiastical reforms that abolished the priesthood and installed a new liturgy. Bern would host another three major disputations in the 1530s, furthering the reformation in Switzerland, and distinguishing itself from

380-696: The University of Vienna and the University of Basel , a Renaissance humanism . He continued his studies while he served as a pastor in Glarus and later in Einsiedeln , where he was influenced by the writings of Erasmus . In 1518, Zwingli became the pastor of the Grossmünster church where he began to preach ideas on reforming the Catholic Church . Oswald Myconius , a close friend of Zwingli,

418-469: The custom of fasting during Lent . In his publications, he noted corruption in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, promoted clerical marriage, and attacked the use of images in places of worship. In 1523 the Reformation events themselves headlong into the city of Zürich. After disputations in the town hall, the churches were cleared and most of the sculptures of saints were stored in the Wasserkirche . In

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456-511: The Catholic cantons. The cantons responded with an attack at a moment when Zürich was ill-prepared. Zwingli was killed in battle at the age of 47. His legacy lives on in the confessions , liturgy, and church orders of the Reformed churches of today. As early as 1522 anabaptism became evident when Zwingli started to reform preaching. However, some of his followers began to feel that Zwingli

494-701: The Confederation along religious lines. In 1529, a war between the two sides was averted at the last moment. Meanwhile, Zwingli's ideas came to the attention of Martin Luther and other reformers. They met at the Marburg Colloquy and although they agreed on many points of doctrine, they could not reach an accord on the doctrine of the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist . In 1531 Zwingli's alliance applied an unsuccessful food blockade on

532-680: The Lutheran Reformation in Germany. Reformation in Z%C3%BCrich The Reformation in Zürich was promoted initially by Huldrych Zwingli , who gained the support of the magistrates of the city of Zürich and the princess abbess Katharina von Zimmern of the Fraumünster Abbey , and the population of the city of Zürich and agriculture-oriented population of the present Canton of Zürich in

570-597: The Protestants, and the leading Roman Catholic disputant was Johannes Eck , who had famously debated Martin Luther in 1519. The disputation officially condemned all Protestant teachings as well as excommunicated Zwingli. Although the Baden Disputation was a decisive Roman Catholic victory, its incisive language drew many away from the Roman Catholic side, including the leaders of Bern. In addition,

608-521: The Reformation of 1527 to 1532. Hans Landis, the last Anabaptist, was executed in Zurich during 1614." Zwingli started the Reformation at the time when he was the preacher at Zürich's Grossmünster , the main Roman Catholic church of the canton of Zürich. Katharina von Zimmern (1478-1547), the last abbess of the Fraumünster Abbey and the formal mistress of the city republic of Zürich, supported

646-439: The Swiss government refused to let the leaders of Bern see the documentation of the proceedings of the disputation. Bern therefore distanced itself from the Baden Disputation and continued reforming. In 1527, the Bern city elections installed a Protestant majority in the city council. The council promptly called for a disputation to take place on 6 January 1528. The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V called for it to be cancelled, but

684-766: The Zürich Disputations that saw Zürich officially become Protestant in January of 1524. The Swiss government called for an official disputation in 1526 in the Catholic town of Baden in Aargau . Many Protestants deemed it unsafe to attend, especially and notably the leading Swiss reformer Huldrych Zwingli . The two leading Protestant delegates to Baden were Johannes Oecolampadius , in the stead of Zwingli, and Bern's Berchtold Haller. The Disputation saw many more Roman Catholic representatives, who heavily outnumbered

722-429: The abbeys were converted to public schools to educate well-taught Protestants, and so the Reformation survived. Maybe more importantly, the abolishment of the monasteries and their enormous property, buildings and estates, and primarily the income taxes by the cantonal farmers, were assigned to an according Amt , a bailiwick of the according administratively functions on behalf of the city's government ( Rat ), thus also

760-574: The adjacent Dominican convent, the city council gave permission to repeal the monasteries. In 1525, Zwingli introduced a new communion liturgy to replace the Mass . Zwingli also clashed with the Anabaptists , which resulted in their persecution. The Reformation spread to other parts of the Swiss Confederation, but several cantons resisted, preferring to remain Catholic . Zwingli formed an alliance of Reformed cantons which divided

798-515: The chief Roman Catholic in the Baden Disputation, refused "to follow the heretics into their nooks and corners." The leading Protestant representatives included Huldrych Zwingli, Heinrich Bullinger , Johannes Oecolampadius, Martin Bucer , and Wolfgang Capito . In total, there were around 350 attendees, around 200 of them being from Bernese territory. The disputation was to debate the following ten theses: 1. The holy Christian Church, whose only Head

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836-401: The city republic Zürich, by well-learned men . Heinrich Bullinger 's Schola Tigurina may have influenced the education in many other institutions beginning in 1559. Bullinger's Schola Tigurina , the present day Carolinum , merged in the 18th century to the theological faculty and the upper secondary school in the then Carolinum been. The financing of the chairs respectively professorships

874-523: The city republic of Zürich, encouraging parents to not baptize their children. Felix Manz began to publish some of Andreas Karlstadt 's writings, but the council had instructed Zwingli to reject infant baptism "until the matter could be resolved." Felix Manz petitioned the city's council to find a solution, that was in fact never found: "Here in the middle of the River Limmat from a fishing platform were drowned Felix Manz and five other Anabaptists during

912-540: The convent of the Fraumünster had been for centuries. Nuns from both women's monasteries came from noble families. As a result, they owned the most financial resources and estates in the so-called Zürichgau . These estates were leased to the rural population who had to bring their products to feed Zürich. Furthermore, the water mills and the coinage right were held by the Fraumünster Abbey. Some local power

950-537: The early 1520s. It led to significant changes in civil life and state matters in Zürich and spread to several other cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy , and thus initiated the Reformation in Switzerland . At the time of the reformation, the city of Zürich was mainly dominated by the ancient families of Zürich and the guild representatives in the Kleiner Rat and Grosser Rat. The Kleiner Rat

988-454: The financial base was established to prosper and to survive the loss of the first generation reformers. People of influence still supported the Reformation, the city's council, the former Roman Catholic clergy, and people mean and respected by the population, among them the publisher Christoph Froschauer and close friend of Zwingli, but also the second generation reformers as Heinrich Bullinger and Leo Jud . The Reformed forces also initiated

1026-408: The former Latin school Prophezey or Prophezei (so called because Zwingli called Bible interpretation "prophesying" ) into a training center for reformed theologians, by a Zürich city's council mandate on 29 September 1523; lesson started on 19 Juni 1525. The weekday lectures ( Lezgen or Lectiones , literally: lessons) were free of charge for the interested people in the urban and rural areas of

1064-511: The funerals had also to be delivered to the main parish church. Within the city, the mendicant orders , namely Predigerkloster and Augustinerkloster in the 15th-century have been reduced to the function of area pastors, thus the orders supported regime of the Guilds of Zürich . The priories at Grossmünster and St. Peter were responsible for all religion related questions and decisions. The Oetenbach nunnery (1321 AD) became influential, as

1102-420: The late 11th or 12th century and further on. Fraumünster Abbey was established in 873 AD, and its abbesses were imperial representans , i.e. de facto the mistresses of the city republic of Zürich to 1524 AD. Memorial measurements in Zürich usually had to be held until the 14th century at Grossmünster, because thus the most income was achieved. Until the Reformation in Switzerland , all income obtained with

1140-419: The letter arrived too late to take effect. The council invited clergy of all Swiss cantons, as well as delegations from the Swiss government and towns in southern Germany. The Bernese bishops were required by the council to attend, but did not actually attend, in defiance of the council. The council invited both Roman Catholics and Protestants, but most of the Roman Catholic delegates refused to come. Johannes Eck,

1178-523: The peaceful introduction of the reformation. At the defeat of Zürich during the second war of Kappel , Zwingli and many of its supporters were killed in 1531, among them former monks of the monasteries Kappel , Rheinau and Rüti , then the first Reformed parish priests in the Reformed parishes that spread in the present canton of Zürich, among others in the Rüti Church . Following the Reformation,

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1216-523: Was a close friend of Zwingli, and the theses clearly embody the influence of Zwingli, as well as the negative influence of the Baden Disputation in 1526. Due to most of the Roman Catholics not attending, the Protestants heavily outnumbered the Roman Catholics this time, and reversed all the decisions of the Baden Disputation. The council also approved the 10 theses, and most of the clergy in Bern subscribed to them. It led to an immediate abolition of

1254-568: Was also held by the merchants, who had primarily secured the long distance trade outside the Old Swiss Confederacy . Later, the Guilds held power through the institution of the Grosser Rat , and the guilds' 12 deans in the Kleiner Rat, in the 14th and 15th century. Zwingli was born during a time of emerging Swiss patriotism and increasing criticism of the Swiss mercenary system , he attended

1292-512: Was depending on the benefices of the secularized canons of the former Grossmünster priory. In addition to theological subjects and Classical languages, in 1541 the natural history department ( Conrad Gessner ) and in 1731 a political science chair ( Johann Jakob Bodmer ) were founded, and in 1782 the surgical institute to train medical doctors. Zwingli's German-language Zürich Bible or commonly Froschauer Bible , named after Christoph Froschauer 's publishing house, first appeared in 1531, and

1330-447: Was equivalent to the executive branch of government. After about the 1490s, the Grosser Rat was mainly an equivalent of present-day committees to assist. Those dominating Zürich supported, in the late European Middle Ages, the then popular mendicant orders by attributing them free plots in the suburbs. The mendicant orders were asked to support the construction of the city wall in return. The city's fortification's construction began in

1368-516: Was especially concerned as Zwingli's successor Heinrich Bullinger was unable to attend. However, he received strong support from Wolfgang Capito who arrived in Bern shortly before the opening of the Synod. In 1532 Haller became the leader of the Reformed Church of Bern. He was in contact with Guillaume Farel in the western part of Switzerland and Heinrich Bullinger in Zürich and acted as

1406-462: Was not moving fast enough in his reform. The division between Zwingli and his more radical disciples became apparent in October 1523 on occasion of a disputation when the mass in fact was not changed in practice. Feeling frustrated, some of the more progressive reformers began to meet on their own for Bible study, and around 1523, William Reublin began to preach against infant baptism in the villages of

1444-626: Was teaching Latin at the Fraumünster cathedral school to the women. In January 1519 Ulrich Zwingli began at the Grossmünster church to put the Gospel into the center of the mass and to translate the Bible into the German language. Zwingli wrote about Katharina von Zimmern: "She belongs to the party of Christ and does not refuse any Support to me." In his first public controversy in 1522, he attacked

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