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67-662: The Bitoi River is a river located in Morobe Province , Papua New Guinea . The river flows into the Huon Gulf south of Salamaua . 7°14′S 147°04′E  /  7.233°S 147.067°E  / -7.233; 147.067 This article related to a river in Papua New Guinea is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Morobe Province The Morobe Province takes its name from former German administration center of Morobe southeast of

134-520: A B-26 Marauder had repercussions throughout the Pacific theater. Sent as an observer, with instructions to report up the line to Roosevelt, to Congress, and to the Navy brass that the conditions in the Pacific were deplorable, the men had third–rate equipment to fight Japan's first class planes. The effort needed another 6,800 trained and experienced men, plus better supplies, provisions, and generally

201-652: A Member of the National Parliament . There is one provincial electorate and each district is an open electorate. Johann Flierl Johann Flierl (16 April 1858 – 30 September 1947) was a pioneer Lutheran missionary in New Guinea . He established mission schools and organised the construction of roads and communication between otherwise remote interior locations. Under his leadership, Lutheran evangelicalism flourished in New Guinea. He founded

268-602: A Mission station at Sattelberg , 700 metres (2,297 ft) in the highlands. In 1890 and 1891, he built the Sattelberg Mission Station there and constructed a road approximately 24 kilometres (15 mi) between the station and the Finsch harbor ( Finschhafen ), which cut the traveling time from three days to five hours. In 1885, Lutheran and Catholic congregations sent clergy to establish missions, who experienced moderate, but very slow, success with

335-721: A commercial coconut plantation and acquired the mission's first large vessel, The Bavaria, in 1907. He also took an extended trip to Europe, Australia, and the United States, extending his contacts outside of Germany, and developing the mission's financial resources. The outbreak of World War I in 1914 complicated life for the German missionaries in the Finschhafen district, as it did the businessmen and government functionaires. The German population there had never been substantial. In 1902, fewer than 25 Europeans lived on

402-628: A governor, who was assisted after 1904 by a nominated Government Council. When the Imperial Government took over the running of the colony in 1899, its overriding objective was rapid economic development, based on a German- controlled plantation economy. In April 1911, Dr Wegener , director of the Meteorological Observatory in Apia , stated he was on his way to German New Guinea, to make preliminary arrangements for

469-465: A group. Keyser invented the method of group conversion, resulting in the first group baptisms in 1903, and mass conversions in 1905 and 1906. Recognizing that his own usefulness in the Sattelberg had ended, in 1904, Flierl handed the directorship to Keyser, and moved himself and his family—which now included four children—to Heldsbach, 5.8 kilometres (4 mi) away on the coast. There, he started

536-720: A higher priority in the war effort. The Lae War Cemetery is located adjacent to the Botanical Gardens in the center of the city of Lae. The cemetery was begun in 1944 by the Australian Army Graves Services, and the Commonwealth Graves Commission assumed responsibility for it in 1947. The Lae Memorial commemorates 300 men of the Australian forces (including Merchant Navy, Royal Australian Air Force, and

603-547: A missionary to the North American Indians, his father tried to send him to the seminary in Neuendettelsau , but was told his son needed to be 17 years old before he could enroll in the program. For four years, Flierl worked on his father's farm and continued his education informally; he also learned to knit and reportedly he could knit a sock in a day. He finally enrolled in the seminary in 1875; when he

670-642: A museum at the Wartburg Theological Seminary in Iowa, which also awarded Flierl an honorary degree. These new relationships were particularly important to maintain streams of personnel and supplies and became even more critical during the difficult post-war diplomatic and political dynamic of the Versailles Treaty negotiations. Potential territorial changes made it possible that the missions would be expropriated by Australians and

737-578: A particularly bad malaria epidemic wiped out almost half the European population on the coast; even Finschhafen itself was largely abandoned when the German New Guinea Company moved its operations to Stephensort (now Madang ). Louise Flierl arrived later in 1889, but told her husband she would not stay unless he found a healthier place to live than the mosquito-infested delta lands around Simbang; upon further exploration, he identified

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804-536: A promising site at 700 metres (2,297 ft) in the highlands. In 1890, he built the Sattelberg Mission Station there and constructed a road approximately 24 kilometres (15 mi) between the station and the Finschharbor ( Finschhafen ), which cut the travelling time from three days to five hours. Flierl's old policy at Simbang, and the one that prevailed at Sattelberg, focused on education and called for preliminary language study and literacy development so that

871-540: A series of journeys by balloon across the mainland, the purpose of which was to make aerial surveys. In late 1913, the Imperial Colonial Office appointed Hermann Detzner to lead an expedition to survey the border between the British protectorate, called Papua and the German territory and to survey and map the interior. Detzner, an Austrian, was a military surveyor. The expedition set off along

938-515: A similar mind-set to Löhe's, formed by his education at Neuendettelsau seminary and his experience among the so-called Old Lutherans in southern Australia. When he arrived in early July 1886, he established clear boundaries between his work and that of the business and official community; although they maintained respectful relationships, he sought to establish a mission that was true to the Word of God and untainted by "unionism" and collaboration between

1005-500: A sinful "unionism" with congregation that complied with state uniformity. The mission society provided clergy and religious education for Lutheran settlements in Missouri, Iowa, and Ohio, Australia, and anywhere else "free thinking" Lutherans had settled. Despite his childhood and youth in a "unionist" parish (and one in which Catholics and all Protestants shared ecclesiastical facilities), Flierl came to mission work in New Guinea with

1072-465: Is part of the Australasian realm . Through eco-tourism , the province capitalizes on its spectacular scenery, readily accessible diving locales, and its mountains and jungles to offer tourists rich experiences in coral reef, rain forest, sub-alpine and alpine and tropical habitats. The province's jungles and forests are also popular for viewing over 1,000 of species of birds and mammals , including

1139-660: The Austronesian family of languages predominate. However, in some inland areas such as Wau, both Kâte and Yabem were introduced by mission groups coming from different directions. Today, English, and especially Pidgin English , are the common urban languages in Lae. The Province sends nine members to the national parliament , and has 14 members of the Tutumang the provincial assembly. Tutumang means "the coming together," and

1206-687: The Trans-New Guinea language family . During the 20th century, two well-studied local languages, Kâte and Yabem , were used for the purposes of evangelisation by the Lutheran Church, based in Finschhafen . In theory, Kâte was intended for use in the mountainous hinterlands, where Papuan languages are spoken, and Yabem in coastal and lowland areas, particularly along the coast and in the Markham Valley, where speakers of

1273-620: The Archipelago. In 1884, the German New Guinea Company was founded in Berlin by Adolph von Hansemann , Dr Otto Finsch and a syndicate of German bankers for the purpose of colonizing and exploiting resources on Neu Guinea ( German New Guinea ), where German interest grew after British Queensland 's annexation of part of eastern New Guinea . Von Hansemann's task was to select land for plantation development on

1340-523: The Australian Army) who lost their lives and have no known grave. It contains 2300–2800 burials, of which 444 are unidentified. After the World War 2, Morobe Province was in a neglected state with the main economic activity being the collection and sale of war disposal equipment. The expatriate population looked at expanding the agricultural sector. The Australian Minister of Territories

1407-481: The Australian administrators, and were permitted to continue their work. The two missionaries running the Neuendettelsau station on the Sattelberg, Otto Thiele and Christian Keysser, seemingly turned a blind eye to the presence of the pesky Hermann Detzner , a regular army officer stranded on a survey mission in the interior at the outbreak of war; Detzner refused to surrender to Australian authorities and spent

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1474-497: The British and probable that their staffs would be expelled from their homes. The war also wrought havoc on Flierl's family. The oldest boy, Wilhelm, was arrested in 1915, after two German officers (probably Detzner and another man) appropriated a vessel in an attempt to escape from New Guinea; their gear did not fit into the canoe, and they left behind a box, which caused the Australians to accuse Wilhelm of collaboration. He

1541-908: The Evangelical Lutheran Mission in the Sattelberg, and a string of filial stations on the northeastern coast of New Guinea including the Malahang Mission Station . He was educated at the mission seminary in Neuendettelsau , in the Kingdom of Bavaria . Prior to finishing his education, the Neuendettelsau Missionary Society sent him to the Bethesda mission, near Hahndorf , in South Australia, where he joined an Old Lutheran community. While there, he felt called to serve in

1608-462: The German perspective, made the accuracy of the border essential. The first European to spend any length of time in Morobe was Russian biologist Nicolai Miklouho-Maclay . He arrived at Astrolabe Bay, south of the present site of Madang, in 1871 and stayed for 15 months before leaving to regain his health, 1874 John Moresby on HMS Basilisk sails along Huon Gulf and names Parsee Point (Salamaua),

1675-546: The Kâte, these men were different from the land-hungry planters, who rarely left the confines of their plantations; missionaries, on the other hand, were friendly, willing to explore the interior, and interested in knowing the people, their language, and their countryside. In part, the variation in attitudes of the commercial and official interests, geographically located on the coast, and the evangelical attitudes, primarily located inland, but with supply, cultural and language links to

1742-573: The Lae. Under German administration, Morobe (meaning post) was named Adolfhafen for the German Deutsch Neuguinea-Kompagnie's Adolf von Hansemann and German word hafen ( heɪfən ) meaning port ) and was an outpost of the Deutsch Neuguinea-Kompagnie era. It was located close to the border of British New Guinea. While there have been various attempts to examine the history of Morobe Province,

1809-834: The Langimar-Watut divide, and traveled by raft down the Watut River to its junction with the Markham River , and on to the Lutheran Mission station at Gabmadzung On 4 August 1914, Britain declared war on Germany. As World War I spread to the Pacific, Australian troops invaded German New Guinea, taking the German barracks in Herbertshöhe (present day Kokopo ) and forcing the defending German colonial troops to capitulate on 21 September after their defeat at Bita Paka . On 6 August 1914, residents of

1876-613: The Markham, Rawlinson Ranges, and explores around the Markham mouth, and meet up with people along the coast; who according to him seem to have met white men before. In the 1870s and 1880s German commercial firms began to site trading stations in New Guinea . Agents of J.C. Godeffroy & Sohn reached the Bismarck Archipelago from the Caroline Islands in 1872. In 1875 Hernsheim & Company moved to

1943-575: The Morobe Province depends on the production and harvesting of cocoa , coffee , copra and sugar , and tropical fruits (bananas, coconuts). Oil and gas industries are emerging, as is new mining and energy industry. Deteriorating roads and the lack of manufacturing and transportation/communication infrastructure impedes economic development. The Hidden Valley mine is a gold and silver mine built by Harmony Gold from South Africa over 2006 to mid-2009, with Newcrest from Australia buying into

2010-545: The Pacific including Yap , Nauru , Samoa , and at Bita Paka , in German New Guinea. The German protectorate was overrun by British-Australian troops. In 1918, as part of the settlements ending World War I , Kaiser-Wilhemsland was administered by the Commonwealth of Australia , a British dominion . In 1918, Kaiser Wilhelmsland and the other territories that comprised German New Guinea (New Pomerania and

2077-546: The Protectorate were notified by proclamation that a state of war existed between Germany, and England, France and Russia. During this time Detzner continued surveying and avoiding allied forces. On 11 November 1918, Detzner was advised that the war had ended and surrendered himself at Finschafen complete with sword and sun helmet. He was interned at Sydney and returned to Germany. Under German New Guinea, powerful wireless stations were constructed at strategic points in

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2144-679: The Province maintains that name for its assembly, as is permitted under the Organic Law on Provincial Government and Local Government. From the 2022 National Election the Morobe Governor is Luther Wenge . Each province in Papua New Guinea has one or more districts, and each district has one or more Local Level Government (LLG) areas. For census purposes, the LLG areas are subdivided into wards and those into census units. The province

2211-584: The Province. The former German administrative center, Adolfhaven, was renamed the Morobe Patrol Post and a Sub-District headquarters established in Kaiapit and Kainantu and District headquarters established in Lae and patrol posts established in Wantoat and other areas in the province During the 1960s the kiap became more like a magistrate , moving away from law enforcement . Morobe province

2278-632: The United States, had left Prussia in 1838 and the 1840s to escape "unionism," the movement toward uniformity of organisation and worship imposed upon them by the state. Wilhelm Löhe , a pastor at Neuendettelsau in Germany, brought a similar ideology to the Neuendettelsau Mission Society, even refusing to co-operate with the Barmen or Basel missionary societies, for example, because such co-operation would dilute "pure doctrine" by

2345-443: The Word, primarily because he grasped a central feature of Guinean life that Flierl never understood: the Kâte could not conceive of themselves as autonomous individuals. Kâte concepts of self were woven inseparably into the context of extended families, clans, and ancestors. Consequently, the Kâte could not come individually to Christ — to do so would place one outside all social and cultural relationships—but rather, they had to come as

2412-529: The church and the state. He and his first colleague, Karl Tremel (also spelled Treml), established the mission near Simbang, in October 1886. Initially they lived in tents. With the help of some Australian Wesleyans (Methodists) they had recruited in New Pomerania , they later created a small compound of a few houses, a school, and a church. Another German missionary, Georg Bamler, joined them in 1887;

2479-631: The coast of the present-day Morobe province. Johann Flierl was born in rural Germany, in Buchhof , a tiny farmstead (with three houses), near Fürnied , in the vicinity of Sulzbach , in the Oberpfalz , Kingdom of Bavaria . He had at least two sisters. At age thirteen, when he finished his studies at the local primary school, his father apprenticed him to a blacksmith, but changed his mind when he discovered that his son would have to work on Sundays. Because Flierl had hoped since his early youth to serve as

2546-466: The coast, is called by historians of colonialism "the rule of colonial difference." The "rule of difference" explains the ways in which colonizers, and the colonised, legitimate policy and reaction. Primarily it focuses on the ways in which the Europeans justify their own actions, how they view the "colonized" and how they structure policy. Two groups of Germans inhabited Kaiser-Wilhelmsland . By far

2613-456: The colourful emperor bird of paradise , the flightless cassowary and varieties of macropods , including the tree-kangaroo and over 15,000 species of plants. The Huon Peninsula, which comprises most of the provincial land-mass, is a unique montane eco-region that offers a variety of plants and conditions found nowhere else in the world. Its coral reefs and volcanic inlets are home to thousands of species of fish and oceanic life that thrive in

2680-509: The duration of the war annoying the Australians by marching from village to village in the jungle, flying the imperial flag, and singing patriotic songs. During the war, Flierl also relied more on the connection between Lutheran churchmen in Australia and the United States, which he had nurtured carefully throughout the pre-war years. He did this by sending artefacts and letters to like-minded Lutherans; some of these artefacts are collected in

2747-471: The early 17th century, and the visible mountain ranges named by British admiralty navigators later in the century. Most German surveying efforts had focused on coastal regions and river basins, where Germans had established plantations. The boundary between Papua and Kaiser Wilhelmsland had been established by a joint British-German expedition in 1909, the interior had not been mapped. Since then, Papuan gold prospectors had crossed into German territory which, from

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2814-552: The establishment of a German protectorate in the New Britain Archipelago and north-eastern New Guinea. In 1885 and 1887, Johann Flierl established missionary stations in Simbang and Timba Island . After malaria epidemics in 1889 and again in 1891 killed almost half of the European settlers on the coast in Finschhafen, many of the Europeans moved toward Friedrich Wilhelmshafen (now Madang ). Flierl established

2881-550: The fall of Lae on September 16, 1943, in Operation Postern . The campaign was notable not only for its classic defense maneuvers at the Landing at Nadzab and the brutal hand-to-hand combat at Salamaua; Lyndon B. Johnson , the 36th President of the United States, saw his sole 13 minutes of combat on a bombing mission over Lae. Although the plane he was supposed to fly was shot down, with no survivors, his flight in

2948-647: The final months of the war in the Australian-American New Guinea campaign . District officers and patrol officers, known as Kiaps provided administrative functions as a one-man representative of the government, taking on policing and judicial roles as well as more mundane tasks as completing censuses. The Kiaps were commissioned as officers of the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary and Magistrates. Patrol posts were established in populated areas around

3015-617: The founding of a German colony in New Guinea. On his journey there, he was delayed for more than a year in Cooktown , Cape Bedford, North Queensland; the German New Guinea Company refused him passage. While the diplomats and bureaucrats argued over technicalities, he founded the Mission Station Elim , (later called Hope Vale, sometimes Hope Valley, but is modern Hopevale ) to serve the Guugu Yimidhirr . Flierl

3082-458: The indigenous peoples. Missionaries and plantation owners alike were limited by tropical diseases, travel, and communication barriers. German colonial rule in New Guinea lasted for a period of thirty years, For the first fifteen years the colony was administered under imperial charters by a private company, in the manner of the old British and Dutch East India company . From 1899 to 1914, the Imperial Government administered German New Guinea through

3149-501: The instruction of the two men in Lutheran doctrine had preceded the baptism, although the work was slow and painstaking. Flierl petitioned the synod in Australia frequently for new missionaries, and in 1899, it sent Christian Keyser , who, it turned out, offered the spark needed for the great breakthrough in 1905. Keyser understood better than Flierl the corporatist outlook of the Kâte people, and identified ways to bring them closer to

3216-713: The islands of the Bismarck Archipelago) were administered by the Commonwealth of Australia. Beginning in 1920, Australia, under a mandate from the League of Nations , governed the former German territory of New Guinea. It was administered under this mandate until the Japanese invasion in December 1941 ( Operation Mo ). Most of the territory of New Guinea, was occupied by Japanese forces before recapture during

3283-424: The largest group were the entrepreneurs, plantation owners, officials of the German New Guinea company, and government functionaries living in Finschhafen and Madang and at plantations along the coast. They viewed the Kâte and the other groups they encountered differently from the evangelical Lutherans at Finschhafen and Sattelberg and their filial mission stations along the coast. For the businessmen and functionaries,

3350-429: The mission. Wilhelm and Johannes both attended the Neuendettelsau Seminary and were ordained as mission pastors. Wilhelm took an interest in the local dialect, and wrote a dictionary of the Kâte language . Dora was a mission teacher and nurse; she remained single. Elise married Georg Pilhofer, another Lutheran missionary, who wrote a history of the Neuendettelsau Mission in New Guinea. Two of Flierl's cousins also entered

3417-399: The natives were another resource to be managed: for example, as rail tracks were laid along the coast, the products were loaded on to rail cars and pushed or pulled from point to point using human energy, rather than propelled by steam. Official visitors, both German and British, noted that the German plantation owners in particular were far more likely to use the lash than other groups. This

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3484-425: The newly established German protectorate, Kaiser-Wilhelmsland . On the journey to New Guinea, he founded the Hope Vale Mission Station in Cooktown, Queensland , in Australia. In Kaiser-Wilhelmsland, he established a lasting Lutheran presence at the missionary stations of Simbang , near Finschhafen , another on Tami , and a third, on the Sattelberg in the Huon Peninsula , plus several filial mission stations along

3551-432: The north-east coast of New Guinea and establish trading posts. Its influence soon grew to encompass the entire north-eastern part of New Guinea and some of the islands off the coast. Most of the German settlers to Kaiser-Wilhelmsland were plantation owners, miners, and government functionaries, and the number of European settlers, including non-Germans, was never very high. On 19 August 1884, Chancellor Bismarck ordered

3618-581: The northeastern coast. By 1914, the number was still low, perhaps 300 in all of German New Guinea and 50 of them in Kaiser-Wilhelmsland, mostly plantation owners and their families, and a couple of dozen missionaries and their own families. Australian troops invaded German New Guinea, taking the German barracks in Herbertshöhe (now Kokopo ) in New Pomerania (now New Britain). The German defeat at Bita Paka in September 1914, and their subsequent surrender, brought effective resistance to an end. The missionaries in all stations signed neutrality oaths, required by

3685-399: The people could study the Bible, a fundamental precept of post-Reformation thought. The Kâte adults seemed more interested in the practical aspects of European life, particularly the ironware. The local communities, though, were curious and frequently ascribed the presence of the missionaries to returning ancestors, benevolent spirit powers bearing material goods, and called them the Miti . To

3752-413: The population (children) depend on twenty percent of the population (adults) for economic support, and population continues to grow at about 2.8 percent per year, which is higher than other developing countries. The population of Morobe speak over 100 languages, representing 27 language families. The majority of the indigenous Papuan languages of Morobe Province belong to the Finisterre-Huon branch of

3819-419: The project in mid-2008 to form the Morobe Mining Joint Venture or ‘MMJV’ (shared 50-50%). The MMJV operates the Hidden Valley mine and all exploration work on MMJV tenements, which includes the large Wafi-Golpu copper-gold deposit. The relative youth of the Morobe province population puts an increasing strain on schools and education services to combat illiteracy and its accompanying problems. Eight percent of

3886-432: The reefs and wrecks. In 2009, the YUS Conservation Area has been established in the northern part of the Huon Peninsula . YUS stretches over 760 km and includes three rivers: Yopno, Uruwa and Som, after which it was named. It is a critical habitat for the endangered matschie's tree-kangaroo . Morobe Province's economy has grown at the rate of approximately two percent per annum since 2006. The economic base of

3953-624: The three men struggled with deadly diseases, primarily dysentery and malaria with its associated complications, and their discouragingly slow progress with the Kâte people. Despite these problems, Flierl started a second station on Tami , which lies in the Huon Gulf seven nautical miles (13 km; 8.1 mi) SSE of Finschhafen, in 1889; it progressed with equally limited progress. New missionaries joined them: Johann Decker, Georg Pfalzer, Konrad Vetter (died in 1906), Johann Ruppert (who died of typhoid in 1894), Friedrich Held (who died of blackwater fever ), and Andreas Zwanger. In 1889–1891,

4020-470: The works of Ian Willis and Phillip Holzknecht can be summarised below; The largest part of northeastern New Guinea in German New Guinea ( German : Deutsch-Neuguinea ) was called Kaiser-Wilhelmsland , named in honour of Wilhelm II , the German Emperor and King of Prussia . From 1884 until 1918, the territory was a protectorate of the German Empire The coastline of the northern and eastern portions of New Guinea had been charted by navigators in

4087-423: Was Mr. Eddie Ward who refused to allow any land purchases. Following a change of government, Mr. Percy Spender changed this policy, and the introduction of the Ex-Servicemen's Credit Scheme resulted in a significant increase in agricultural activity through all of the country. In 1970 mineral exports were a mere 1 percent of total exports. Within 2 years, this figure had risen to 55 percent. Papua New Guinea

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4154-443: Was a key campaign site during World War II. The Japanese had established strong supply bases in the towns of Lae and Salamaua in 1942. The Salamaua-Lae campaign of the following year was a series of actions in which the Australian and United States forces sought to capture the two Japanese bases. The campaign to take the area began with the Australian attack on Japanese positions near Mubo, on 22 April 1943 and ended with

4221-414: Was a pioneer missionary for Southern Australian Lutheran Synod and the Neuendettelsau Mission Society. The synod and the mission society combined post-Reformation Lutheran conviction with 19th-century Pietism , and sought to bring the "undiluted conviction" of the historical Lutheran confession to Australia and New Guinea. The German colony in Australia, similar to the German Lutheran colony in Missouri in

4288-406: Was governed by a decentralised provincial administration, headed by a Premier, from 1978 to 1995. Following reforms taking effect that year, the national government reassumed some powers, and the role of Premier was replaced by a position of Governor, to be held by the winner of the province-wide seat in the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea . The province and each district is represented by

4355-513: Was half through the program, he heard about an opportunity for mission work in a mission founded by Old Lutherans and, after his consecration in April 1878, left for Australia. Bible Translators Theologians Flierl spent his first seven years of missionary life working on Lutheran Killalpaninna Mission (Bethesda) Station at Cooper Creek (1878–1885). In 1882, he married Louise Auricht, whose Old Lutheran family had immigrated from Prussia to Australia in 1839. Early in 1885, he heard about

4422-439: Was incarcerated in Australia, and after the war he was repatriated to Germany. He eventually made his way back to New Guinea, via Texas, in 1927. Flierl's youngest son, Hans (or Johann), went to Germany in 1914 to attend the Neuendettelsau Seminary in Franconia, and instead was conscripted into the German army; after the war, he also went to Texas, and eventually returned to New Guinea. Flierl's four children were also involved in

4489-436: Was unacceptable for Flierl. Although the Kâte were indeed different, and some groups occasionally ate their enemies, he still saw them as children of God. For him, it was necessary to bring all children of God to the understanding of salvation. The first baptisms—those of two adult men—were performed in 1899, injected encouragement into the mission life. Personal acceptance of salvation was a fundamental precept of Lutheranism, and

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