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59-532: Birds Hill Provincial Park was designated a provincial park by the Government of Manitoba in 1964. The park is considered to be a Class III protected area under the IUCN protected area management categories. Birds Hill Provincial Park is a popular destination, receiving more than a million visitors annually. In summer, festivals and sporting events are held, the main campground is heavily booked, and families enjoy

118-558: A factor in the Hudson's Bay Company and received a large land grant at this location. Equestrian and cycling events for the 1967 Pan American Games hosted by Winnipeg were held in the park. Every July since 1974, the park has been the site of the Winnipeg Folk Festival . September 16, 1984, Pope John Paul II celebrated mass at the park during his visit to Manitoba. On August 29, 1992, Bryan Adams performed at

177-579: A fleshy, yellow gape in the corner of the mouth, apparent in all months except October and November. When comparing males to females that both have brown molt, increased wing length and weight typically indicate a bunting is a male. As indicated by data collected from Charles H. Blake from his banding experiments in Hillsborough, NC, the Indigo Bunting has a weighted annual survival rate of 0.585. Using his own methods (Blake 1967, p. 5) and

236-608: A global scale by national governments and international bodies such as the United Nations and the Convention on Biological Diversity . A strict nature reserve (IUCN Category Ia) is an area which is protected from all but light human use in order to protect its biodiversity and also possibly its geological/geomorphical features. These areas are often home to dense native ecosystems where all human disturbance except scientific study, environmental monitoring and education

295-406: A natural monument or feature by IUCN's guidelines, the protected area could include natural geological or geomorphological features, culturally-influenced natural features, natural cultural sites, or cultural sites with associated ecology. The classification then falls into two subcategories: those in which the biodiversity is uniquely related to the conditions of the natural feature and those in which

354-581: A negative correlation between Zugunruhe and cloud coverage. When in the artificial planetarium scenario and in the presence of a magnetic field similar to Earth's, birds were unable to orientate themselves in a no-star environment, indicating that past hypotheses supporting that birds use geophysical clues as well may be incorrect. Indigo buntings do not rely on individual stars or the general brightness of groups of stars, but instead use them as clues in navigation. Prior experiments removing certain constellations and stars (Big Dipper, Cassiopeia or Polaris) from

413-490: A pool of 25 indigo buntings captured and observed, it was determined that approximately two out of twenty-five indigo buntings should live up to six years. Using the calculated annual rate of six-year-old birds obtained (2/25 = 0.08), an annual rate of 0.656 was calculated, 12% higher than the annual rate of 0.585, leading to the 1 out of 25 statistic. The oldest recorded bunting was at least 13 years and 3 months old. However, not much emphasis should be placed on these values since

472-515: A proportion of the land mass remain in its natural condition—a decision to be made on a national level, usually with specificity to each protected area. Governance has to be developed to adapt the diverse—and possibly growing—range of interests that arise from the production of sustainable natural resources. Category VI may be particularly suitable to vast areas that already have a low level of human occupation or in which local communities and their traditional practices have had little permanent impact on

531-431: A reported range of 11.2–21.4 g (0.40–0.75 oz). During the breeding season, the adult male appears mostly a vibrant cerulean blue. Only the head is indigo . The wings and tail are black with cerulean blue edges. In fall and winter plumage, the male has brown edges to the blue body and head feathers, which overlap to make the bird appear mostly brown. The adult female is brown on the upperparts and lighter brown on

590-768: A small percentage of buntings remain as summer residents instead of migrating (7.2% of banded birds in Burke's observation). The indigo bunting often migrates during the night, using the stars to navigate. This is not an unusual proposal, for many other birds such as the blackcaps or red-backed shrikes were used to test if birds have orientated migratory behavior or Zugunruhe . Research indicates that indigo buntings placed in funnel cages outside on cloudless autumn nights or in artificial planetariums made more southern directional choices. When introduced to increasingly overcast nights, many bunting's abilities to distinctively make southern directional changes decreased, possibly indicating

649-450: Is a comparatively smaller area that is specifically allocated to protect a natural monument and its surrounding habitats . These monuments can be natural in the fullest sense or include elements that have been influenced or introduced by humans. The latter should hold biodiversity associations or could otherwise be classified as a historical or spiritual site, though this distinction can be quite difficult to ascertain. To be categorised as

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708-544: Is also susceptible to parasitism by louse flies . The criteria for a change in conservation status are a decline of more than 30% in ten years or over three generations. The species is classified as being of least concern according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature , with an estimated range of 5,900,000 km (2,300,000 sq mi) and a population of 28 million individuals. Global population trends have not been quantified, but

767-484: Is consistent with fossil evidence, coincides with a late- Miocene cooling, which caused the evolution of a variety of western grassland habitats . Evolving to reduce size may have allowed buntings to exploit grass seeds as a food source. The indigo bunting is a smallish songbird, around the size of a small sparrow. It measures 11.5–15 cm (4.5–5.9 in) long, with a wingspan of 18–23 cm (7.1–9.1 in). Body mass averages 14.5 g (0.51 oz), with

826-520: Is included in the family Cardinalidae , which is made up of passerine birds found in North and South America , and is one of seven birds in the genus Passerina . It was originally described as Tanagra cyanea by Linnaeus in his 18th-century work, Systema Naturae . The current genus name, Passerina , is derived from the Latin term passer for true sparrows and similar small birds, while

885-506: Is limited to a minimum, often allowing only those who are willing to travel of their own devices (by foot, by ski, or by boat), but this offers a unique opportunity to experience wilderness that has not been interfered with. Wilderness areas can be classified as such only if they are devoid of modern infrastructure, though they allow human activity to the level of sustaining indigenous groups and their cultural and spiritual values within their wilderness-based lifestyles. A IUCN Category II area

944-530: Is located near Nimowin Road. Many early settlers of the area are buried there. The park was formed from land expropriated from more than 150 local landowners in 1964. The official opening date was marked by a ribbon cutting ceremony by Manitoba premier Duff Roblin on July 15, 1967. The park is named in honour of Dr. Curtis Bird , first speaker of the Manitoba provincial legislature in 1873, whose father had been

1003-503: Is located within the Rural Municipalities of Springfield and St. Clements ; the official boundary between the two municipalities runs through the park. The park rises in a series of six low rounded hills. Those in the south and west stand 20 m (66 ft) above the surrounding land while those in the north and east are more than 40 metres (130 ft) higher. A lookout tower has been built on Griffiths Hill at about

1062-499: Is misleading since most of those birds supporting that study were immature, not having a high body fat content. Since indigo buntings and many other birds are at their lightest after mating season, questions arose whether increases in overall weight were attributed to fat or other factors such as water weight, or carbohydrates . Research indicates that most if not all weight gain is a gain in fat content. Quantitative methods of estimating flight range instead look at metabolic rates of

1121-532: Is one of the more flexible classifications of protected areas. As a result, protected landscapes and seascapes may be able to accommodate contemporary developments, such as ecotourism , at the same time as maintaining the historical management practices that may procure the sustainability of agrobiodiversity and aquatic biodiversity. Though human involvement is a large factor in the management of these protected areas , developments are not intended to allow for widescale industrial production. The IUCN recommends that

1180-406: Is prohibited. Because these areas are so strictly protected, they provide ideal pristine environments that enable measurement of external human influence by means of comparison with other areas. In some cases, strict nature reserves are of spiritual significance for surrounding communities and are also protected for this reason. The people engaged in the practice of their faith within the region have

1239-461: Is similar to a strict nature reserve, but generally larger and protected in a slightly less stringent manner. These areas are a protected domain in which biodiversity and ecosystem processes (including evolution) are allowed to flourish or experience restoration if previously disturbed by human activity. These are areas which may buffer against the effects of climate change and protect threatened species and ecological communities. Human visitation

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1298-452: Is similar to a wilderness area in its size and its main objective of protecting functioning ecosystems. However, category II areas tend to be more lenient with human visitation and its supporting infrastructure. Category II areas are managed in a way that may contribute to local economies through promoting educational and recreational tourism on a scale that will not reduce the effectiveness of conservation efforts. Despite "national park" being

1357-507: Is used by both sexes, and is used as an alarm call if a nest or chick is threatened. A high-pitched, buzzed zeeep is used as a contact call when the indigo bunting is in flight. The song of the male bird is a high-pitched buzzed sweet-sweet chew-chew sweet-sweet , lasting two to four seconds, sung to mark his territory to other males and to attract females. Each male has a single complex song, which he sings while perched on elevated objects, such as posts, wires, and bush-tops. In areas where

1416-463: The Canada Games . IUCN protected area categories#Category III — Provincial Park IUCN protected area categories , or IUCN protected area management categories , are categories used to classify protected areas in a system developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The enlisting of such areas is part of a strategy being used toward the conservation of

1475-567: The Red River Formation on top of the shale and sandstone of the Winnipeg Formation . These two sedimentary layers contain aquifers important to neighbouring communities, including Winnipeg. The glacial and post glacial deposits lying directly on the sedimentary layers within the park allow precipitation to recharge the aquifer beneath. Trembling aspen and bur oak forest is the dominant plant community found in

1534-616: The Waking Up the Nation Festival held at the park with the Deadbeat Honeymooners , Extreme , Sass Jordan and Steve Miller . The park hosted the 1998 Canadian Triathlon Championships. The park was the location of the road cycling , triathlon , and equestrian competitions during the 1999 Pan American Games . In 2017, the park was the venue for the triathlon, road cycling and open-water swimming events for

1593-646: The West Indies and Central America to northern South America . It has occurred as a vagrant in Antigua and Barbuda , Barbados , Denmark , Ecuador , Germany , Iceland , Ireland , Netherlands , the Netherlands Antilles , Saint Pierre and Miquelon , Serbia and the United Kingdom . The indigo bunting communicates through vocalizations and visual cues. A sharp chip! call

1652-421: The area, contributing to the area's sustainable management and engaging with its natural and cultural heritage. Landscapes and seascapes that fall into this category should represent an integral balance between people and nature and can sustain activities such as traditional agricultural and forestry systems on conditions that ensure the continued protection or ecological restoration of the area. Category V

1711-404: The beach and picnic areas. In winter, trails are groomed for cross-country skiing, skijoring and kick-sledding and the riding stable offers horse-drawn sleigh rides. More than half of the park is set aside as backcountry, offering visitors trails for hiking, cross-country skiing, horseback riding and mountain biking. Almost 40% of the park is classified for recreational development use, including

1770-468: The breeding season, and from southern Florida to northern South America during the winter. It often migrates by night, using the stars to navigate. Its habitat is farmland, brush areas, and open woodland. The indigo bunting is closely related to the lazuli bunting and interbreeds with the species where their ranges overlap. The indigo bunting is a small bird, measuring 11.5–13 cm (4.5–5.1 in) in length. It displays sexual dimorphism in its coloration;

1829-430: The bunting and how much fat it has to use as fuel. Research indicates that the metabolic rate of a lean 13 g (0.46 oz) indigo bunting is 0.64 kcal/hour. With an average speed of 20 mph, 5 extra grams of fat (47.5 kcal of energy) extends a bunting's range to six hundred and eighty-eight miles (1,107 km). 19 g (0.67 oz) is equivalent to eight hundred and twenty-six miles (1,329 km). Given that

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1888-405: The campgrounds, the beach and picnic sites, the scenic roadways, the riding stable and other equestrian facilities, the festival site and the pioneer homesteads. Three scenic roadways were added when the park was developed, North Drive, South Drive and Festival Drive. The paved shoulders of these roads are frequently used for walking, running, roller sports, and cycling. Birds Hill Provincial Park

1947-559: The chicks are altricial at hatching. Chicks fledge 10 to 12 days after hatching. Most pairs raise two broods per year, and the male may feed newly fledged young while the females incubate the next clutch of eggs. The brown-headed cowbird may parasitize this species. Indigo buntings abandon their nest if a cowbird egg appears before they lay any of their own eggs, but accept the egg after that point. Pairs with parasitized nests have less reproductive success. The bunting chicks hatch, but have lower survival rates as they must compete with

2006-429: The common name of category II, not all protected areas titled "national park" fit the criteria for category II. The surrounding areas of a category II site may be for consumptive or non-consumptive use but should nevertheless act as a barrier for the defence of the protected area's native species and communities to enable them to sustain themselves in the long term. A natural monument or feature (IUCN Category III)

2065-435: The cowbird chick for food. The indigo bunting forages for food on the ground or in trees or shrubs. In winter, it often feeds in flocks with other indigo buntings, but is a solitary feeder during the breeding season. During the breeding season, the species eats seeds of grasses and herbs , berries , spiders and insects , including caterpillars , grasshoppers , true bugs , and beetles . The seeds of grasses are

2124-467: The current levels of biodiversity are dependent on the presence of the sacred sites that have created an essentially modified ecosystem. Natural monuments or features often play a smaller but key ecological role in the operations of broader conservation objectives. They have a high cultural or spiritual value that can be utilised to gain support of conservation challenges by allowing higher visitation or recreational rights, therefore offering an incentive for

2183-629: The edge of the huge lake, spits and beaches formed and eroded as the lake slowly dropped. Five major strandlines of this glacial lake can be found within the park boundaries. The rock layers beneath Birds Hill Park are consistent with those in the surrounding region. Deepest of all are those of the Precambrian Superior Craton , the volcano-plutonic rocks of the Bird River subprovince. The older rocks are overlaid by Paleozoic layers—the dolomitic limestone and dolomite of

2242-417: The environmental health of the region. This differs from category V in that it is not the result of long-term human interaction that has had a transformative effect on surrounding ecosystems. Indigo bunting The indigo bunting ( Passerina cyanea ) is a small seed -eating bird in the cardinal family, Cardinalidae . It is migratory , ranging from southern Canada to northern Florida during

2301-447: The genus Passerina , it was determined that the indigo bunting and lazuli bunting are not, in fact, sister taxa . The indigo bunting is the sister of two sister groups, a "blue" ( lazuli bunting and blue grosbeak ) and a "painted" ( rose-bellied bunting , orange-breasted bunting , varied bunting , and painted bunting ) clade . This genetic study shows these species diverged between 4.1 and 7.3 million years ago . This timing, which

2360-572: The ground, but rarely up to 9 m (30 ft). The nest itself is constructed of leaves, coarse grasses, stems, and strips of bark, lined with soft grass or deer hair and is bound with spider web. It is constructed by the female, who cares for the eggs alone. The clutch consists of one to four eggs , but usually contains three to four. The eggs are white and usually unmarked, though some may be marked with brownish spots, averaging 18.7 mm × 13.7 mm (0.74 in × 0.54 in) in size. The eggs are incubated for 12 to 13 days and

2419-465: The halfway point of the Chickadee hiking trail. The park's landscape today is still defined by the events of 11,000 to 12,000 years ago as a Pleistocene glacier retreated and melted into glacial Lake Agassiz . Initially the glacier melt water deposited sand and gravel in a complex of eskers . As the glacier continued to retreat, Lake Agassiz submerged the eskers adding silt and clay around them. At

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2478-415: The lower is light blue. The feet and legs are black or gray. First years and adult males are distinguishable through close observations of the skull and its degree of ossification . Juvenile skulls have a slightly pinkish color that gives under pressure due to its singular layer. Adults instead have a double layer skull, which gives more resistance when applying pressure. First year birds also tend to have

2537-592: The mainstay of its diet during the winter, although buds and insects are eaten when available. The young are fed mainly insects at first, to provide them with protein . The indigo bunting does not drink frequently, generally obtaining sufficient water from its diet. Indigo bunting nests are vulnerable to a variety of climbing and flying predators, including Virginia opossum ( Didelphis virginiana ), red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ), domestic cat ( Felis catus ), blue jay ( Cyanocitta cristata ), eastern racer ( Coluber constrictor ) and raccoon ( Procyon lotor ). The bird

2596-421: The maintenance, conservation, and restoration of particular species and habitats—possibly through traditional means—and public education of such areas is widely encouraged as part of the management objectives. Habitat or species management areas may exist as a fraction of a wider ecosystem or protected area and may require varying levels of active protection. Management measures may include (but are not limited to)

2655-399: The male is vibrant blue in the summer, with brightly colored plumage during the breeding season to attract a mate. It is brown during the winter months, while the female is brown year-round. Nest-building and incubation are done solely by the female. The diet of the indigo bunting consists primarily of insects during the summer months and seeds during the winter months. The indigo bunting

2714-407: The park boundaries. These include Northern goshawk , Northern shrike , Boreal chickadee , Red-breasted nuthatch , American woodcock , Northern saw-whet owl , Sprague's pipit , Indigo bunting , Eastern towhee , and Lark sparrow . Western Silvery Aster , a species protected under federal and provincial Endangered Species laws has been found growing in the park. Since the area is higher than

2773-414: The park. Prairie species are found in drier upland sites. Wetlands in the park include marshes, black spruce / tamarack bogs and a cedar bog. Other trees found within the park include Manitoba maple , jack pine , paper birch , white spruce , and balsam poplar . Birds Hill Park is home to over 40 mammal species including White-tailed deer . Over two hundred species of birds have been found within

2832-574: The pool of individuals is small, where any individual can affect the weighted average . The habitat of the indigo bunting is brushy forest edges, open deciduous woods, second growth woodland , and farmland . Increases in population size have been seen in the event of forest clearings and development of land into farms. The breeding range stretches from southern Canada to Maine , south to northern Florida and eastern Texas , and westward to southern Nevada . The winter range begins in southern Florida and central Mexico and stretches south through

2891-426: The preservation of the site. A habitat or species management area (IUCN Category IV) is similar to a natural monument or feature, but focuses on more specific areas of conservation (though size is not necessarily a distinguishing feature), like an identifiable species or habitat that requires continuous protection rather than that of a natural feature. These protected areas will be sufficiently controlled to ensure

2950-577: The prevention of poaching , creation of artificial habitats, halting natural succession, and supplementary feeding practices. A protected landscape or protected seascape (IUCN Category V) covers a body of land or ocean with an explicit natural conservation plan, but usually also accommodates a range of for-profit activities. The main objective is to safeguard regions that have built up a distinct and valuable ecological, biological, cultural, or scenic character. In contrast with previous categories, Category V permits surrounding communities to interact more with

3009-563: The ranges of the lazuli bunting and the indigo bunting overlap, the males defend territories from each another. Migration takes place in April and May and then again in September and October. Previous research indicates that towards the end of August there is a spike in migration, indicated by a rapid surge of captures in the last ten days of August. Migration activities peak in late September and fall off rapidly as October approaches. Only

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3068-464: The right to continue to do so, providing it aligns with the area's conservation and management objectives. Human impacts on strict nature reserves are increasingly difficult to prevent because climate and air pollution and newly emerging diseases do not stop at the boundaries of protected areas. If perpetual intervention is required to maintain these strict guidelines, the area will often fall into category IV or V. A wilderness area (IUCN Category Ib)

3127-467: The sky had minimal effect on Zugunruhe. Indigo buntings do use the northern sky to help navigate both in the fall and in the spring. It was thought that the bunting has an internal clock, being able to compensate for the movement of stars. However, temporal compensation for stellar motion is not a part of their migratory methods. In captivity, since it cannot migrate, it experiences disorientation in April and May and in September and October if it cannot see

3186-562: The species name, cyanea , is Latin for cyan , the color of the male's breeding plumage. The indigo bunting is a close relative of the lazuli bunting and interbreeds with the species where their ranges overlap, in the Great Plains . They were declared to form a superspecies by the American Ornithologists' Union in 1983. However, according to sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene of members of

3245-523: The stars from its enclosure. While debate has occurred over the years about how birds migrate near the Gulf of Mexico , indigo buntings migrate to South America by flying both over the Gulf of Mexico and around the Gulf of Mexico, with a majority of buntings choosing the trans-Gulf path. Past evidence indicated that indigo buntings did not have a high enough fat content to travel across the Gulf, but that evidence

3304-401: The surrounding terrain, what is now Birds Hill Park served early settlers as a refuge from flooding in the years 1826 and 1852. Between 1895 and 1899, the settlers of Pine Ridge built a Lutheran church on land then owned by John Uhrich, now within the park. The church closed in 1920 and its building was removed to another site, and later demolished. The church graveyard , Pine Ridge Cemetery,

3363-445: The trip across the Gulf of Mexico from Florida is approximately six hundred miles (966 km), buntings weighing at least 18 g could make the trip without any stops. These birds are generally monogamous but not always faithful to their partner. In the western part of their range, they often hybridize with the lazuli bunting . Nesting sites are located in dense shrub or a low tree, generally 0.3–1 m (0.98–3.28 ft) above

3422-417: The underparts. It has indistinct wing bars and is faintly streaked with darker markings underneath. The immature bird resembles the female in coloring, although a male may have hints of blue on the tail and shoulders and have darker streaks on the underside. The beak is short and conical. In the adult female, the beak is light brown tinged with blue, and in the adult male the upper half is brownish-black while

3481-401: The world's natural environment and biodiversity. The IUCN has developed the protected area management categories system to define, record and classify the wide variety of specific aims and concerns when categorising protected areas and their objectives. Further supplementary guidelines have been developed specific to marine protected areas (MPAs). This categorisation method is recognised on

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