BibTeX is both a bibliographic flat-file database file format and a software program for processing these files to produce lists of references ( citations ). The BibTeX file format is a widely used standard with broad support by reference management software .
69-458: The BibTeX program comes bundled with the LaTeX document preparation system, and is not available as a stand-alone program. Within this typesetting system its name is styled as B I B T E X {\displaystyle {\mathrm {B{\scriptstyle {IB}}\!T\!_{\displaystyle E}\!X} }} . The name is a portmanteau of the word bibliography and
138-510: A Document type declaration (informally, a "doctype"). In browsers, the doctype helps to define the rendering mode—particularly whether to use quirks mode . The original purpose of the doctype was to enable the parsing and validation of HTML documents by SGML tools based on the Document type definition (DTD). The DTD to which the DOCTYPE refers contains a machine-readable grammar specifying
207-486: A voiceless velar fricative as in Modern Greek, similar to the ch in loch ). Lamport remarks that "TeX is usually pronounced tech , making lah -tech, lah- tech , and lay -tech the logical choices; but language is not always logical, so lay-tecks is also possible." The name is printed in running text with a typographical logo : L a T e X . In media where the logo cannot be precisely reproduced in running text,
276-473: A TeX Users Group (TUG) meeting at Stanford, Lamport agreed to turn over maintenance and development of LaTeX to Frank Mittelbach . Frank Mittelbach, along with Chris Rowley and Rainer Schöpf, formed the LaTeX3 team; in 1994, they released LaTeX2e, the current standard version. LaTeX3 has since been cancelled with features intended for that version being back-ported to LaTeX2e since 2018. LaTeX attempts to follow
345-407: A contractor at CERN , proposed and prototyped ENQUIRE , a system for CERN researchers to use and share documents. In 1989, Berners-Lee wrote a memo proposing an Internet -based hypertext system. Berners-Lee specified HTML and wrote the browser and server software in late 1990. That year, Berners-Lee and CERN data systems engineer Robert Cailliau collaborated on a joint request for funding, but
414-420: A customized bibliographic style file for the convenience of the authors, often included as part of a complete LaTeX template. Data schemes Other LaTeX LaTeX ( / ˈ l ɑː t ɛ k / LAH -tek or / ˈ l eɪ t ɛ k / LAY -tek , often stylized as L a T e X ) is a software system for typesetting documents. LaTeX markup describes the content and layout of
483-655: A document in LaTeX, a user first creates a file, such as document.tex , typically using a text editor . The user then gives their document.tex file as input to the TeX program (with the LaTeX macros loaded), which prompts TeX to write out a file suitable for onscreen viewing or printing. This write-format-preview cycle is one of the chief ways in which working with LaTeX differs from the What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get (WYSIWYG) style of document editing. It
552-527: A document, it follows (from the user's point of view) the following processing sequence: Macros → TeX → Driver → Output. Different implementations of each of these steps are typically available in TeX distributions. Traditional TeX will output a DVI file, which is usually converted to a PostScript file. In 2000, Hàn Thế Thành and others wrote an implementation of TeX called pdfTeX , which also outputs to PDF and takes advantage of features available in that format. The XeTeX engine developed by Jonathan Kew, on
621-410: A little extra effort, he could make a general package usable by others. Peter Gordon, an editor at Addison-Wesley , convinced him to write a LaTeX user's manual for publication (Lamport was initially skeptical that anyone would pay money for it); it came out in 1986 and sold hundreds of thousands of copies. Meanwhile, Lamport released versions of his LaTeX macros in 1984 and 1985. On 21 August 1989, at
690-451: A pair is the start tag , and the second is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags ). Another important component is the HTML document type declaration , which triggers standards mode rendering. The following is an example of the classic "Hello, World!" program : The text between < html > and </ html > describes the web page, and
759-493: A result, it encourages the separation of the layout from the content — while still allowing manual typesetting adjustments whenever needed. This concept is similar to the mechanism by which many word processors allow styles to be defined globally for an entire document, or the use of Cascading Style Sheets in styling HyperText Markup Language ( HTML ) documents. The LaTeX system is a markup language that handles typesetting and rendering, and can be arbitrarily extended by using
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#1732787365628828-425: A start tag) and do not use an end tag. Many tags, particularly the closing end tag for the very commonly used paragraph element < p > , are optional. An HTML browser or other agent can infer the closure for the end of an element from the context and the structural rules defined by the HTML standard. These rules are complex and not widely understood by most HTML authors. The general form of an HTML element
897-567: A style file, typically by generating TeX or LaTeX formatting commands, but style files can also be used to generate other types of output like HTML . BibTeX style files commonly use the file extension .bst and are written in a simple, stack-based programming language (dubbed "BibTeX Anonymous Forth-Like Language", or "BAFLL", by Drew McDermott) that describes how bibliography items should be formatted. There are some packages that can generate .bst files automatically, such as custom-bib and Bib-it. Most journals or publishers that support LaTeX use
966-596: A user can give input/s like: Comments: Comments can help in the understanding of the markup and do not display in the webpage. There are several types of markup elements used in HTML: Most of the attributes of an element are name–value pairs , separated by = and written within the start tag of an element after the element's name. The value may be enclosed in single or double quotes, although values consisting of certain characters can be left unquoted in HTML (but not XHTML). Leaving attribute values unquoted
1035-429: A writing tool for mathematicians and computer scientists, but even from early in its development, it has also been taken up by scholars who needed to write documents that include complex math expressions or non-Latin scripts, such as Arabic , Devanagari and Chinese . LaTeX is intended to provide a high-level, descriptive markup language to utilize TeX more easily. TeX handles the document layout, while LaTeX handles
1104-460: Is Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG) compliant as of version 1.3. As free software , LaTeX is available on most operating systems, which include Unix ( Solaris , HP-UX , AIX ), BSD ( FreeBSD , macOS , NetBSD , OpenBSD ), Linux ( Red Hat , Debian , Arch , Gentoo ), Windows , DOS , RISC OS , AmigaOS , and Plan 9 . LaTeX2e is the current version of LaTeX, since it replaced LaTeX 2.09 in 1994. As of 2020 , LaTeX3, which started in
1173-560: Is LaTeX2e, first released in 1994 but incrementally updated starting in 2015. This update policy replaced earlier plans for a separate release of LaTeX3, which had been in development since 1989. LaTeX is free software and is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL) . LaTeX was created in the early 1980s by Leslie Lamport when he was working at Stanford Research Institute (SRI). He needed to write TeX macros for his own use and thought that with
1242-464: Is considered unsafe. In contrast with name-value pair attributes, there are some attributes that affect the element simply by their presence in the start tag of the element, like the ismap attribute for the img element. There are several common attributes that may appear in many elements : The abbreviation element, abbr , can be used to demonstrate some of these attributes: This example displays as HTML ; in most browsers, pointing
1311-456: Is for HTML5. If a declaration is not included, various browsers will revert to " quirks mode " for rendering. HTML documents imply a structure of nested HTML elements . These are indicated in the document by HTML tags , enclosed in angle brackets thus: < p > . In the simple, general case, the extent of an element is indicated by a pair of tags: a "start tag" < p > and "end tag" </ p > . The text content of
1380-407: Is formed by a list of entries, with each entry corresponding to a bibliographical item. Entry types correspond to various types of bibliographic sources such as article , book , or conference . An example entry which describes a mathematical handbook would be structured as an entry name followed by a list of fields, such as author and title : If a document references this handbook,
1449-404: Is similar to the code-compile-execute cycle known to computer programmers. Today, many LaTeX-aware editing programs make this cycle a simple matter through the pressing of a single key, while showing the output preview on the screen beside the input window. Some online LaTeX editors even automatically refresh the preview, while other online tools provide incremental editing in-place, mixed in with
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#17327873656281518-446: Is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser . It defines the content and structure of web content . It is often assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and scripting languages such as JavaScript, a programming language. Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage and render the documents into multimedia web pages. HTML describes
1587-401: Is therefore: < tag attribute1 = "value1" attribute2 = "value2" > ''content'' </ tag > . Some HTML elements are defined as empty elements and take the form < tag attribute1 = "value1" attribute2 = "value2" > . Empty elements may enclose no content, for instance, the < br /> tag or
1656-577: Is typically distributed along with plain TeX under a free software license : the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL). The LPPL is not compatible with the GNU General Public License , as it requires that modified files must be clearly differentiable from their originals (usually by changing the filename); this was done to ensure that files that depend on other files will produce the expected behavior and avoid dependency hell . The LPPL
1725-491: Is used to produce an output file (such as PDF or DVI ) suitable for printing or digital distribution . LaTeX is widely used in academia for the communication and publication of scientific documents and technical note-taking in many fields, owing partially to its support for complex mathematical notation. It also has a prominent role in the preparation and publication of books and articles that contain complex multilingual materials , such as Arabic and Greek . LaTeX uses
1794-610: Is written in WEB/Pascal . Version 0.98f was released in March 1985. With version 0.99c (released February 1988), a stationary state was reached for 22 years. In March 2010, version 0.99d was released to improve URL printing. Further releases were announced. BibTeX uses a style-independent text-based file format , a kind of flat-file database , to store bibliography items, such as articles, books, and theses. BibTeX database file names usually end in .bib . A BibTeX database file
1863-402: The .aux file (that is, those given by LaTeX's \cite or \nocite commands), and creates as output a .bbl file containing these entries together with the formatting commands specified by the .bst file [..]. LaTeX will use the .bbl file, perhaps edited by the user, to produce the reference list. BibTeX was created by Oren Patashnik and Leslie Lamport in 1985. The program
1932-589: The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) with the mid-1993 publication of the first proposal for an HTML specification, the "Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)" Internet Draft by Berners-Lee and Dan Connolly , which included an SGML Document type definition to define the syntax. The draft expired after six months, but was notable for its acknowledgment of the NCSA Mosaic browser's custom tag for embedding in-line images, reflecting
2001-434: The de facto web standard for some time. HTML markup consists of several key components, including those called tags (and their attributes ), character-based data types , character references and entity references . HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like < h1 > and </ h1 > , although some represent empty elements and so are unpaired, for example < img > . The first tag in such
2070-456: The IETF's philosophy of basing standards on successful prototypes. Similarly, Dave Raggett 's competing Internet Draft, "HTML+ (Hypertext Markup Format)", from late 1993, suggested standardizing already-implemented features like tables and fill-out forms. After the HTML and HTML+ drafts expired in early 1994, the IETF created an HTML Working Group. In 1995, this working group completed "HTML 2.0",
2139-584: The LaTeX file to other formats such as OpenDocument , XML , or class ( *.cls ) files. LaTeX can also (and commonly is) rendered to PDF files using the LaTeX extension pdfLaTeX. LaTeX files containing Unicode text can be processed into PDFs with the inputenc package, or by the TeX extensions XeLaTeX and LuaLaTeX. LaTeX has become the de facto standard to typeset mathematical expression in scientific documents. Hence, there are several conversion tools focusing on mathematical LaTeX expressions, such as converters to MathML or Computer Algebra System . LaTeX
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2208-688: The TeX typesetting program for formatting its output, and is itself written in the TeX macro language. LaTeX can be used as a standalone document preparation system, or as an intermediate format. In the latter role, for example, it is sometimes used as part of a pipeline for translating DocBook and other XML -based formats for PDF . The typesetting system offers programmable desktop publishing features and extensive facilities for automating most aspects of typesetting and desktop publishing, including numbering and cross-referencing of tables and figures, chapter and section headings, graphics, page layout, indexing and bibliographies . Like TeX, LaTeX started as
2277-596: The XML syntax for HTML and is no longer being developed as a separate standard. On 28 May 2019, the W3C announced that WHATWG would be the sole publisher of the HTML and DOM standards. The W3C and WHATWG had been publishing competing standards since 2012. While the W3C standard was identical to the WHATWG in 2007 the standards have since progressively diverged due to different design decisions. The WHATWG "Living Standard" had been
2346-473: The attribute value itself. If document authors overlook the need to escape such characters, some browsers can be very forgiving and try to use context to guess their intent. The result is still invalid markup, which makes the document less accessible to other browsers and to other user agents that may try to parse the document for search and indexing purposes for example. Escaping also allows for characters that are not easily typed, or that are not available in
2415-403: The bibliographic information may be formatted in different ways depending on which citation style ( APA , MLA , Chicago etc.) is employed. The way LaTeX deals with this is by specifying \cite commands and the desired bibliography style in the LaTeX document. If the command \cite { abramowitz+stegun } appears inside a LaTeX document, the bibtex program will include this book in
2484-574: The browser, and these characteristics can be altered or enhanced by the web page designer's additional use of CSS . Many of the text elements are mentioned in the 1988 ISO technical report TR 9537 Techniques for using SGML , which describes the features of early text formatting languages such as that used by the RUNOFF command developed in the early 1960s for the CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) operating system. These formatting commands were derived from
2553-433: The characters < and & (when written as < and & , respectively) to be interpreted as character data, rather than markup. For example, a literal < normally indicates the start of a tag, and & normally indicates the start of a character entity reference or numeric character reference; writing it as & or & or & allows & to be included in
2622-441: The characters of the world's writing systems. HTML defines several data types for element content, such as script data and stylesheet data, and a plethora of types for attribute values, including IDs, names, URIs , numbers, units of length, languages, media descriptors, colors, character encodings, dates and times, and so on. All of these data types are specializations of character data. HTML documents are required to start with
2691-451: The commands used by typesetters to manually format documents. However, the SGML concept of generalized markup is based on elements (nested annotated ranges with attributes) rather than merely print effects, with separate structure and markup. HTML has been progressively moved in this direction with CSS. Berners-Lee considered HTML to be an application of SGML. It was formally defined as such by
2760-539: The content of an element or in the value of an attribute. The double-quote character ( " ), when not used to quote an attribute value, must also be escaped as " or " or " when it appears within the attribute value itself. Equivalently, the single-quote character ( ' ), when not used to quote an attribute value, must also be escaped as ' or ' (or as ' in HTML5 or XHTML documents ) when it appears within
2829-461: The content side for document processing. LaTeX comprises a collection of TeX macros and a program to process LaTeX documents, and because the plain TeX formatting commands are elementary, it provides authors with ready-made commands for formatting and layout requirements such as chapter headings, footnotes, cross-references and bibliographies. LaTeX was originally written in the early 1980s by Leslie Lamport at SRI International . The current version
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2898-664: The cursor at the abbreviation should display the title text "Hypertext Markup Language." Most elements take the language-related attribute dir to specify text direction, such as with "rtl" for right-to-left text in, for example, Arabic , Persian or Hebrew . As of version 4.0, HTML defines a set of 252 character entity references and a set of 1,114,050 numeric character references , both of which allow individual characters to be written via simple markup, rather than literally. A literal character and its markup counterpart are considered equivalent and are rendered identically. The ability to " escape " characters in this way allows for
2967-433: The design philosophy of separating presentation from content , so that authors can focus on the content of what they are writing without attending simultaneously to its visual appearance. In preparing a LaTeX document, the author specifies the logical structure using simple, familiar concepts such as chapter , section , table , figure , etc., and lets the LaTeX system handle the formatting and layout of these structures. As
3036-589: The document's character encoding , to be represented within the element and attribute content. For example, the acute-accented e ( é ), a character typically found only on Western European and South American keyboards, can be written in any HTML document as the entity reference é or as the numeric references é or é , using characters that are available on all keyboards and are supported in all character encodings. Unicode character encodings such as UTF-8 are compatible with all modern browsers and allow direct access to almost all
3105-456: The document, as opposed to the formatted text found in WYSIWYG word processors like Google Docs , LibreOffice Writer and Microsoft Word . The writer uses markup tagging conventions to define the general structure of a document, to stylise text throughout a document (such as bold and italics), and to add citations and cross-references . A TeX distribution such as TeX Live or MiKTeX
3174-491: The early 1990s, is under a long-term development project. Planned features include improved syntax (separation of content from styling), hyperlink support, a new user interface, access to arbitrary fonts and a new documentation. Some LaTeX3 features are available in LaTeX2e using packages, and by 2020 many features have been enabled in LaTeX2e by default for a gradual transition. There are many commercial implementations of
3243-445: The element, if any, is placed between these tags. Tags may also enclose further tag markup between the start and end, including a mixture of tags and text. This indicates further (nested) elements, as children of the parent element. The start tag may also include the element's attributes within the tag. These indicate other information, such as identifiers for sections within the document, identifiers used to bind style information to
3312-563: The entire TeX system. System vendors may add extra features like added typefaces and telephone support . LyX is a free software , WYSIWYM visual document processor that uses LaTeX for a back-end. TeXmacs is a free, WYSIWYG editor with similar functionalities as LaTeX, but with a different typesetting engine. Other WYSIWYG editors that produce LaTeX include Scientific Word on Windows, and BaKoMa TeX on Windows, Mac and Linux. Many community-supported TeX distributions are available. HTML Hypertext Markup Language ( HTML )
3381-517: The first HTML specification intended to be treated as a standard against which future implementations should be based. Further development under the auspices of the IETF was stalled by competing interests. Since 1996, the HTML specifications have been maintained, with input from commercial software vendors, by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). In 2000, HTML became an international standard ( ISO / IEC 15445:2000). HTML 4.01
3450-438: The following types of entries: A BibTeX entry can contain various types of fields. The following types are recognized by the default bibliography styles; some third-party styles may accept additional ones: In addition, each entry contains a key (Bibtexkey) that is used to cite or cross-reference the entry. This key is the first item in a BibTeX entry, and is not part of any field. BibTeX formats bibliographic items according to
3519-412: The head, for example: HTML headings are defined with the < h1 > to < h6 > tags with H1 being the highest (or most important) level and H6 the least: The effects are: CSS can substantially change the rendering. Paragraphs: < br /> . The difference between < br /> and < p > is that < br /> breaks a line without altering
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#17327873656283588-425: The hyperlink tag, these were strongly influenced by SGMLguid , an in-house Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)-based documentation format at CERN. Eleven of these elements still exist in HTML 4. HTML is a markup language that web browsers use to interpret and compose text, images, and other material into visible or audible web pages. Default characteristics for every item of HTML markup are defined in
3657-402: The inline < img > tag. The name of an HTML element is the name used in the tags. The end tag's name is preceded by a slash character, / , and that in empty elements the end tag is neither required nor allowed. If attributes are not mentioned, default values are used in each case. Header of the HTML document: < head > ... </ head > . The title is included in
3726-544: The list of references for the document and generate appropriate LaTeX formatting code. When viewing the formatted LaTeX document, the result might look like this: Depending on the style file, BibTeX may rearrange authors' last names, change the case of titles, omit fields present in the .bib file, format text in italics, add punctuation, etc. Since the same style file is used for an entire list of references, these are all formatted consistently with minimal effort required from authors or editors. A BibTeX database can contain
3795-465: The look and layout of content. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), former maintainer of the HTML and current maintainer of the CSS standards, has encouraged the use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML since 1997. A form of HTML, known as HTML5 , is used to display video and audio, primarily using the < canvas > element, together with JavaScript. In 1980, physicist Tim Berners-Lee ,
3864-417: The name of the TeX typesetting software. BibTeX was created by Oren Patashnik in 1985. No updates were published between February 1988 and March 2010, when the package was updated to improve URL printing and clarify the license. There are various reimplementations of the program. The purpose of BibTeX is to make it easy to cite sources in a consistent manner, by separating bibliographic information from
3933-538: The other hand, merges modern font technologies and Unicode with TeX. LuaTeX is an extended version of pdfTeX using Lua as an embedded scripting language. There are also many editors for LaTeX, some of which are offline, source-code-based while others are online, partial-WYSIWYG-based. For more, see Comparison of TeX editors . LaTeX documents ( *.tex ) can be opened with any text editor. They consist of plain text and contain no hidden formatting codes or binary information. TeX documents can also be shared by rendering
4002-413: The page. Other tags such as < p > and </ p > surround and provide information about document text and may include sub-element tags. Browsers do not display the HTML tags but use them to interpret the content of the page. HTML can embed programs written in a scripting language such as JavaScript , which affects the behavior and content of web pages. The inclusion of CSS defines
4071-483: The permitted and prohibited content for a document conforming to such a DTD. Browsers, on the other hand, do not implement HTML as an application of SGML and as consequence do not read the DTD. HTML5 does not define a DTD; therefore, in HTML5 the doctype declaration is simpler and shorter: An example of an HTML 4 doctype This declaration references the DTD for the "strict" version of HTML 4.01. SGML-based validators read
4140-412: The presentation of the document, and for some tags such as the < img > used to embed images, the reference to the image resource in the format like this: < img src = "example.com/example.jpg" > Some elements, such as the line break < br /> do not permit any embedded content, either text or further tags. These require only a single empty tag (akin to
4209-422: The presentation of this information, similarly to the separation of content and presentation/style supported by LaTeX itself. The processor program works with several specific files to produce the reference list and format the citations. In the words of the program's author Oren Patashnik, the processor works as follows: It takes as input: BibTeX chooses from the .bib file(s) only those entries specified by
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#17327873656284278-581: The preview in a streamlined single window. The example below shows the input to LaTeX and the corresponding output from the system: The characters 'T', 'E', and 'X' in the name come from the Greek capital letters tau , epsilon , and chi , as the name of TeX derives from the Ancient Greek : τέχνη ('skill', 'art', 'technique'); for this reason, TeX's creator Donald Knuth promotes its pronunciation as / t ɛ x / ( tekh ) (that is, with
4347-491: The project was not formally adopted by CERN. In his personal notes of 1990, Berners-Lee listed "some of the many areas in which hypertext is used"; an encyclopedia is the first entry. The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called "HTML Tags", first mentioned on the Internet by Tim Berners-Lee in late 1991. It describes 18 elements comprising the initial, relatively simple design of HTML. Except for
4416-471: The semantic structure of the page, whereas < p > sections the page into paragraphs . The element < br /> is an empty element in that, although it may have attributes, it can take no content and it may not have an end tag. This is a link in HTML. To create a link the < a > tag is used. The href attribute holds the URL address of the link. There are many possible ways
4485-602: The structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues for its appearance. HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs, images and other objects such as interactive forms may be embedded into the rendered page. HTML provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links , quotes, and other items. HTML elements are delineated by tags , written using angle brackets . Tags such as < img > and < input > directly introduce content into
4554-517: The text between < body > and </ body > is the visible page content. The markup text < title > This is a title </ title > defines the browser page title shown on browser tabs and window titles and the tag < div > defines a division of the page used for easy styling. Between < head > and </ head > , a < meta > element can be used to define webpage metadata. The Document Type Declaration <!DOCTYPE html>
4623-416: The underlying macro language to develop custom macros such as new environments and commands. Such macros are often collected into packages, which could then be made available to address some specific typesetting needs such as the formatting of complex mathematical expressions or graphics (e.g., the use of the align environment provided by the amsmath package to produce aligned equations). To create
4692-466: The word is typically given the unique capitalization LaTeX. Alternatively, the TeX, LaTeX and XeTeX logos can also be rendered via pure CSS and XHTML for use in graphical web browsers — by following the specifications of the internal \LaTeX macro. As a macro package, LaTeX provides a set of macros for TeX to interpret. There are many other macro packages for TeX, including Plain TeX, GNU Texinfo , AMSTeX , and ConTeXt . When TeX "compiles"
4761-515: Was published in late 1999, with further errata published through 2001. In 2004, development began on HTML5 in the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG), which became a joint deliverable with the W3C in 2008, and was completed and standardized on 28 October 2014. XHTML is a separate language that began as a reformulation of HTML 4.01 using XML 1.0. It is now referred to as
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