99-401: A berry is a small, pulpy, and often edible fruit . Typically, berries are juicy, rounded, brightly colored, sweet, sour or tart, and do not have a stone or pit, although many pips or seeds may be present. Common examples of berries in the culinary sense are strawberries , raspberries , blueberries , blackberries , white currants , blackcurrants , and redcurrants . In Britain, soft fruit
198-568: A compost sock . Plants grown in compost socks have been shown to produce significantly more flavonoids , anthocyanins , fructose , glucose , sucrose , malic acid , and citric acid than fruit produced in the black plastic mulch or matted row systems. Similar results in an earlier study conducted by USDA confirms how compost plays a role in the bioactive qualities of two strawberry cultivars. Strawberries may be propagated by seed. Strawberries can be grown indoors in pots. Strawberries will not grow indoors in winter though an experiment using
297-423: A fruit is the seed -bearing structure in flowering plants (angiosperms) that is formed from the ovary after flowering (see Fruit anatomy ). Fruits are the means by which angiosperms disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particular have long propagated using the movements of humans and other animals in a symbiotic relationship that is the means for seed dispersal for the one group and nutrition for
396-564: A risk factor for cardiovascular diseases . Fruit consumption is under preliminary research for the potential to improve nutrition and affect chronic diseases. Regular consumption of fruit is generally associated with reduced risks of several diseases and functional declines associated with aging. For food safety , the CDC recommends proper fruit handling and preparation to reduce the risk of food contamination and foodborne illness . Fresh fruits and vegetables should be carefully selected; at
495-450: A blackberry is an aggregate-accessory fruit, and an apple is a simple-accessory fruit. Seedlessness is an important feature of some fruits of commerce. Commercial cultivars of bananas and pineapples are examples of seedless fruits . Some cultivars of citrus fruits (especially grapefruit , mandarin oranges , navel oranges , satsumas ), table grapes , and of watermelons are valued for their seedlessness. In some species, seedlessness
594-468: A certain time, harmful bacteria may grow on them and increase the risk of foodborne illness. Garden strawberry The garden strawberry (or simply strawberry ; Fragaria × ananassa ) is a widely grown hybrid species of the genus Fragaria in the rose family, Rosaceae , collectively known as the strawberries, which are cultivated worldwide for their fruit . This is appreciated for its aroma, bright red colour, juicy texture, and sweetness. It
693-595: A chill snake lurks in the grass", and his imagery was taken up by medieval and early modern writers, the snake beneath the strawberry standing for dangerous literature, or beautiful but unfaithful women, or eventually any risky pleasure. In this vein, Shakespeare 's King Richard III asks for a dish of strawberries while feigning friendship to his enemy; while in Othello , Iago shows Desdemona 's handkerchief "spotted with strawberries", implying she has been unfaithful and hinting at Iago's own devious plans. The strawberry
792-421: A combination of blue and red LED lamps shows that this could be achieved in principle. In Florida , winter is the natural growing season and harvesting begins in mid-November. Nitrogen fertilizer is often needed at the beginning of every planting year. There are normally adequate levels of phosphorus and potash when fields have been fertilized for other crops in preceding years. To provide more organic matter,
891-460: A contrasting color to their background (often of green leaves), making them visible and attractive to frugivorous animals and birds. This assists the wide dispersal of the plants' seeds. Berry colors are due to natural phytochemicals , including plant pigments , such as anthocyanins , together with other flavonoids localized mainly in berry skins , seeds and leaves. Although berry pigments have antioxidant properties in vitro , there
990-612: A cover crop of wheat or rye can be planted in the year before planting the strawberries. Strawberries prefer a somewhat acidic pH from 5.5 to 6.5, so lime is usually not required. To achieve top quality, berries are harvested at least every other day. The berries are picked with the caps and a section of the stem still attached. Strawberries need to remain on the plant until fully ripe, because they do not continue to ripen after being picked. The harvesting and cleaning process has not changed substantially over time. As they are delicate, strawberries are still often harvested by hand and packed in
1089-425: A deep fryer. Sauces made from berries, such as cranberry sauce, can be frozen until hard, battered, and deep fried. Cranberry sauce is a traditional food item for Thanksgiving , and similar sauces can be made from many other berries such as blueberries, raspberries, blackberries, and huckleberries. Berries have been used in some cultures for dyeing . Many berries contain juices that can easily stain, affording use as
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#17327901835471188-708: A food source for humans since before the start of agriculture, and remain among the primary food sources of other primates. They were a seasonal staple for early hunter-gatherers for thousands of years, and wild berry gathering remains a popular activity in Europe and North America today. In time, humans learned to store berries so that they could be used in the winter. They may be made into fruit preserves , and among Native Americans, mixed with meat and fats as pemmican . Berries also began to be cultivated in Europe and other countries. Some species of blackberries and raspberries of
1287-522: A head, is produced first. After fertilization , each flower in the cluster develops into a drupe; as the drupes expand, they develop as a connate organ, merging into a multiple fleshy fruit called a syncarp . Progressive stages of multiple flowering and fruit development can be observed on a single branch of the Indian mulberry, or noni . During the sequence of development, a progression of second, third, and more inflorescences are initiated in turn at
1386-535: A longer cropping season and more fruit. During the Green Revolution of the 1950s, agronomists used selective breeding to expand phenotypic diversity of the garden strawberry. Adoption of perpetual flowering hybrids not sensitive to changes in photoperiod gave higher yields and enabled production in California to expand. The phylogeny of the cultivated strawberry within the genus Fragaria of
1485-537: A modified atmosphere container to increase shelf life and prevent grey mold rot. Several discoveries in the science of breeding berries were made in the 18th century by Antoine Nicolas Duchesne in his work on strawberries. In the traditional technique of plant breeding , berries with specific desirable characteristics were chosen and allowed to sexually reproduce with other berries, and offspring with improved traits could then be selected and used for further crossing. Plants may be hybridized with different species within
1584-573: A more efficient and better targeted approach in the selection for a desirable genotype , via marker-assisted selection , for example. Genetic modification techniques can also be used for breeding berries. Some fruit not commonly referred to as berries and not always botanically berries are included by land-grant university extension offices in their guides for berry cultivation, or in guides for identifying local wild edible and non-edible berries. Examples include beach plums , American persimmons , pawpaws , Pacific crabapples , and prickly pears . In
1683-459: A natural dye. For example, blackberries are useful for making dyes, especially when ripe berries can easily release juice to produce a colorfast effect. Rubus berries, such as blackberry, raspberry, black raspberry , dewberry , loganberry , and thimbleberry all produce dye colors. These were once used by Native Americans. In Hawaii, the native raspberry called 'akala' was used to dye tapa cloth with lavender and pink hues, whereas berries from
1782-644: A new plant some distance away from the parent. Other fruits have evolved flattened and elongated wings or helicopter-like blades, e.g., elm , maple , and tuliptree . This mechanism increases dispersal distance away from the parent via wind. Other wind-dispersed fruit have tiny " parachutes ", e.g., dandelion , milkweed , salsify . Coconut fruits can float thousands of miles in the ocean, thereby spreading their seeds. Other fruits that can disperse via water are nipa palm and screw pine . Some fruits have evolved propulsive mechanisms that fling seeds substantial distances – perhaps up to 100 m (330 ft) in
1881-680: A number of different forms from a wide range of families, including carrot , parsnip , parsley , cumin . An aggregate fruit is also called an aggregation, or etaerio ; it develops from a single flower that presents numerous simple pistils . Each pistil contains one carpel ; together, they form a fruitlet. The ultimate (fruiting) development of the aggregation of pistils is called an aggregate fruit , etaerio fruit , or simply an etaerio . Different types of aggregate fruits can produce different etaerios, such as achenes, drupelets, follicles, and berries. Some other broadly recognized species and their etaerios (or aggregations) are: The pistils of
1980-713: A period of temperatures between 0 and 10 °C (32 and 50 °F) for breaking dormancy. In general, strawberries require 200–300 hours, blueberries 650–850 hours, blackberries 700 hours, raspberries 800–1700 hours, currants and gooseberries 800–1500 hours, and cranberries 2000 hours. However, too low a temperature will kill the crops: blueberries do not tolerate temperatures below −29 °C (−20 °F), raspberries, depending on variety, may tolerate as low as −31 °C (−24 °F), and blackberries are injured below −20 °C (−4 °F). Spring frosts are, however, much more damaging to berry crops than low winter temperatures. Sites with moderate slopes (3–5%), facing north or east, in
2079-442: A prominent pointed terminal projection is said to be beaked . A fruit results from the fertilizing and maturing of one or more flowers. The gynoecium , which contains the stigma-style-ovary system, is centered in the flower-head, and it forms all or part of the fruit. Inside the ovary(ies) are one or more ovules . Here begins a complex sequence called double fertilization : a female gametophyte produces an egg cell for
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#17327901835472178-556: A short shelf life, and are often preserved by drying , freezing , pickling or making fruit preserves . Berries such as blackberry, blueberry, boysenberry, lingonberry , loganberry, raspberry, and strawberry are often used in jams and jellies. In the United States, Native Americans were "the first to make preserves from blueberries". Chefs have created quick pickled soft fruit, such as blackberries, strawberries, and blueberries. Strawberries can be battered and quickly fried in
2277-404: A single flower with numerous pistils typically produces an aggregate fruit ; and the merging of several flowers, or a 'multiple' of flowers, results in a 'multiple' fruit. A simple fruit is further classified as either dry or fleshy. To distribute their seeds, dry fruits may split open and discharge their seeds to the winds, which is called dehiscence . Or the distribution process may rely upon
2376-456: A single flower. In aggregate fruits like blackberries, the individual "fruitlets" making up the fruit can be clearly seen. The fruits of blackthorn may be called "sloe berries", but botanically are small stone fruits or drupes, like plums or apricots . Junipers and yews are commonly said to have berries, but these differ from botanical berries and are instead highly modified seed-bearing cones . In juniper berries , used to flavour gin ,
2475-477: A strawberry is an edible fruit. From a botanical point of view, it is not a berry but an aggregate accessory fruit, because the fleshy part is derived from the receptacle . Each apparent seed on the outside of the strawberry is actually an achene , a botanical fruit with a seed inside it. Raw strawberries are 91% water, 8% carbohydrates , 1% protein , and contain negligible fat (table). A reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz) supplies 33 kilocalories ,
2574-551: Is oral allergy syndrome , but symptoms may also mimic hay fever or include dermatitis or hives , and, in severe cases, may cause breathing problems. Proteomic studies indicate that the allergen may be tied to a protein for the red anthocyanin biosynthesis expressed in strawberry ripening, named Fra a1 (Fragaria allergen1). White-fruited strawberry cultivars , lacking Fra a1, may be an option for strawberry allergy sufferers. They ripen but remain pale, appearing like immature berries. A virtually allergen-free cultivar named 'Sofar'
2673-556: Is a horticultural term for such fruits. The common usage of the term "berry" is different from the scientific or botanical definition of a berry , which refers to a fruit produced from the ovary of a single flower where the outer layer of the ovary wall develops into an edible fleshy portion ( pericarp ). The botanical definition includes many fruits that are not commonly known or referred to as berries, such as grapes , tomatoes , cucumbers , eggplants , bananas , and chili peppers . Fruits commonly considered berries but excluded by
2772-470: Is a perennial system of matted rows or mounds which has been used in cold growing regions for many years. In some areas, greenhouses are used; in principle they could provide strawberries during the off season for field crops. In the plasticulture system, raised beds are covered with plastic to prevent weed growth and erosion. Plants are planted through holes punched in this covering. Irrigation tubing can be run underneath if necessary. Another method uses
2871-750: Is a rich source of vitamin C (65% of the Daily Value , DV), and a good source of manganese (17% DV), with no other micronutrients in significant content (table). Strawberries contain a modest amount of essential unsaturated fatty acids in the achene (seed) oil. Garden strawberries contain diverse phytochemicals , including the dimeric ellagitannin agrimoniin, which is an isomer of sanguiin H-6 . Other polyphenols present include flavonoids , such as anthocyanins , flavanols , flavonols and phenolic acids , such as hydroxybenzoic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid . Although achenes comprise only about 1% of
2970-974: Is a ripened ovary or carpel that contains seeds, e.g., an orange, pomegranate, tomato or a pumpkin. A nut is a type of fruit (and not a seed), and a seed is a ripened ovule . In culinary language, a fruit is the sweet- or not sweet- (even sour-) tasting produce of a specific plant (e.g., a peach, pear or lemon); nuts are hard, oily, non-sweet plant produce in shells ( hazelnut , acorn ). Vegetables , so-called, typically are savory or non-sweet produce ( zucchini , lettuce, broccoli, and tomato). but some may be sweet-tasting (sweet potato). Examples of botanically classified fruit that are typically called vegetables include cucumber , pumpkin , and squash (all are cucurbits ); beans , peanuts , and peas (all legumes ); and corn , eggplant , bell pepper (or sweet pepper), and tomato. Many spices are fruits, botanically speaking, including black pepper , chili pepper , cumin and allspice . In contrast, rhubarb
3069-606: Is available. Strawberries are often grouped according to their flowering habit. Traditionally in the Northern Hemisphere, this has consisted of a division between "June-bearing" strawberries, which bear their fruit in the early summer and "ever-bearing" strawberries, which often bear several crops of fruit throughout the season. One plant throughout a season may produce 50 to 60 times or roughly once every three days. Strawberries occur in three basic flowering habits: short-day, long-day, and day-neutral. These describe
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3168-431: Is eaten either fresh or in prepared foods such as jam , juice , pies , ice cream , milkshakes , and chocolates . Artificial strawberry flavourings and aromas are widely used in commercial products. Botanically, the strawberry is not a berry but an aggregate accessory fruit; each apparent 'seed' on the outside of the strawberry is actually an achene , a botanical fruit with a seed inside it. The garden strawberry
3267-803: Is found in Italian, Flemish, and German art, and in English miniatures. In medieval depictions, the strawberry often appears in the Virgin Mary 's garden, while in the Madonna of the Strawberries , she is seated on a strawberry bed and garlanded with strawberry leaves. In the work of the late medieval painter Hieronymus Bosch , strawberries feature in The Garden of Earthly Delights amongst "frolicking male nudes". Fray Jose de Siguenza described
3366-649: Is no physiological evidence established to date that berry pigments have actual antioxidant or any other functions within the human body. Consequently, it is not permitted to claim that foods containing polyphenols have antioxidant health value on product labels in the United States or Europe. Berries are commonly used in pies or tarts, such as blueberry pie , blackberry pie , and strawberry pie . Berries are often used in baking, such as blueberry muffins, blackberry muffins, berry cobblers, berry crisps, berry cakes, berry buckles, berry crumb cakes, berry tea cakes, and berry cookies. Berries are commonly incorporated whole into
3465-417: Is often called a fruit when used in making pies , but the edible produce of rhubarb is actually the leaf stalk or petiole of the plant. Edible gymnosperm seeds are often given fruit names, e.g., ginkgo nuts and pine nuts . Botanically, a cereal grain, such as corn , rice , or wheat is a kind of fruit (termed a caryopsis ). However, the fruit wall is thin and fused to the seed coat, so almost all
3564-403: Is placed on sugars, acids, and volatile compounds, which improve the taste and fragrance of the ripe fruit. Esters , terpenes , and furans are the chemical compounds having the strongest relationships to strawberry flavour, sweetness and fragrance, with a total of 31 out of some 360 volatile compounds significantly correlated to desirable flavour and fragrance. In breeding strawberries for
3663-813: Is pressed for olive oil and similar processing is applied to other oil-bearing fruits and vegetables. Some fruits are available all year round, while others (such as blackberries and apricots in the UK) are subject to seasonal availability. Fruits are also used for socializing and gift-giving in the form of fruit baskets and fruit bouquets . Typically, many botanical fruits – "vegetables" in culinary parlance – (including tomato, green beans, leaf greens, bell pepper, cucumber, eggplant, okra, pumpkin, squash, zucchini) are bought and sold daily in fresh produce markets and greengroceries and carried back to kitchens, at home or restaurant, for preparation of meals. All fruits benefit from proper post-harvest care, and in many fruits,
3762-520: Is produced globally at twice the amount of all other berry crops combined. The strawberry was mentioned by ancient Romans, who thought it had medicinal properties, but it was then not a staple of agriculture. Woodland strawberries began to be grown in French gardens in the 14th century. The musk strawberry ( F. moschata ), also known as the hautbois strawberry, began to be grown in European gardens in
3861-745: Is the principal fermented beverage made from berries (grapes). Fruit wines are commonly made out of other berries. In most cases, sugars must be added to the berry juices in the process of Chaptalization to increase the alcohol content of the wine. Examples of fruit wines made from berries include: elderberry wine, strawberry wine, blueberry wine, blackberry wine, redcurrant wine, huckleberry wine, goji wine and cranberry wine. Berries are used in some styles of beer , particularly framboise (made with raspberry) and other fruit lambics . Currants , raisins and sultanas are examples of dried grape berries, and many other commercially important berries are available in dried form. Berries are perishable fruits with
3960-522: Is the result of parthenocarpy , where fruits set without fertilization. Parthenocarpic fruit-set may (or may not) require pollination, but most seedless citrus fruits require a stimulus from pollination to produce fruit. Seedless bananas and grapes are triploids , and seedlessness results from the abortion of the embryonic plant that is produced by fertilization, a phenomenon known as stenospermocarpy , which requires normal pollination and fertilization. Variations in fruit structures largely depend on
4059-505: The pericarp (fruit wall) is fleshy at maturity are termed fleshy simple fruits . Types of fleshy simple fruits, (with examples) include: Berries are a type of simple fleshy fruit that issue from a single ovary. (The ovary itself may be compound, with several carpels.) The botanical term true berry includes grapes, currants, cucumbers, eggplants (aubergines), tomatoes, chili peppers, and bananas, but excludes certain fruits that are called "-berry" by culinary custom or by common usage of
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4158-888: The Rosaceae family was determined by chloroplast genomics in 2021. The polyploidy (number of sets of chromosomes ) is shown as "2N" etc. by each species. Rosa and other genera [REDACTED] Potentilla (cinquefoils) [REDACTED] at least 11 other species F. viridis 2N (green strawberry) [REDACTED] F. orientalis 4N (eastern strawberry) [REDACTED] F. moschata 6N (musk strawberry) [REDACTED] F. mandshurica F. vesca ssp. vesca 2N (wild strawberry) [REDACTED] F. vesca ssp. bracteata 2N F. virginiana 8N (Virginia strawberry, parent species) [REDACTED] F. chiloensis 8N (Chilean strawberry, parent species) [REDACTED] F. x ananassa 8N (the hybrid garden strawberry) [REDACTED] In culinary terms,
4257-421: The dianella lily were used for blue coloration, and berries from the black nightshade were used to produce green coloration. Berry consumption is under preliminary research for the potential to improve nutrition and affect chronic diseases. A 2016 review found that berry consumption can significantly lower body mass index, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and systolic blood pressure. Fruit In botany ,
4356-603: The modes of dispersal applied to their seeds. Dispersal is achieved by wind or water, by explosive dehiscence , and by interactions with animals. Some fruits present their outer skins or shells coated with spikes or hooked burrs; these evolved either to deter would-be foragers from feeding on them or to serve to attach themselves to the hair, feathers, legs, or clothing of animals, thereby using them as dispersal agents. These plants are termed zoochorous ; common examples include cocklebur , unicorn plant , and beggarticks (or Spanish needle) . By developments of mutual evolution,
4455-512: The ovary of a single flower. It is fleshy throughout, except for the seeds. It does not have a special "line of weakness" along which it splits to release the seeds when ripe (i.e. it is indehiscent ). A berry may develop from an ovary with one or more carpels (the female reproductive structures of a flower). The seeds are usually embedded in the fleshy interior of the ovary, but there are some non-fleshy examples such as peppers , with air rather than pulp around their seeds. The differences between
4554-434: The raspberry are called drupelets because each pistil is like a small drupe attached to the receptacle. In some bramble fruits, such as blackberry , the receptacle, an accessory part, elongates and then develops as part of the fruit, making the blackberry an aggregate-accessory fruit. The strawberry is also an aggregate-accessory fruit, of which the seeds are contained in the achenes . Notably in all these examples,
4653-412: The (deposited) pollen through the stigma down the style into the ovary to the ovule. Two sperm are transferred from the pollen to a megagametophyte. Within the megagametophyte, one sperm unites with the egg, forming a zygote , while the second sperm enters the central cell forming the endosperm mother cell, which completes the double fertilization process. Later, the zygote will give rise to the embryo of
4752-661: The Chilean plants to provide pollen; the Chilean strawberry plants then bore abundant fruits. In 1766, Antoine Nicolas Duchesne , in the gardens of the Palace of Versailles , France, found that F. ananassa was a hybrid of the recently arrived F. chiloensis and F. virginiana . In 1759, Philip Miller recorded the 'pine strawberry' ( F. ananassa ) in Chelsea, England . In 1806, also in England, Michael Keens of Isleworth selected
4851-477: The Chilean strawberry would bear abundant and unusually large fruits. Soon after, Antoine Nicolas Duchesne began to study the breeding of strawberries and made several discoveries crucial to the science of plant breeding, such as the sexual reproduction of strawberry. Later, in the early 1800s, English breeders of strawberry made varieties of F. ananassa which were important in strawberry breeding in Europe, and hundreds of cultivars have since been produced through
4950-583: The Keens Imperial cultivar from many hybrids, winning the Royal Horticultural Society 's Silver Cup. Both the names 'pine' and 'ananassa' meant "pineapple", for the fruit's flavour. Modern strawberries and both parent species are octoploid (8N, meaning they have 8 sets of 7 chromosomes ). The genome sequence of the garden strawberry was published in 2019. Further breeding in the following centuries produced varieties with
5049-551: The United Kingdom, strawberries and cream is a popular dessert at the Wimbledon tennis tournament. Desserts using strawberries include pavlova , fraisier , and strawberry shortcake . The Roman poet Ovid wrote that in the past Golden Age, people had lived on wild fruits such as mountain strawberries. Virgil wrote in his Eclogues that "Ye who cull flowers and low-growing strawberries, / Away from here lads;
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#17327901835475148-555: The Virginia strawberry, was brought to Europe from eastern North America; F. chiloensis , the Chilean strawberry, was brought from Chile by Amédée-François Frézier in 1714. At first introduction to Europe, the Chilean strawberry plants grew vigorously, but produced no fruit. French gardeners in Brittany in the 1750s noticed that the Chilean plants bore only female flowers. They planted the wild woodland strawberry F. vesca among
5247-408: The attachment of other floral parts – there are parts (including petals, sepals, and stamens) that fuse with the ovary and ripen with it. For such a case, when floral parts other than the ovary form a significant part of the fruit that develops, it is called an accessory fruit . Examples of accessory fruits include apple, rose hip, strawberry, and pineapple. Because several parts of the flower besides
5346-531: The batter for baking, and care is often taken so as to not burst the berries. Frozen or dried berries may be preferable for some baked berry products. Fresh berries are also often incorporated into baked berry desserts, sometimes with cream, either as a filling to the dessert or as a topping. Berries are often added to water and/or juiced, as in cranberry juice , which accounts for 95% of cranberry crop usage, blueberry juice, raspberry juice , goji berry juice, acai juice, aronia berry juice, and strawberry juice. Wine
5445-424: The benefit that blessed souls get from religion, or to allegorize death and resurrection; by the late 20th century, it had come to symbolize female sexuality. In Europe, until the 17th century cultivated plants were obtained by transplanting strawberries from the forests; the plants were propagated asexually by pegging down the runners , allowing them to root, and then separating the new plants. F. virginiana ,
5544-455: The berry picking. This practice has come under scrutiny in the past years because of the low wages and poor living standard for the "berry-pickers", as well as the lack of worker safety. In the late 2010s in the US, reduced migration from Mexico and increased minimum wage standards have made finding "stoop-work" labourers to pick the strawberry crop difficult and costly. Once ripened , berries have
5643-536: The botanical definition include strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries , which are aggregate fruits , and mulberries , which are multiple fruits . Watermelons and pumpkins are giant berries that fall into the category " pepos ". A plant bearing berries is said to be bacciferous or baccate . Berries are eaten worldwide and often used in jams , preserves , cakes , or pies . Some berries are commercially important. The berry industry varies from country to country as do types of berries cultivated or growing in
5742-400: The breeding of strawberries. The Old English word berie ("berry, grape,") comes from Proto-Germanic *basjom (source also of Old Norse ber, Middle Dutch bere, German Beere "berry;" Old Saxon winberi, Gothic weinabasi "grape"), which is of unknown origin. This and apple are the only native fruit names. In botanical terminology, a berry is a simple fruit with seeds and pulp produced from
5841-890: The case of the sandbox tree – via explosive dehiscence or other such mechanisms (see impatiens and squirting cucumber ). A cornucopia of fruits – fleshy (simple) fruits from apples to berries to watermelon; dry (simple) fruits including beans and rice and coconuts; aggregate fruits including strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, pawpaw; and multiple fruits such as pineapple, fig, mulberries – are commercially valuable as human food. They are eaten both fresh and as jams, marmalade and other fruit preserves . They are used extensively in manufactured and processed foods (cakes, cookies, baked goods, flavorings, ice cream, yogurt, canned vegetables, frozen vegetables and meals) and beverages such as fruit juices and alcoholic beverages (brandy, fruit beer , wine). Spices like vanilla, black pepper, paprika, and allspice are derived from berries. Olive fruit
5940-496: The clay or silt content of the soil is more than 20%, while most other berries tolerate a wide range of soil types. For most berry crops, the ideal soil is well drained sandy loam, with a pH of 6.2–6.8 and a moderate to high organic content; however, blueberries have an ideal pH of 4.2–4.8 and can be grown on muck soils, while blueberries and cranberries prefer poorer soils with lower cation exchange, lower calcium, and lower levels of phosphorus. Growing most berries organically requires
6039-502: The commercial market in the United States, the volatile compounds methyl anthranilate and gamma-decalactone , prominent in aromatic wild strawberries, are especially desired for their "sweet and fruity" aroma characteristics. As strawberry flavour and fragrance appeal to consumers, they are used widely in manufacturing, including foods, beverages, perfumes and cosmetics. Some people experience an anaphylactoid reaction to eating strawberries. The most common form of this reaction
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#17327901835476138-450: The cone scales, which are hard and woody in most conifers, are instead soft and fleshy when ripe. The bright red berries of yews consist of a fleshy outgrowth ( aril ) almost enclosing the poisonous seed. Strawberries have been grown in gardens in Europe since the 14th century. Blueberries were domesticated starting in 1911, with the first commercial crop in 1916. Huckleberries of all varieties are not fully domesticated, but domestication
6237-428: The day-length sensitivity of the plant and the type of photoperiod that induces flower formation. Day-neutral cultivars produce flowers regardless of the photoperiod. Strawberry cultivars vary widely in size, colour, flavour, shape, degree of fertility, season of ripening, liability to disease and constitution of plant. In 2022, world production of strawberries was 9.6 million tonnes , led by China with 35% of
6336-490: The decay and degradation of the fruit to expose the seeds; or it may rely upon the eating of fruit and excreting of seeds by frugivores – both are called indehiscence . Fleshy fruits do not split open, but they also are indehiscent and they may also rely on frugivores for distribution of their seeds. Typically, the entire outer layer of the ovary wall ripens into a potentially edible pericarp . Types of dry simple fruits, (with examples) include: Fruits in which part or all of
6435-401: The edible grain-fruit is actually a seed. The outer layer, often edible, of most fruits is called the pericarp . Typically formed from the ovary, it surrounds the seeds; in some species, however, other structural tissues contribute to or form the edible portion. The pericarp may be described in three layers from outer to inner, i.e., the epicarp , mesocarp and endocarp . Fruit that bears
6534-404: The everyday and botanical uses of "berry" results in three categories: those fruits that are berries under both definitions; those fruits that are botanical berries but not commonly known as berries; and those parts of plants commonly known as berries that are not botanical berries, and may not even be fruits. Berries under both definitions include blueberries , cranberries , lingonberries , and
6633-554: The field. Strawberries are popular in home gardens, and numerous cultivars have been selected for consumption and for exhibition purposes. The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit : Around 200 species of pest arthropods attack strawberries. These include moths , fruit flies , chafers, strawberry root weevils, strawberry thrips, strawberry sap beetles, strawberry crown moth, mites , and aphids . Non-arthropod pests include slugs. Some are vectors of plant diseases; for instance,
6732-477: The fleshy produce of fruits typically appeals to hungry animals, such that the seeds contained within are taken in, carried away, and later deposited (i.e., defecated ) at a distance from the parent plant. Likewise, the nutritious, oily kernels of nuts typically motivate birds and squirrels to hoard them, burying them in soil to retrieve later during the winter of scarcity; thereby, uneaten seeds are sown effectively under natural conditions to germinate and grow
6831-429: The fruit develops from a single flower, with numerous pistils. A multiple fruit is formed from a cluster of flowers, (a 'multiple' of flowers) – also called an inflorescence . Each ('smallish') flower produces a single fruitlet, which, as all develop, all merge into one mass of fruit. Examples include pineapple , fig , mulberry , Osage orange , and breadfruit . An inflorescence (a cluster) of white flowers, called
6930-416: The fruits develop, but they are not evolutionarily relevant as diverse plant taxa may be in the same group. While the section of a fungus that produces spores is called a fruiting body, fungi are members of the fungi kingdom and not of the plant kingdom . Simple fruits are the result of the ripening-to-fruit of a simple or compound ovary in a single flower with a single pistil . In contrast,
7029-803: The fruits of many other members of the heather family , as well as gooseberries , goji berries and elderberries . The fruits of some "currants" ( Ribes species), such as blackcurrants , red currants and white currants , are botanical berries, and are treated as horticultural berries (or as soft fruit in the UK), even though their most commonly used names do not include the word "berry". Botanical berries not commonly known as berries include bananas , tomatoes , grapes , eggplants (aubergines), persimmons , watermelons , and pumpkins . There are several different kinds of fruits which are commonly called berries, but are not botanical berries. Blackberries , raspberries , and strawberries are kinds of aggregate fruit ; they contain seeds from different ovaries of
7128-403: The genus Rubus have been cultivated since the 17th century, while smooth-skinned blueberries and cranberries of the genus Vaccinium have been cultivated in the United States for over a century. In Japan, between the 10th and 18th centuries, the terms ichibigo and ichigo referred to many berry crops. The most widely cultivated berry of modern times, however, is the strawberry, which
7227-419: The head of the branch or stem. Fruits may incorporate tissues derived from other floral parts besides the ovary, including the receptacle, hypanthium, petals, or sepals. Accessory fruits occur in all three classes of fruit development – simple, aggregate, and multiple. Accessory fruits are frequently designated by the hyphenated term showing both characters. For example, a pineapple is a multiple-accessory fruit,
7326-493: The late 16th century. Later, the Virginia strawberry was grown in Europe and the United States. The most commonly consumed strawberry, the garden strawberry ( F. ananassa ), is an accidental hybrid of the Virginia strawberry and a Chilean variety Fragaria chiloensis . It was first noted by a French gardener around the mid 18th century that, when F. moschata and F. virginiana were planted in between rows of F. chiloensis ,
7425-496: The latter term meaning the fleshy part is derived not from the plant's ovaries but from the receptacle that holds the ovaries . Numerous dry achenes are attached to the outside of the fruit-flesh; they appear to be seeds but each is actually an ovary of a flower, with a seed inside. Schizocarps are dry fruits, though some appear to be fleshy. They originate from syncarpous ovaries but do not actually dehisce ; rather, they split into segments with one or more seeds. They include
7524-423: The northern hemisphere, near large bodies of water, which regulate spring temperature, are considered ideal in preventing spring frost injury to the new leaves and flowers. All berry crops have shallow root systems. Many land-grant university extension offices suggest that strawberries should not be planted more than five years on the same site, due to the danger of black root rot (though many other illnesses go by
7623-445: The number of fertilized ovules. The pericarp typically is differentiated into two or three distinct layers; these are called the exocarp (outer layer, also called epicarp), mesocarp (middle layer), and endocarp (inner layer). In some fruits, the sepals , petals , stamens or the style of the flower fall away as the fleshy fruit ripens. However, for simple fruits derived from an inferior ovary – i.e., one that lies below
7722-739: The only berries that respond to ethylene, but flavor does not improve after harvest, so they require the same treatment as other berries. Removal of ethylene may reduce disease and spoilage in all berries. Precooling within one to two hours post-harvest to storage temperature, generally 0 °C (32 °F), via forced air cooling increases the storage life of berries by about a third. Under optimum storage conditions, raspberries and blackberries last for two to five days, strawberries 7–10 days, blueberries two to four weeks, and cranberries two to four months. Berries can be shipped under high carbon dioxide or modified atmosphere of 10–15% carbon dioxide for high carbon dioxide or 15–20% carbon dioxide and 5–10% oxygen for
7821-473: The other; humans, and many other animals, have become dependent on fruits as a source of food. Consequently, fruits account for a substantial fraction of the world's agricultural output, and some (such as the apple and the pomegranate ) have acquired extensive cultural and symbolic meanings. In common language and culinary usage, fruit normally means the seed-associated fleshy structures (or produce) of plants that typically are sweet (or sour) and edible in
7920-437: The ovary may contribute to the structure of a fruit, it is important to understand how a particular fruit forms. There are three general modes of fruit development: Consistent with the three modes of fruit development, plant scientists have classified fruits into three main groups: simple fruits, aggregate fruits, and multiple (or composite) fruits. The groupings reflect how the ovary and other flower organs are arranged and how
8019-416: The painting as embodying the strawberry as a symbol of the ephemerality of earthly joys. Modern scholars have seen the symbolism entirely differently: Clement Wertheim-Aymes believed it meant the blessed souls' benefit from religion; Pater Gerlach supposed it meant spiritual love; and Laurinda Dixon asserted it was part of an allegory of death and resurrection. By the late 20th century, the strawberry (and
8118-614: The plant hormone ethylene causes ripening . Therefore, maintaining most fruits in an efficient cold chain is optimal for post-harvest storage, with the aim of extending and ensuring shelf life. Various culinary fruits provide significant amounts of fiber and water, and many are generally high in vitamin C . An overview of numerous studies showed that fruits (e.g., whole apples or whole oranges) are satisfying (filling) by simply eating and chewing them. The dietary fiber consumed in eating fruit promotes satiety , and may help to control body weight and aid reduction of blood cholesterol ,
8217-401: The purpose of fertilization. (A female gametophyte is called a megagametophyte , and also called the embryo sac .) After double fertilization, the ovules will become seeds. Ovules are fertilized in a process that starts with pollination , which is the movement of pollen from the stamens to the stigma-style-ovary system within the flower-head. After pollination, a pollen tube grows from
8316-403: The raw state, such as apples, bananas, grapes, lemons, oranges, and strawberries. In botanical usage, the term fruit also includes many structures that are not commonly called as such in everyday language, such as nuts, bean pods, corn kernels, tomatoes, and wheat grains. Many common language terms used for fruit and seeds differ from botanical classifications. For example, in botany, a fruit
8415-451: The same genus; hybridization between different genus may also be possible, but more difficult. Breeding may seek to increase the size and yield of the fruit, improve the flavor and quality of its nutrient content, such as antioxidants, expand the harvest season, and produce cultivars with resistance to diseases, tolerance of hot or cold conditions, and other desirable traits. Advancements in molecular biology and genetic engineering allow for
8514-469: The same name), which in the past has been controlled in major commercial production by annual methyl bromide fumigation but is largely prohibited now. Besides the number of years in production, soil compaction, the frequency of fumigation, and herbicide usages increase the appearance of black root rot in strawberries. Raspberries, blackberries, strawberries, and many other berries are susceptible to verticillium wilt . Blueberries and cranberries grow poorly if
8613-401: The seed, and the endosperm mother cell will give rise to endosperm , a nutritive tissue used by the embryo. As the ovules develop into seeds, the ovary begins to ripen and the ovary wall, the pericarp , may become fleshy (as in berries or drupes ), or it may form a hard outer covering (as in nuts). In some multi-seeded fruits, the extent to which a fleshy structure develops is proportional to
8712-730: The store, they should not be damaged or bruised; and precut pieces should be refrigerated or surrounded by ice. All fruits and vegetables should be rinsed before eating. This recommendation also applies to produce with rinds or skins that are not eaten. It should be done just before preparing or eating to avoid premature spoilage. Fruits and vegetables should be kept separate from raw foods like meat, poultry, and seafood, as well as from utensils that have come in contact with raw foods. Fruits and vegetables that are not going to be cooked should be thrown away if they have touched raw meat, poultry, seafood, or eggs. All cut, peeled, or cooked fruits and vegetables should be refrigerated within two hours. After
8811-1008: The strawberry aphid, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii , can carry the strawberry mild yellow-edge virus . Strawberry plants are subject to many diseases, especially when subjected to stress. The leaves may be infected by powdery mildew , leaf spot (caused by the fungus Sphaerella fragariae ), leaf blight (caused by the fungus Phomopsis obscurans ), and by a variety of slime molds . The crown and roots may fall victim to red stele, verticillium wilt, black root rot , and nematodes . The fruits are subject to damage from gray mold ( Botrytis cinerea ), rhizopus rot, and leather rot. The NPR1 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana , AtNPR1 , confers A. thaliana ' s broad-spectrum resistance when transexpressed in F. ananassa . This includes resistance to anthracnose, powdery mildew, and angular leaf spot. A 1997 study found that many wound volatiles were effective against gray mold ( B. cinerea ). Both Tribute and Chandler varieties benefited from
8910-417: The term – such as strawberries and raspberries. Berries may be formed from one or more carpels (i.e., from the simple or compound ovary) from the same, single flower. Seeds typically are embedded in the fleshy interior of the ovary. Examples include: The strawberry, regardless of its appearance, is classified as a dry, not a fleshy fruit. Botanically, it is not a berry ; it is an aggregate-accessory fruit,
9009-583: The total and the United States and Turkey as other significant producers. Due to the relatively fragile nature of the strawberry, approximately 35 percent of the $ 2.2 billion United States crop was spoiled in 2020. An Idaho company announced plans to launch more durable gene-edited strawberries. In the U.S., as of 2021 , it cost growers around $ 35,000 per acre to plant and $ 35,000 per acre to harvest strawberries. For commercial production, plants can be propagated from bare root plants or plugs. One method of cultivation uses annual plasticulture ; another
9108-559: The total fresh weight of a strawberry, they contribute 11% of all polyphenols in the whole fruit; achene phytochemicals include ellagic acid , ellagic acid glycosides , and ellagitannins. Pelargonidin-3-glucoside is the major anthocyanin pigment in strawberries, giving them their red colour, with cyanidin-3-glucoside in smaller amounts. Strawberries also contain purple minor pigments, such as dimeric anthocyanins. Sweetness, fragrance and complex flavour are important attributes of strawberries. In plant breeding and farming, emphasis
9207-410: The total. Strawberries have appeared in literature and art from Roman times; Virgil wrote about the snake lurking beneath the strawberry, an image reinterpreted by later writers including Shakespeare . Strawberries appear in Italian, Flemish, and German paintings, including Hieronymus Bosch 's The Garden of Earthly Delights . It has been understood to symbolize the ephemerality of earthly joys, or
9306-421: The treatments, although the effects vary widely with substance and variety. Strawberry plants metabolize these volatiles, more rapidly than do either blackberry or grape . Strawberries were eaten fresh with cream in the time of Thomas Wolsey in the court of King Henry VIII . Strawberries can be frozen or made into jam or preserves , as well as dried and used in prepared foods, such as cereal bars. In
9405-565: The use of proper crop rotation, the right mix of cover crops, and the cultivation of the correct beneficial microorganisms in the soil. As blueberries and cranberries thrive in soils that are not hospitable to most other plants, and conventional fertilizers are toxic to them, the primary concern when growing them organically is bird management. Postharvest small fruit berries are generally stored at 90–95% relative humidity and 0 °C (32 °F). Cranberries, however, are frost sensitive, and should be stored at 3 °C (37 °F). Blueberries are
9504-513: The wild. Some berries such as raspberries and strawberries have been bred for hundreds of years and are distinct from their wild counterparts, while other berries, such as lingonberries and cloudberries , grow almost exclusively in the wild. While many berries are edible, some are poisonous to humans, such as deadly nightshade and pokeweed . Others, such as the white mulberry , red mulberry , and elderberry , are poisonous when unripe , but are edible when ripe. Berries have been valuable as
9603-403: The year 2005, there were 1.8 million acres (7,300 square kilometres) of land worldwide cultivating berries, with 6.3 million short tons (5.7 megatonnes) produced. In certain regions, berrypicking can be a large part of the economy, and it is becoming increasingly common for western European countries such as Sweden and Finland to import cheap labor from Thailand or Bulgaria to do
9702-449: Was attempted from 1994 to 2010 for the economically significant western huckleberry. Many other varieties of Vaccinium are likewise not domesticated, with some being of commercial importance. Like most other food crops, berries are commercially grown, with both conventional pest management and integrated pest management (IPM) practices. Organically certified berries are becoming more widely available. Many soft fruit berries require
9801-405: Was first bred in Brittany , France, in the 1750s via a cross of F. virginiana from eastern North America and F. chiloensis , which was brought from Chile by Amédée-François Frézier in 1714. Cultivars of F. × ananassa have replaced the woodland strawberry F. vesca in commercial production. In 2022, world production of strawberries exceeded nine million tons, led by China with 35% of
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