38-723: Bick may refer to: People [ edit ] Charity Bick (1925–2002), George Medal recipient Charles O. Bick (1909–1994), Canadian administrator Donald Bick (1936–1992), British cricketer Eckhard Bick (born 1958), German linguist Esther Bick (1902–1983), Polish psychologist Ilsa J. Bick , American author Jacob Samuel Bick (1772–1831), Austrian author Jamie Bick (born 2000), German actress Patrick Bick (born 1977), German footballer Sam Bick (born 1955), American soccer player Bick Campbell (1898–1967), American baseball umpire Other uses [ edit ] Bick's Pickle , Canadian food brand Members of
76-602: A borrowed bicycle and made numerous attempts to deliver a message to the control room, one and a quarter miles away, avoiding bombs and shrapnel. She made repeated trips, at least three of which occurred during the height of the raid. Bick was awarded the George Medal (GM) for her bravery; the official citation, in The London Gazette of 14 February 1941, read: During a very heavy air raid, Miss Bick played an heroic part under nerve-racking conditions. At
114-450: A considerable number. The German High Command devised an operation called "The Fire Plan" (German: Der Feuerplan ), which involved the use of the whole German heavy bomber fleet, flying in waves over London and Paris and dropping all the incendiary bombs that they could carry, until they were either all shot down or the crews were too exhausted to fly. The hope was that the two capitals would be engulfed in an inextinguishable blaze, causing
152-550: A large bomb casing was filled with small sticks of incendiary ( bomblets ); the casing was designed to open at altitude, scattering the bomblets in order to cover a wide area. An explosive charge would then ignite the incendiary material, often starting a raging fire. The fire would burn at extreme temperatures that could destroy most buildings made of wood or other combustible materials (buildings constructed of stone tend to resist incendiary destruction unless they are first blown open by high explosives). The German Luftwaffe started
190-539: A large number of firebombs, but even then the results were poor and they were generally ineffective in terms of the damage inflicted. They did have a considerable effect on the morale of the civilian population of the United Kingdom. After further experiments with 5-litre barrels of benzol , in 1918, the B-1E Elektron fire bomb (German: Elektronbrandbombe ) was developed by scientists and engineers at
228-568: A means of communication between the Wardens' Post to which she was attached and the Control Room, did very valuable work and released other Wardens for duty. She displayed outstanding courage and coolness in very trying circumstances. Aged 16, she was the youngest person ever to receive the GM. The medal was presented to her by King George VI in a ceremony on 10 September 1941. She also received
266-464: A message to the Control Room amidst shrapnel from guns and falling bombs. She made repeated attempts to get through and several times had to dismount and fall flat on the ground for safety. Covered with dirt and grime she eventually delivered the message. She made three journeys from her Post to the Control Room, a distance of approximately one and a quarter miles, during the height of the raid, and made further journeys afterwards. Miss Bick, by acting as
304-614: A mixed load. Less successful was the Flammenbombe , a 250 kg or 500 kg high explosive bomb case filled with an inflammable oil mixture, which often failed to detonate and was withdrawn in January 1941. In World War II, incendiaries were principally developed in order to destroy the many small, decentralised war industries located (often intentionally) throughout vast tracts of city land in an effort to escape destruction by conventionally aimed high-explosive bombs. Nevertheless,
342-637: A napalm-like substance that ignites in contact with air, is known as thickened pyrophoric agent , or TPA. Napalm proper is no longer used by the United States, although the kerosene -fuelled Mark 77 MOD 5 firebomb is currently in use. The United States has confirmed the use of Mark 77s in Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003. Signatory states are bound by Protocol III of the UN Convention on Conventional Weapons which governs
380-575: A thermite charge. A plan to fire bomb New York with new long range Zeppelins of the L70 class was proposed by the naval airship fleet commander Peter Strasser in July 1918, but it was vetoed by Admiral Reinhard Scheer . Incendiary bombs were used extensively in World War II as an effective bombing weapon, often in a conjunction with high-explosive bombs. Probably the most famous incendiary attacks are
418-568: A weapon that was used only once in warfare. Napalm however, became an intrinsic element of US military action during the Vietnam War as forces made increasing use of it for its tactical and psychological effects. Reportedly about 388,000 tons of US napalm bombs were dropped in the region between 1963 and 1973, compared to 32,357 tons used over three years in the Korean War, and 16,500 tons dropped on Japan in 1945. Incendiary bombs used in
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#1732783520370456-785: Is in the Imperial War Museum , London, while her medals are on display at the Imperial War Museum North . A blue plaque commemorating Bick was erected at Lyng Primary School, by the Lyng History Group, on 21 February 2002. The school was presented with a replica set of her medals in March 2002. Charity Bick Way in West Bromwich ( 52°30′52″N 1°59′53″W / 52.51432°N 1.99793°W / 52.51432; -1.99793 )
494-519: Is named in her honour. Incendiary bomb Incendiary weapons , incendiary devices , incendiary munitions , or incendiary bombs are weapons designed to start fires. They may destroy structures or sensitive equipment using fire, and sometimes operate as anti-personnel weaponry . Incendiaries utilize materials such as napalm , thermite , magnesium powder , chlorine trifluoride , or white phosphorus . Though colloquially often called " bombs ", they are not explosives but in fact operate to slow
532-514: The Air Raid Precautions (ARP) service in that town. She volunteered at the office of a brick works near her home, delivering messages between ARP depots, by bicycle. Her father was an ARP post warden. During a 1940 air raid on West Bromwich , she helped her father to put out an incendiary bomb that had lodged in the roof of a shop. When the roof gave way, she fell through and suffered minor injuries. Nonetheless, she then used
570-731: The Defence Medal and War Medal at the end of the war. Bick went on to join the Women's Auxiliary Air Force , retiring in 1962 from its successor, the Women's Royal Air Force as a warrant officer , and having earned the Royal Air Force Long Service and Good Conduct Medal . Her service number was 2109222. Later in her life, Bick lived in Inverness , Scotland. She died there on 22 April 2002, age 77. Her portrait, in oil, by Alfred Reginald Thomson , RA,
608-469: The Griesheim -Elektron chemical works. The bomb was ignited by a thermite charge, but the main incendiary effect was from the magnesium and aluminium alloy casing, which ignited at 650 °C, burned at 1,100 °C and emitted vapour that burned at 1,800 °C. A further advantage of the alloy casing was its lightness, being a quarter of the density of steel, which meant that each bomber could carry
646-534: The Rapoport-Bick (rabbinic dynasty) who used Bick as their last name, often alone Anvil See also [ edit ] Alexander Bicks (1901–1963), American judge Jenny Bicks , American television producer Bicks Ndoni (1958–2020), South African politician Bic (disambiguation) Bik (disambiguation) Moore-Bick , a surname Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
684-529: The bombing of Dresden and the bombing of Tokyo on 10 March 1945 . Many different configurations of incendiary bombs and a wide range of filling materials such as isobutyl methacrylate (IM) polymer, napalm , and similar jellied-petroleum formulas were used, many of them developed by the US Chemical Warfare Service . Different methods of delivery, e.g. small bombs, bomblet clusters and large bombs, were tested and implemented. For example,
722-474: The "Incendiary Bomb, 30-lb., Type J, Mk I", burned for approximately two minutes. Articles in late 1944 claimed that the flame was so hot it could crumble a brick wall. For propaganda purposes the RAF dubbed the new incendiary bomb the "Superflamer". Around fifty-five million incendiary bombs were dropped on Germany by Avro Lancasters alone. Many incendiary weapons developed and deployed during World War II were in
760-482: The Allies to sue for peace. Thousands of Elektron bombs were stockpiled at forward bomber bases and the operation was scheduled for August and again in early September 1918, but on both occasions, the order to take off was countermanded at the last moment, perhaps because of the fear of Allied reprisals against German cities. The Royal Air Force had already used their own "Baby" incendiary bomb (BIB) which also contained
798-551: The civilian destruction caused by such weapons quickly earned them a reputation as terror weapons with the targeted populations. Nazi Germany began the campaign of incendiary bombings at the start of World War II with the bombing of Warsaw , and continued with the London Blitz and the bombing of Moscow, among other cities. Later, an extensive reprisal was enacted by the Allies in the strategic bombing campaign that led to
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#1732783520370836-599: The civilian population", "tortur[ing] great masses of people". He conveyed these sentiments to US Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Omar Bradley , who "never published the statement". Publicly, Churchill allowed Bradley "to issue a statement that confirmed U.K. support for U.S. napalm attacks". During the Vietnam War , the U.S. Air Force developed the CBU-55 , a cluster bomb incendiary fuelled by propane ,
874-483: The form of bombs and shells whose main incendiary component is white phosphorus (WP), and can be used in an offensive anti-personnel role against enemy troop concentrations, but WP is also used for signalling, smoke screens , and target-marking purposes. The U.S. Army and marines used WP extensively in World War II and Korea for all three purposes, frequently using WP shells in large 4.2-inch chemical mortars. WP
912-688: The late 20th century sometimes contained thermite , made from aluminium and ferric oxide . It takes very high temperatures to ignite, but when alight, it can burn through solid steel. In World War II, such devices were employed in incendiary grenades to burn through heavy armour plate, or as a quick welding mechanism to destroy artillery and other complex machined weapons. A variety of pyrophoric materials can also be used: selected organometallic compounds, most often triethylaluminium , trimethylaluminium , and some other alkyl and aryl derivatives of aluminium, magnesium , boron , zinc , sodium , and lithium , can be used. Thickened triethylaluminium,
950-569: The latter part of the period, gunpowder was invented, which increased the sophistication of the weapons, starting with fire lances . The first incendiary devices to be dropped during World War I fell on coastal towns in the east of England on the night of 18–19 January 1915. The small number of German bombs, also known as firebombs, were finned containers filled with kerosene and oil and wrapped with tar-covered rope. They were dropped from Zeppelin airships . On 8 September 1915, Zeppelin L-13 dropped
988-471: The near-annihilation of many German cities. In the Pacific War , during the last seven months of strategic bombing by B-29 Superfortresses in the air war against Japan , a change to firebombing tactics resulted in the death of 500,000 Japanese and the homelessness of five million more. Sixty-seven Japanese cities lost significant areas to incendiary attacks. The most deadly single bombing raid in history
1026-495: The night of June 10–11, 1953. Eighth Army chemical officer Donald Bode reported that on an "average good day" UN pilots used 70,000 US gallons (260,000 L) of napalm, with approximately 60,000 US gallons (230,000 L) of this thrown by US forces. British prime minister Winston Churchill privately criticized the use of napalm in Korea, writing that it was "very cruel", as US and UN forces, he wrote, were "splashing it all over
1064-421: The outset when incendiary bombs began to fall she assisted her father, a Post Warden, to put out one of these, in the roof of a shop, with the aid of a stirrup pump and bucket of water. The pump proved to be out of order, but nothing daunted she proceeded to splash the water with her hands and eventually put out the fire. While endeavouring to get out of the roof the charred rafters gave way and she fell through to
1102-411: The petroleum-based Greek fire , were launched by throwing machines or administered through a siphon . Sulfur- and oil-soaked materials were sometimes ignited and thrown at the enemy, or attached to spears, arrows or bolts , and fired by hand or machine. Some siege techniques—such as mining and boring—relied on combustibles and fire to complete the collapse of walls and structures. Towards
1140-674: The process of chemical reactions and use ignition rather than detonation to start or maintain the reaction. Napalm , for example, is petroleum especially thickened with certain chemicals into a gel to slow, but not stop, combustion, releasing energy over a longer time than an explosive device. In the case of napalm, the gel adheres to surfaces and resists suppression. A range of early thermal weapons were utilized by ancient , medieval / post-classical and early modern armies, including hot pitch , oil, resin , animal fat and other similar compounds. Substances such as quicklime and sulfur could be toxic and blinding. Incendiary mixtures, such as
1178-454: The room below and sustained minor injuries. Miss Bick and her father then returned to the A.R.P. Post. Almost immediately high explosive bombs began to fall and a terrific explosion nearly shook them off their feet. They discovered that a bomb had destroyed two houses opposite and another one nearby. The Wardens attached to the Post were all on duty, so she borrowed a bicycle and rushed out to take
Bick - Misplaced Pages Continue
1216-502: The title Bick . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bick&oldid=1243591333 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Charity Bick Charity Anne Bick GM (19 December 1924 – 22 April 2002)
1254-436: The war using the 1918-designed one-kilogram magnesium alloy B-1E Elektronbrandbombe ; later modifications included the addition of a small explosive charge intended to penetrate the roof of any building which it landed on. Racks holding 36 of these bombs were developed, four of which could, in turn, be fitted to an electrically triggered dispenser so that a single He 111 bomber could carry 1,152 incendiary bombs, or more usually
1292-459: The weapon of choice for the British "dehousing" plan . The bomb consisted of a hollow body made from aluminium- magnesium alloy with a cast iron/steel nose, and filled with thermite incendiary pellets. It was capable of burning for up to ten minutes. There was also a high explosive version and delayed high explosive versions (2–4 minutes) which were designed to kill rescuers and firefighters. It
1330-462: Was Operation Meetinghouse , an incendiary attack that killed some 100,000 Tokyo residents in one night. The 4 lb (1.8 kg) incendiary bomb, developed by ICI , was the standard light incendiary bomb used by RAF Bomber Command in very large numbers, declining slightly in 1944 to 35.8 million bombs produced (the decline being due to more bombs arriving from the United States). It was
1368-669: Was a British civilian dispatch rider during the Second World War , and the youngest ever recipient of the George Medal , the United Kingdom's second-highest award for civilian bravery. She later served in the Women's Royal Air Force . Charity Anne Bick was born on 19 December 1924 and educated at Lyng Primary School in Horton Street, Lyng , West Bromwich . At the age of 14, while living in Maud Road, West Bromwich she lied about her age, claiming to be 16, to join
1406-504: Was normal for a proportion of high explosive bombs to be dropped during incendiary attacks in order to expose combustible material and to fill the streets with craters and rubble, hindering rescue services. Towards the end of World War Two, the British introduced a much improved 30 lb (14 kg) incendiary bomb, whose fall was retarded by a small parachute and on impact sent out an extremely hot flame for 15 ft (4.6 m); This,
1444-553: Was widely credited by many Allied soldiers for breaking up numerous German infantry attacks and creating havoc among enemy troop concentrations during the latter part of World War II. In both World War II and Korea, WP was found particularly useful in overcoming enemy human wave attacks . Napalm was widely used by the United States during the Korean War , most notably during the battle " Outpost Harry " in South Korea during
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