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56-576: Biram may refer to: People [ edit ] Arthur Biram , Israeli philosopher and educator Scott H. Biram , American musician Biram Dah Abeid , Mauritanian politician and anti-slavery advocate Places [ edit ] Hadejia , previously Biram, a town in Northern Nigeria Kafr Bir'im , a village in the British Mandate of Palestine Topics referred to by

112-466: A Palestinian Arab municipal leader, described attacks "provoking terror among the women and children, who were very influenced by the horrors of Dayr Yasin ", and provided an eyewitness account of the flight of Haifa's Arab residents: Thousands of women, children and men hurried to the port district in a state of chaos and terror without precedent in the history of the Arab nation. They fled their houses to

168-649: A city "between the bay and the Promontory of Zeus" (i.e., the Carmel), which may be a reference to Shikmona , a locality in the Haifa area. By Hellenistic times, the city had moved to a new site south of what is now the Bat Galim neighborhood of modern Haifa because the old port's harbour had become blocked with sand. A Greek -speaking population living along the coast at this time was engaged in commerce. Haifa

224-634: A raid on the Arab village of Balad al-Shaykh , where many of the Arab refinery workers lived, in what became known as the Balad al-Shaykh massacre . British forces in Haifa redeployed on 21 April 1948, withdrawing from most of the city while still maintaining control over the port facilities. According to Ilan Pappé, although the Jewish mayor of the city, Shabtai Levy , urged the Arab residents to stay, in other parts of town loudspeakers could be heard ordering Arabs to leave "before it's too late." On 21 April,

280-784: A reconnaissance report was received indicating that the Turks were leaving Haifa. The British made preparations to enter the city and came under fire in the Balad al-Sheikh district (today Nesher ). After the British regrouped, an elite unit of Indian horsemen were sent to attack the Turkish positions on the flanks and overrun their artillery guns on Mount Carmel. Under the British Mandate , Haifa saw large-scale development and became an industrial port city. The Baháʼí Faith in 1918 and today has its administrative and spiritual centre in

336-407: A result of prices and salary drop. The 1922 census of Palestine , conducted by the British authorities, recorded Haifa's population as 24,634 (9,377 Muslims, 8,863 Christians, 6,230 Jews, 152 Baha'i , and 12 Druze ). By the time of the 1931 census of Palestine , this had increased to 50,403 (20,324 Muslims, 15,923 Jews, 13,824 Christians, 196 Baha'i, 126 Druze, and 10 with no religion). Between

392-524: A site established on Tel Shikmona upon what were already the ruins of Sycaminon (Shiqmona). Haifa (or Haifah) is mentioned by the mid-11th-century Persian chronicler Nasir Khusraw , and the 12th- and 13th-century Arab chroniclers, Muhammad al-Idrisi and Yaqut al-Hamawi . Nasir-i-Khusrau visited in 1047; he noted that "Haifa lies on the seashore, and there are here palm-gardens and trees in numbers. There are in this town shipbuilders, who build very large craft." The Crusaders, who captured Haifa briefly in

448-409: A steam-based power station , opened factories and inaugurated carriage services to Acre, Nazareth and Tiberias, playing a key role in modernizing the city. The first major wave of Jewish immigration to Haifa took place in the mid-19th century from Morocco, with a smaller wave of immigration from Turkey a few years later. In the 1870s, large numbers of Jewish and Arab migrants came to Haifa due to

504-522: Is also mentioned more than 100 times in the Talmud , a work central to Judaism. Hefa or Hepha in Eusebius of Caesarea 's 4th-century work, Onomasticon , is said to be another name for Sycaminus. This synonymizing of the names is explained by Moshe Sharon , who writes that the twin ancient settlements, which he calls Haifa-Sycaminon, gradually expanded into one another, becoming a twin city known by

560-570: Is another name used by some locals to refer to Tell es-Samak, when it was the site of a hamlet of 250 residents, before the settlement was moved in 1764–5 to the site from which the modern city emerged. In 1764–5 Zahir al-Umar moved the village to a new site 1.5 mi (2.4 km) to the east, which he also fortified. The new village, the nucleus of modern Haifa, was first called al-imara al-jadida (Arabic: 'the new construction') by some, but others residing there called it Haifa al-Jadida ('New Haifa') at first, and then simply Haifa . In

616-630: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Arthur Biram Arthur Biram was born in Bischofswerda in Saxony and attended school in Hirschberg , Silesia . He studied languages, including Arabic, at University of Berlin and at University of Leipzig and earned a doctorate ( Dr. phil. ) at the University of Leipzig in 1902, on

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672-631: Is the third-largest city in Israel—after Jerusalem and Tel Aviv —with a population of 290,306 in 2022. The city of Haifa forms part of the Haifa metropolitan area , the third-most populous metropolitan area in Israel. It is home to the Baháʼí Faith 's Baháʼí World Centre , and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a destination for Baháʼí pilgrimage . Built on the slopes of Mount Carmel ,

728-718: Is the major regional center of northern Israel. Two respected academic institutions, the University of Haifa and the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology the oldest and top ranked university in both Israel and the Middle East, are located in Haifa, in addition to the largest K–12 school in Israel, the Hebrew Reali School . The city plays an important role in Israel's economy . It is home to Matam , one of

784-514: The Liwa of Lajjun. It had a population of 32 Muslim households and paid taxes on wheat, barley, summer crops, olives, and goats or beehives. Haifa was subsequently mentioned in the accounts of travelers as a half-ruined impoverished village with few inhabitants. The expansion of commercial trade between Europe and Palestine in the 17th century saw Haifa's revival as a flourishing port as more ships began docking there rather than Acre . In 1742, Haifa

840-723: The Baháʼí Faith when the remains of the Báb , founder of the Bábí Faith and forerunner of Baháʼu'lláh in the Baháʼí Faith, were moved from Acre to Haifa and interred in the shrine built on Mount Carmel. Baháʼís consider the shrine to be their second holiest place on Earth after the Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh in Acre. Its precise location on Mount Carmel was shown by Baháʼu'lláh himself to his eldest son, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá , in 1891. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá planned

896-607: The Battle of Hattin , Saladin 's Ayyubid army captured Haifa in mid-July 1187 and the city's Crusader fortress was destroyed. The Crusaders under Richard the Lionheart retook Haifa in 1191. In the 12th century religious hermits started inhabiting the caves on Mount Carmel, and in the 13th century they formed a new Catholic monastic order, the Carmelites . Under Muslim rule, the church which they had built on Mount Carmel

952-532: The British . During the Battle of Haifa in the 1948 Palestine war , most of the city's Arab population fled or were expelled . That year, the city became part of the then-newly-established state of Israel. As of 2016 , the city is a major seaport located on Israel's Mediterranean coastline in the Bay of Haifa covering 63.7 km (24.6 sq mi). It lies about 90 km (56 mi) north of Tel Aviv and

1008-660: The Dead Sea Works , was killed by a land mine. Biram founded the Hebrew Reali School in Haifa in 1913 and was appointed its first principal. When World War I broke out, Biram was drafted by the German army and stationed in Afula . In 1919, he returned to school. As part of Biram's philosophy of education, in 1937 he implemented compulsory Hagam training for girls in the Hebrew Reali School in Haifa, laying

1064-648: The Ficus sycomorus ', and in Arabic as Tell el-Semak or Tell es-Samak , meaning 'mound of the sumak trees', names that preserved and transformed the ancient name, by which the town is mentioned once in the Mishnah (composed c. 200 CE) for the wild fruits that grow around it. The name Efa first appears during Roman rule , some time after the end of the 1st century, when a Roman fortress and small Jewish settlement were established not far from Tel Shikmona. Haifa

1120-793: The Hebrew Bible . A grotto on the top of Mount Carmel is known as the "Cave of Elijah", traditionally linked to the Prophet Elijah and his apprentice, Elisha. In Arabic, the highest peak of the Carmel range is called the Muhraka , or "place of burning", harking back to the burnt offerings and sacrifices there in Canaanite and early Israelite times. In the 6th century BCE, during the Persian period, Greek geographer Scylax wrote of

1176-694: The Hejaz Railway , known as the Jezreel Valley railway , was built between 1903 and 1905. The railway increased the city's volume of trade, and attracted workers and foreign merchants. In 1912, construction began on the Technion Institute of Technology, a Jewish technical school that was to later become one of Israel's top universities, although studies did not begin until 1924. The Jews of Haifa also founded numerous factories and cultural institutions. In 1909, Haifa became important to

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1232-474: The 12th century, called it Caiphas , and believe its name related to Cephas, the Aramaic name of Simon Peter . Eusebius is also said to have referred to Hefa as Caiaphas civitas , and Benjamin of Tudela , the 12th-century Jewish traveller and chronicler, is said to have attributed the city's founding to Caiaphas , the Jewish high priest at the time of Jesus. Haifa al-'Atiqa (Arabic: 'Ancient Haifa')

1288-685: The 3rd century CE, Haifa was first mentioned in Talmudic literature, as a Jewish fishing village and the home of Rabbi Avdimi and other Jewish scholars. According to the Talmud, fishermen caught Murex , sea snails which yielded purple dye used to make tallit (Jewish prayer shawls) from Haifa to the Ladder of the Tyrians . Tombs dating from the Roman era, including Jewish burial caves , have been found in

1344-474: The Arab residents to obey orders, be alert, keep calm, and added: "Keep away the cowards who wish to flee. Expell them from your lines. Despise them, because they harm more than the enemy". Despite the efforts, Arab residents abandoned the streets which bordered Jewish neighborhoods and during the days of the general strike instigated by the Arab Higher Committee , some 250 Arab families abandoned

1400-573: The First Aliyah period. The Central Jewish Colonisation Society in Romania purchased over 1,000 acres (4.0 km ) near Haifa. As the Jewish settlers had been city dwellers, they hired the former fellahin tenants to instruct them in agriculture. The Jewish population rose from 1,500 in 1900 to 3,000 on the eve of World War I . In the early 20th century, Haifa began to emerge as an industrial port city and growing population center. A branch of

1456-512: The Greek names Sycaminon or Sycaminos Polis. References to this city end with the Byzantine period. Around the 6th century, Porphyreon or Porphyrea is mentioned in the writings of William of Tyre , and while it lies within the area covered by modern Haifa, it was a settlement situated south of Haifa-Sycaminon. Following the Arab conquest in the 7th century, Haifa was used to refer to

1512-546: The Hebrew word חוֹף ( hof ), meaning "shore", or חוֹף יָפֶה ( hof yafe ), meaning "beautiful shore". Other spellings in English included Caipha , Kaipha , Caiffa , Kaiffa and Khaifa . The earliest named settlement within the area of modern-day Haifa was the city Sycaminum. The remains of the ancient town can be found in a coastal tell , or archaeological mound, known in Hebrew as Tel Shikmona , meaning 'mound of

1568-564: The Jewish community of Haifa. In 1839 the Jewish population numbered 124. Due to the growing influence of the Carmelite monks, Haifa's Christian population also grew. By 1840 approximately 40% of the inhabitants were Christian Arabs. The arrival of German messianics, many of whom were Templers , in 1868, who settled in what is now known as the German Colony , was a turning point in Haifa's development. The Templers built and operated

1624-651: The Khalisa neighborhood. On 30 December 1947, members of the Irgun , a Jewish underground militia, threw bombs into a crowd of Arabs outside the gates of the Consolidated Refineries in Haifa, killing six and injuring 42. In response, Arab employees of the company killed 39 Jewish employees in what became known as the Haifa Oil Refinery massacre . The Jewish Haganah militia retaliated with

1680-612: The area. Under Byzantine rule, Haifa continued to grow but did not assume major importance. A kinah speaks of the destruction of the Jewish community of Haifa along with other communities when the Byzantines reconquered the country from the Sasanian Empire in 628 during the Byzantine-Sasanian War . Following the Arab conquest of Palestine in the 630s–40s, Haifa was largely overlooked in favor of

1736-511: The campaign's final proclamation , Napoleon took credit for having razed the fortifications of "Kaïffa" (as the name was spelled at the time) along with those of Gaza , Jaffa and Acre. Between 1831 and 1840, the Egyptian viceroy Muhammad Ali governed Haifa, after his son Ibrahim Pasha had wrested control over it from the Ottomans. When the Egyptian occupation ended and Acre declined,

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1792-474: The censuses of 1922 and 1931, the Muslim, Jewish, and Christian populations rose by 217%, 256%, and 156%, respectively. In 1938, 99,000 people (including 48,000 Jews) lived in Haifa. Haifa's development owed much to British plans to make it a central port and hub for Middle-East crude oil. The British Government of Palestine developed the port and built refineries , thereby facilitating the rapid development of

1848-780: The city as a center for the country's heavy industries. Haifa was also among the first towns to be fully electrified. The Palestine Electric Company inaugurated the Haifa Electrical Power Station already in 1925, opening the door to considerable industrialization. The State-run Palestine Railways also built its main workshops in Haifa. By 1945 the population was 138,300 (75,500 Jews, 35,940 Muslims, 26,570 Christians, and 290 "other"). In 1947, about 70,910 Arabs (41,000 Muslims and 29,910 Christians) and 74,230 Jews were living there. The Christian community were mostly Greek-Melkite Catholics . The 1947 UN Partition Plan in late November 1947 designated Haifa as part of

1904-475: The city. In 1875, the Jewish community of Haifa held its own census which counted the Jewish population at about 200. The First Aliyah of the late 19th century and the Second Aliyah of the early 20th century saw Jewish immigrants, mainly from Eastern Europe, arrive in Haifa in significant numbers. In particular, a significant number of Jewish immigrants from Romania settled in Haifa in the 1880s during

1960-427: The coast, barefoot and naked, to wait for their turn to travel to Lebanon. They left their homeland, their houses, their possessions, their money, their welfare, and their trades, to surrender their dignity and their souls. The operation led to a massive displacement of Haifa's Arab population, and was part of the larger 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight . According to The Economist at the time, only 5,000–6,000 of

2016-645: The downtown, controlled by a combination of local and foreign (ALA) Arab irregulars, was assaulted by Jewish forces in Operation Bi'ur Hametz by the Carmeli Brigade of the Haganah, commanded by Moshe Carmel . Arab neighborhoods were attacked with mortars and gunfire, which, according to Ilan Pappé , culminated in an attack on a Palestinian crowd in the old marketplace using three-inch (76 mm) mortars on 22 April 1948. Rashid al-Haj Ibrahim ,

2072-546: The early 20th century, Haifa al 'Atiqa was repopulated with many Arab Christians in an overall neighborhood in which many Middle Eastern Jews were established inhabitants, as Haifa expanded outward from its new location. A town known today as Tell Abu Hawam was established during the Late Bronze Age (14th century BCE). It was a port and fishing village. Mount Carmel and the Kishon River are mentioned in

2128-584: The environs of Haifa. Many Jewish immigrants of the Fourth Aliyah and Fifth Aliyah settled in Haifa. The port was a major source of income, and the nearby Jewish towns of the Krayot were established in the 1930s. At the same time, the Arab population also swelled by an influx of migrants, coming mainly from surrounding villages as well as the Syrian Hauran . The Arab immigration mainly came as

2184-837: The foundation for recruitment of women in the Haganah , and later the Israel Defense Forces . In 1948, he resigned his post as principal, and on his 75th birthday, he authored a collection of essays on the Bible. Altogether, he wrote about 50 publications in Hebrew, German, English, and Arabic. Biram died in Haifa in 1967. In 1954, he was awarded the Israel Prize for education. Haifa Haifa ( / ˈ h aɪ f ə / HY -fə ; Hebrew : חֵיפָה , romanized :  Ḥēyfā , IPA: [ˈχajfa] ; Arabic : حَيْفَا , romanized :  Ḥayfā )

2240-433: The importance of Haifa rose. In 1858, the walled city of Haifa was overcrowded and the first houses began to be built outside the city walls on the mountain slope. The British Survey of Western Palestine estimated Haifa's population to be about 3,000 in 1859. Haifa remained majority Muslim throughout this time but a small Jewish community continued to exist there. In 1798, Rabbi Nachman of Breslov spent Rosh HaShana with

2296-595: The majority of the city's homes to prevent the European Crusaders from returning. From the time of its conquest by the Mamluks to the 15th century, Haifa was an unfortified small village or uninhabited. At various times there were a few Jews living there and both Jews and Christians made pilgrimages to the Cave of Elijah on Mount Carmel. During Mamluk rule in the 14th century, al-Idrisi wrote that Haifa served as

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2352-453: The name Haifa remains unclear. One theory holds it derives from the name of the high priest Caiaphas . Some Christians believe it was named for Saint Peter , whose Aramaic name was Keipha. Another theory holds it could be derived from the Hebrew verb root חפה ( hafa ), from H-f-h root (ח-פ-ה), meaning to cover or shield, i.e. Mount Carmel covers Haifa; others point to a possible origin in

2408-419: The old site. According to historian Moshe Sharon, the new Haifa was established by Zahir in 1769. This event marked the beginning of modern Haifa. After al-Umar's death in 1775, the town remained under Ottoman rule until 1918, with the exception of two brief periods. In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Haifa during his unsuccessful campaign to conquer Palestine and Syria , but he soon had to withdraw; in

2464-548: The oldest and largest high-tech parks in the country; and prior to the opening of Tel Aviv Light Rail , Haifa is the only city with underground rapid transit system in Israel known as the Carmelit . Haifa Bay is a center of heavy industry , petroleum refining and chemical processing. Haifa formerly functioned as the western terminus of an oil pipeline from Iraq via Jordan . It is one of Israel's mixed cities , with an Arab-Israeli population of c.10%. The ultimate origin of

2520-809: The philosophy of Abu-Rasid al-Nisaburi . In 1904 he graduated from the rabbinical program at Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums , and began to teach language and literature at the Berlinisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster . Biram was one of the founders of the Bar-Kochba club and a member of the German liberal religious stream 'Ezra', which recognized the importance of high school education. In 1913, he settled in Ottoman Palestine . Biram married Hannah Tomeshevsky, with whom he had two sons. His son Aharon died in an accident while on reserve duty, and Binyamin, an engineer at

2576-464: The port city of 'Akka . Under the Rashidun Caliphate , Haifa began to develop. In the 9th century under the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates , Haifa established trading relations with Egyptian ports and the city featured several shipyards. The inhabitants, Arabs and Jews, engaged in trade and maritime commerce. Glass production and dye-making from marine snails were the city's most lucrative industries. Prosperity ended in 1100 or 1101, when Haifa

2632-429: The port for Tiberias and featured a "fine harbor for the anchorage of galleys and other vessels. Haifa was apparently uninhabited at the time the Ottoman Empire conquered Palestine in 1516. The first indication of its resettlement was given in a description by German traveller Leonhard Rauwolf , who visited Palestine in 1575. In 1596, Haifa appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Sahil Atlit of

2688-405: The proposed Jewish state . Arab protests over that decision evolved into violence between Jews and Arabs that left several dozen people dead during December. The Arab city was in a state of chaos. The local Arab national committee tried to stabilize the situation by organizing garrison, calming the frightened residents and to stop the flight. In a public statement, the national committee called upon

2744-529: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Biram . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biram&oldid=1176252214 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Place name disambiguation pages Surnames of Jewish origin Hidden categories: Short description

2800-515: The settlement has a history spanning more than 3,000 years. The earliest known settlement in the vicinity was Tell Abu Hawam , a small port city established in the Late Bronze Age (14th century BCE). In the 3rd century CE, Haifa was known as a dye-making center. Over the millennia, the Haifa area has changed hands: being conquered and ruled by the Canaanites , Israelites , Phoenicians , Assyrians , Babylonians , Persians , Hasmoneans , Romans , Byzantines , Arabs , Crusaders , Ottomans , and

2856-402: The structure, which was designed and completed several years later by his grandson, Shoghi Effendi . In a separate room, the remains of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá were buried in November 1921. Haifa was captured from the Ottomans in September 1918 by Indian horsemen of the British Army armed with spears and swords who overran Ottoman positions. On 22 September, British troops were heading to Nazareth when

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2912-421: The town's growing prosperity. Jews constituted one-eighth of Haifa's population, almost all of whom were recent immigrants from Morocco and Turkey who lived in the Jewish Quarter, which was located in the eastern part of the town. Continued Jewish immigration gradually raised the Jewish population of Haifa, and included a small number of Ashkenazi families, most of whom opened hotels for Jewish migrants coming into

2968-400: Was a small village and had a Jewish community composed mainly of immigrants from Morocco and Algeria which had a synagogue. It had 250 inhabitants in 1764–5. It was located at Tell el-Semak, the site of ancient Sycaminum. In 1765, Zahir al-Umar , the Arab ruler of Acre and the Galilee , moved the population to a new fortified site 1.5 mi (2.4 km) to the east and laid waste to

3024-445: Was besieged and blockaded by European Christians shortly after the end of the First Crusade , and then conquered after a fierce battle with its Jewish inhabitants and Fatimid garrison. Jews comprised the majority of the city's population at the time. Under the Crusaders, Haifa was reduced to a small fortified coastal stronghold. It was a part of the Principality of Galilee within the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Following their victory at

3080-419: Was located near the town of Shikmona, a center for making the traditional Tekhelet dye used in the garments of the high priests in the Temple. The archaeological site of Shikmona is southwest of Bat Galim. Early Haifa is believed to have occupied the area which extends from the present-day Rambam Hospital to the Jewish Cemetery on Yafo Street. The inhabitants engaged in fishing and agriculture. In about

3136-403: Was turned into a mosque, later becoming a hospital. In the 19th century, it was restored as a Carmelite monastery, the Stella Maris Monastery . The altar of the church as we see it today, stands over a cave associated with Prophet Elijah. In 1265, the army of Mamluk sultan Baibars captured Haifa , destroying its fortifications, which had been rebuilt by King Louis IX of France , as well as

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