24-399: Rosaceae ( / r oʊ ˈ z eɪ s iː . iː , - s i . aɪ , - s i . eɪ / ), the rose family , is a family of flowering plants that includes 4,828 known species in 91 genera . The name is derived from the type genus Rosa . The family includes herbs, shrubs, and trees. Most species are deciduous , but some are evergreen . They have a worldwide range but are most diverse in
48-521: A rose , or the receptacle -derived aggregate accessory fruit of a strawberry . Many fruits of the family are edible, but their seeds often contain amygdalin , which can release cyanide during digestion if the seed is damaged. The family was traditionally divided into six subfamilies: Rosoideae , Spiraeoideae , Maloideae (Pomoideae), Amygdaloideae (Prunoideae), Neuradoideae, and Chrysobalanoideae, and most of these were treated as families by various authors. More recently (1971), Chrysobalanoideae
72-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called
96-400: A variety of color petals, but blue is almost completely absent. The fruits occur in many varieties and were once considered the main characters for the definition of subfamilies amongst Rosaceae, giving rise to a fundamentally artificial subdivision. They can be follicles , capsules , nuts , achenes , drupes ( Prunus ), and accessory fruits , like the pome of an apple, the hip of
120-529: Is a genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae , commonly known as strawberries for their edible fruits . There are more than 20 described species and many hybrids and cultivars . The most common strawberries grown commercially are cultivars of the garden strawberry , a hybrid known as Fragaria × ananassa . Strawberries have a taste that varies by cultivar, and ranges from quite sweet to rather tart. Strawberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of
144-499: Is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to
168-407: Is most often serrate. Paired stipules are generally present, and are a primitive feature within the family, independently lost in many groups of Amygdaloideae (previously called Spiraeoideae). The stipules are sometimes adnate (attached surface to surface) to the petiole . Glands or extrafloral nectaries may be present on leaf margins or petioles. Spines may be present on the midrib of leaflets and
192-485: Is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family
216-673: Is supported by the following shared morphological characters not found in Amygdaloideae: presence of stipules, separation of the hypanthium from the ovary , and the fruits are usually achenes. Dryadoideae has been identified as the earliest branching subfamily by Evans et al. (2002) and Potter (2003). Most recently Xiang et al. (2017) recovered these relationships using nuclear transcriptomes : Maleae Gillenieae Kerrieae Exochordeae Sorbarieae Amygdaleae Lyonothamneae Spiraeeae Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae )
240-499: Is thought in turn to derive from a Proto-Indo-European language root meaning " berry ", either *dʰreh₂ǵ- or *sróh₂gs . The genus name is sometimes mistakenly derived from fragro ("to be fragrant, to reek"). The English word is found in Old English as streawberige . It is commonly thought that strawberries get their name from straw being used as a mulch in cultivating the plants, though it has been suggested that
264-502: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Fragaria 20+ species; see text Fragaria ( / f r ə ˈ ɡ ɛər i . ə / )
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#1732765324589288-573: The Northern Hemisphere . Many economically important products come from the Rosaceae, including various edible fruits, such as apples , pears , quinces , apricots , plums , cherries , peaches , raspberries , blackberries , loquats , strawberries , rose hips , hawthorns , and almonds . The family also includes popular ornamental trees and shrubs, such as roses , meadowsweets , rowans , firethorns , and photinias . Among
312-511: The earliest branching subfamily by Chin et al. (2014), Li et al. (2015), Li et al. (2016), and Sun et al. (2016). Most recently Zhang et al. (2017) recovered these relationships using whole plastid genomes: Maleae Gillenieae Spiraeeae Sorbarieae Amygdaleae Kerrieae Exochordeae Neillieae Lyonothamneae Potentilleae Roseae Agrimonieae Rubeae Colurieae Ulmarieae Dryadeae outgroup The sister relationship between Dryadoideae and Rosoideae
336-471: The classification of strawberry species is that they vary in the number of chromosomes . They all have seven basic types of chromosomes, but exhibit different polyploidy . Some species are diploid, having two sets of the seven chromosomes (14 chromosomes total), but others are tetraploid (four sets, 28 chromosomes total), hexaploid (six sets, 42 chromosomes total), octoploid (eight sets, 56 chromosomes total), or decaploid (ten sets, 70 chromosomes total). As
360-540: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and
384-730: The most species-rich genera in the family are Alchemilla (270), Sorbus (260), Crataegus (260), Cotoneaster (260), Rubus (250), and Prunus (200), which contains the plums , cherries , peaches , apricots , and almonds . However, all of these numbers should be seen as estimates—much taxonomic work remains. Rosaceae can be woody trees, shrubs, climbers or herbaceous plants. The herbs are mostly perennials, but some annuals also exist, such as Aphanes arvensis . The leaves are generally arranged spirally , but have an opposite arrangement in some species. They can be simple or pinnately compound (either odd- or even-pinnate). Compound leaves appear in around 30 genera. The leaf margin
408-482: The rachis of compound leaves. Flowers of plants in the rose family are generally described as "showy". They are radially symmetrical , and almost always hermaphroditic. Rosaceae generally have five sepals , five petals , and many spirally arranged stamens . The bases of the sepals, petals, and stamens are fused together to form a characteristic cup-like structure called a hypanthium . They can be arranged in spikes , or heads . Solitary flowers are rare. Rosaceae have
432-552: The same. While the boundaries of the Rosaceae are not disputed, there is no general agreement as to how many genera it contains. Areas of divergent opinion include the treatment of Potentilla s.l. and Sorbus s.l. . Compounding the problem is that apomixis is common in several genera. This results in an uncertainty in the number of species contained in each of these genera, due to the difficulty of dividing apomictic complexes into species. For example, Cotoneaster contains between 70 and 300 species, Rosa around 100 (including
456-575: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted
480-562: The taxonomically complex dog roses ), Sorbus 100 to 200 species, Crataegus between 200 and 1,000, Alchemilla around 300 species, Potentilla roughly 500, and Rubus hundreds, or possibly even thousands of species. Identified clades include: The phylogenetic relationships between the three subfamilies within Rosaceae are unresolved. There are three competing hypotheses: Amygdaloideae Rosoideae Dryadoideae Dryadoideae Amygdaloideae Rosoideae Rosoideae Dryadoideae Amygdaloideae Amygdaloideae has been identified as
504-549: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,
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#1732765324589528-710: The word is possibly derived from "strewn berry" in reference to the runners that "strew" or "stray away" from the base of the plants. Streaw in Old English means 'straw', but also streawian means 'to strew', from the same root. David Mikkelson argues that "the word 'strawberry' has been part of the English language for at least a thousand years, well before strawberries were cultivated as garden or farm edibles." There are more than 20 different Fragaria species worldwide. A number of other species have been proposed, some of which are now recognized as subspecies. One key to
552-413: The world. Strawberries are not berries in the botanical sense . The fleshy and edible part of the "fruit" is a receptacle , and the parts that are sometimes mistakenly called "seeds" are achenes and therefore the true botanical fruits. The genus name Fragaria derives from fragum (" strawberry ") and -aria , a suffix used to create feminine nouns and plant names . The Latin name
576-919: Was placed in Malpighiales in molecular analyses and Neuradoideae has been assigned to Malvales. Schulze-Menz, in Engler's Syllabus edited by Melchior (1964) recognized Rosoideae, Dryadoideae, Lyonothamnoideae, Spireoideae, Amygdaloideae, and Maloideae. They were primarily diagnosed by the structure of the fruits. More recent work has identified that not all of these groups were monophyletic . Hutchinson (1964) and Kalkman (2004) recognized only tribes (17 and 21, respectively). Takhtajan (1997) delimited 21 tribes in 10 subfamilies: Filipenduloideae, Rosoideae, Ruboideae, Potentilloideae, Coleogynoideae, Kerroideae, Amygdaloideae (Prunoideae), Spireoideae, Maloideae (Pyroideae), Dichotomanthoideae. A more modern model comprises three subfamilies, one of which (Rosoideae) has largely remained
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