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Birmingham Banking Company

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83-742: The Birmingham Banking Company was a bank that operated in Birmingham, West Midlands from 1829 to 1889, and as The Metropolitan and Birmingham Bank from 1889 to 1892, the Metropolitan, Birmingham and South Wales Bank from 1892 to 1893, and the Metropolitan Bank (of England and Wales) from 1893 to 1914, when it was acquired by the Midland Bank . This joint-stock bank was established on 30 September 1829 in Birmingham. It

166-481: A notary before depositing the articles with a banker, and Law 123 stipulated that a banker was discharged of any liability from a contract of bailment if the notary denied the existence of the contract. Law 124 stipulated that a depositor with a notarized contract of bailment was entitled to redeem the entirety of their deposit , and Law 125 stipulated that a banker was liable for replacement of deposits stolen while in their possession . Cuneiform records of

249-412: A bank account is considered indispensable by most businesses and individuals. Non-banks that provide payment services such as remittance companies are normally not considered as an adequate substitute for a bank account. Banks issue new money when they make loans. In contemporary banking systems, regulators set a minimum level of reserve funds that banks must hold against the deposit liabilities created by

332-445: A fee for that service. In exchange for each deposit of precious metal, the goldsmiths issued receipts certifying the quantity and purity of the metal they held as a bailee ; these receipts could not be assigned, only the original depositor could collect the stored goods. Gradually the goldsmiths began to lend money out on behalf of the depositor , and promissory notes , which evolved into banknotes, were issued for money deposited as

415-503: A foreigner thou mayest lend upon interest; but unto thy brother thou shalt not lend upon interest; that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all that thou puttest thy hand unto, in the land whither thou goest in to possess it. In general, it was seen as advantageous to avoid debt at all, to avoid being bound to someone else. Debt was to be avoided and not used to finance consumption, except when in need. However, laws against usury were among many

498-425: A large number of small to medium-sized institutions in its banking system. As of November 2009, China's top four banks have in excess of 67,000 branches ( ICBC :18000+, BOC :12000+, CCB :13000+, ABC :24000+) with an additional 140 smaller banks with an undetermined number of branches. Japan had 129 banks and 12,000 branches. In 2004, Germany, France, and Italy each had more than 30,000 branches – more than double

581-417: A loan to the goldsmith. Thus, by the 19th century, we find in ordinary cases of deposits, of money with banking corporations, or bankers, the transaction amounts to a mere loan, or mutuum , and the bank is to restore, not the same money, but an equivalent sum, whenever it is demanded and money, when paid into a bank, ceases altogether to be the money of the principal (see Parker v. Marchant, 1 Phillips 360); it

664-535: A portion of their current liabilities. In addition to other regulations intended to ensure liquidity , banks are generally subject to minimum capital requirements based on an international set of capital standards, the Basel Accords . Banking in its modern sense evolved in the fourteenth century in the prosperous cities of Renaissance Italy but, in many ways, functioned as a continuation of ideas and concepts of credit and lending that had their roots in

747-416: A safe and convenient form of money backed by the goldsmith's promise to pay, allowing goldsmiths to advance loans with little risk of default . Thus the goldsmiths of London became the forerunners of banking by creating new money based on credit. The Bank of England originated the permanent issue of banknotes in 1695. The Royal Bank of Scotland established the first overdraft facility in 1728. By

830-399: A variety of different ways including interest, transaction fees and financial advice. Traditionally, the most significant method is via charging interest on the capital it lends out to customers. The bank profits from the difference between the level of interest it pays for deposits and other sources of funds, and the level of interest it charges in its lending activities. This difference

913-557: Is Berenberg Bank (founded in 1590). Banking as an archaic activity (or quasi-banking ) is thought to have begun as early as the end of the 4th millennium BCE, to the 3rd millennia BCE. The present era of banking can be traced to medieval and early Renaissance Italy, to the rich cities in the centre and north like Florence , Lucca , Siena , Venice and Genoa . The Bardi and Peruzzi families dominated banking in 14th-century Florence, establishing branches in many other parts of Europe. Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici set up one of

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996-446: Is a bank regulation , which sets a framework within which a bank or depository institution must manage its balance sheet . The categorisation of assets and capital is highly standardised so that it can be risk weighted . After the financial crisis of 2007–2008 , regulators force banks to issue Contingent convertible bonds (CoCos). These are hybrid capital securities that absorb losses in accordance with their contractual terms when

1079-400: Is a Bills of Exchange Act that codifies the law in relation to negotiable instruments , including cheques, and this Act contains a statutory definition of the term banker : banker includes a body of persons, whether incorporated or not, who carry on the business of banking' (Section 2, Interpretation). Although this definition seems circular, it is actually functional, because it ensures that

1162-403: Is a list of the largest deals in history in terms of value with participation from at least one bank: Currently, commercial banks are regulated in most jurisdictions by government entities and require a special bank license to operate. Usually, the definition of the business of banking for the purposes of regulation is extended to include acceptance of deposits, even if they are not repayable to

1245-560: Is recorded to have stolen from the deposits on occasion. The temple served as a depository for Aristotle, Caesar, Dio Chrysostomus, Plautus, Plutarch, Strabo and Xenophon. The temple to Apollo in Didyma was constructed sometime in the 6th century. A large sum of gold was deposited within the treasury at the time by king Croesus . In ancient India there are evidences of loans from the Vedic period (beginning 1750 BCE). Later during

1328-431: Is referred to as the spread between the cost of funds and the loan interest rate. Historically, profitability from lending activities has been cyclical and dependent on the needs and strengths of loan customers and the stage of the economic cycle . Fees and financial advice constitute a more stable revenue stream and banks have therefore placed more emphasis on these revenue lines to smooth their financial performance. In

1411-477: Is that Jews are forbidden to charge interest upon loans made to other Jews, but obliged to charge interest on transactions with non-Jews. However, the Hebrew Bible itself gives numerous examples where this provision was evaded. Deuteronomy 23:19 Thou shalt not lend upon interest to thy brother: interest of money, interest of victuals, interest of any thing that is lent upon interest. Deuteronomy 23:20 Unto

1494-477: Is then the money of the banker, who is bound to return an equivalent, by paying a similar sum to that deposited with him, when he is asked for it. The goldsmith paid interest on deposits. Since the promissory notes were payable on demand, and the advances (loans) to the goldsmith's customers were repayable over a longer time-period, this was an early form of fractional reserve banking . The promissory notes developed into an assignable instrument which could circulate as

1577-742: The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) as a regulator. However, for soundness examinations (i.e., whether a bank is operating in a sound manner), the Federal Reserve is the primary federal regulator for Fed-member state banks; the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) is the primary federal regulator for national banks. State non-member banks are examined by the state agencies as well as

1660-651: The Great Depression , the U.S. Savings and Loan crisis in the 1980s and early 1990s, the Japanese banking crisis during the 1990s, and the sub-prime mortgage crisis in the 2000s. The 2023 global banking crisis is the latest of these crises: In March 2023, liquidity shortages and bank insolvencies led to three bank failures in the United States , and within two weeks, several of the world's largest banks failed or were shut down by regulators Assets of

1743-752: The Holy Roman Empire , and in the 15th and 16th century to northern Europe. This was followed by a number of important innovations that took place in Amsterdam during the Dutch Republic in the 17th century, and in London since the 18th century. During the 20th century, developments in telecommunications and computing caused major changes to banks' operations and let banks dramatically increase in size and geographic spread. The 2007–2008 financial crisis led to many bank failures , including some of

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1826-637: The Maurya dynasty (321–185 BCE), an instrument called adesha was in use, which was an order on a banker desiring him to pay the money of the note to a third person, which corresponds to the definition of a bill of exchange as we understand it today. During the Buddhist period, there was considerable use of these instruments. Merchants in large towns gave letters of credit to one another. Main: History of banking in China In ancient China, starting in

1909-446: The Metropolitan Bank (of England and Wales) . The Metropolitan Bank (of England and Wales) was acquired by the Midland Bank in 1914. The branch on Bennetts Hill closed in 2002 and the building was converted for use as a wine bar . 52°28′48.26″N 1°53′59.39″W  /  52.4800722°N 1.8998306°W  / 52.4800722; -1.8998306 Bank A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from

1992-585: The Persian Wars produced a government and culture sufficiently organized for the birth of a private citizenship and therefore an embryonic capitalist society, allowing for the separation of wealth from exclusive state ownership to the possibility of ownership by the individual. According to one source (Dandamaev et al. ), trapezites were the first to trade using money, during the 5th century BCE, as opposed to earlier trade which occurred using forms of pre-money. The earliest forms of storage utilized were

2075-603: The Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE), Chinese currency developed with the introduction of standardized coins that allowed easier trade across China, and led to development of letters of credit. These letters were issued by merchants who acted in ways that today we would understand as banks. Some scholars suggest that the Egyptian grain-banking system became so well-developed that it was comparable to major modern banks, both in terms of its number of branches and employees, and in terms of

2158-569: The Renaissance by Florentine bankers, who used to make their transactions atop desks covered by green tablecloths. The definition of a bank varies from country to country. See the relevant country pages for more information. Under English common law , a banker is defined as a person who carries on the business of banking by conducting current accounts for their customers, paying cheques drawn on them and also collecting cheques for their customers. In most common law jurisdictions there

2241-627: The Roman Empire , lenders based in temples gave loans, while accepting deposits and performing the change of money . Archaeology from this period in ancient China and India also show evidences of money lending . Many scholars trace the historical roots of the modern banking system to medieval and Renaissance Italy , particularly the affluent cities of Florence , Venice and Genoa . The Bardi and Peruzzi families dominated banking in 14th century Florence, establishing branches in many other parts of Europe . The most famous Italian bank

2324-735: The ancient world . In the history of banking , a number of banking dynasties  – notably, the Medicis , the Pazzi , the Fuggers , the Welsers , the Berenbergs , and the Rothschilds  – have played a central role over many centuries. The oldest existing retail bank is Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena (founded in 1472), while the oldest existing merchant bank

2407-402: The counting of agricultural produce. Commencing in the late fourth millennia mnemonic symbols were in use by members of temples and palaces to record stocks of produce. Types of records accounting for trade exchanges of payments were first being made about 3200 BCE. The Code of Hammurabi , written on a clay tablet around 1700 BCE, describes the regulation of banking activity within

2490-595: The house of Egibi of Babylonia describe the family's financial activities as having occurred sometime after 1000 BCE and ending sometime during the reign of Darius I . These records suggest a "lending house" (Silver 2002), a family engaging in "professional banking..." (Dandamaev et al. 2004), and economic activities similar to modern deposit banking. Another interpretation is that the family's activities are better described as entrepreneurship rather than banking (Wunsch 2007). The Murashu family apparently took part in providing credit (Moshenskyi 2008). From

2573-481: The 15,000 branches in the United Kingdom. Between 1985 and 2018 banks engaged in around 28,798 mergers or acquisitions, either as the acquirer or the target company. The overall known value of these deals cumulates to around 5,169 bil. USD. In terms of value, there have been two major waves (1999 and 2007) which both peaked at around 460 bil. USD followed by a steep decline (−82% from 2007 until 2018). Here

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2656-617: The 6th century. Before the destruction by Persians during the 480 invasion, the Athenian Acropolis temple dedicated to Athena stored money; Pericles rebuilt a depository afterward contained within the Parthenon . During the reign of the Ptolemies, state depositories replaced temples as the location of security-deposits. Records exist to show this having occurred by the end of the reign of Ptolemy I (305–284). As

2739-653: The Birmingham bank had paid fees of several thousand pounds a year for cashing their cheques in the London Bankers' Clearing House . The nominal capital of the bank increased at this time from £3.5m to £5.0m (equivalent to £698 million in 2023). On the acquisition of the South Wales Union in 1892 it was renamed the Metropolitan, Birmingham and South Wales Bank and on the acquisition of the National Bank of Wales in 1893 it changed its name again to

2822-454: The Empire described " letter from Caesar to Quietus " show rental monies to be collected from persons using land belonging to a temple and given to the temple treasurer, as decreed by Mettius Modestus, governor of Lycia and Pamphylia. A law, receptum argentarii , obliged a bank to pay its clients debts under guarantee. Cassius Dio advocated the establishment of a state bank, funded by

2905-529: The FDIC. National banks have one primary regulator – the OCC. Each regulatory agency has its own set of rules and regulations to which banks and thrifts must adhere. The Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) was established in 1979 as a formal inter-agency body empowered to prescribe uniform principles, standards, and report forms for the federal examination of financial institutions. Although

2988-562: The FFIEC has resulted in a greater degree of regulatory consistency between the agencies, the rules and regulations are constantly changing. History of banking The history of banking began with the first prototype banks , that is, the merchants of the world, who gave grain loans to farmers and traders who carried goods between cities. This was around 2000 BCE in Assyria , India and Sumer . Later, in ancient Greece and during

3071-586: The UK, for example, the Financial Services Authority licenses banks, and some commercial banks (such as the Bank of Scotland ) issue their own banknotes in addition to those issued by the Bank of England , the UK government's central bank. Banking law is based on a contractual analysis of the relationship between the bank (defined above) and the customer  – defined as any entity for which

3154-639: The bank agrees to conduct an account. The law implies rights and obligations into this relationship as follows: These implied contractual terms may be modified by express agreement between the customer and the bank. The statutes and regulations in force within a particular jurisdiction may also modify the above terms or create new rights, obligations, or limitations relevant to the bank-customer relationship. Some types of financial institutions, such as building societies and credit unions , may be partly or wholly exempt from bank license requirements, and therefore regulated under separate rules. The requirements for

3237-411: The bank will not repay it), and interest rate risk (the possibility that the bank will become unprofitable, if rising interest rates force it to pay relatively more on its deposits than it receives on its loans). Banking crises have developed many times throughout history when one or more risks have emerged for the banking sector as a whole. Prominent examples include the bank run that occurred during

3320-667: The bank, and collecting cheques deposited to customers' current accounts. Banks also enable customer payments via other payment methods such as Automated Clearing House (ACH), Wire transfers or telegraphic transfer , EFTPOS , and automated teller machines (ATMs). Banks borrow money by accepting funds deposited on current accounts, by accepting term deposits , and by issuing debt securities such as banknotes and bonds . Banks lend money by making advances to customers on current accounts, by making installment loans , and by investing in marketable debt securities and other forms of money lending. Banks provide different payment services, and

3403-531: The banking of taxes were known as peptoken-records. Trapezitica is the first source documenting banking ( de Soto – p. 41). The speeches of Demosthenes contain numerous references to the issuing of credit (Millett p. 5). Xenophon is credited to have made the first suggestion of the creation of an organisation known in the modern definition as a joint-stock bank in On Revenues written c.  353 BCE The city-states of Greece after

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3486-664: The beginning of the 19th century Lubbock's Bank had established a bankers' clearing house in London to allow multiple banks to clear transactions. The Rothschilds pioneered international finance on a large scale, financing the purchase of shares in the Suez canal for the British government in 1875. The word bank was taken into Middle English from Middle French banque , from Old Italian banco , meaning "table", from Old High German banc, bank "bench, counter". Benches were used as makeshift desks or exchange counters during

3569-446: The boundaries of Athens, bankers' loans are recorded as having been issued on eleven occasions altogether (Bogaert 1968). Banks sometimes made loans available confidentially, which is, they provided funds without being publicly and openly known to have done so. In addition, they kept depositors' names confidential as well. This intermediation per se was known as dia tes trapazēs, translated from Latin as "God will trap you". A loan

3652-515: The business of banking for the purposes of the legislation, and not necessarily in general. In particular, most of the definitions are from legislation that has the purpose of regulating and supervising banks rather than regulating the actual business of banking. However, in many cases, the statutory definition closely mirrors the common law one. Examples of statutory definitions: Since the advent of EFTPOS (Electronic Funds Transfer at Point Of Sale), direct credit, direct debit and internet banking ,

3735-533: The capital of the issuing bank falls below a certain level. Then debt is reduced and bank capitalisation gets a boost. Owing to their capacity to absorb losses, CoCos have the potential to satisfy regulatory capital requirement. The economic functions of banks include: Banks are susceptible to many forms of risk which have triggered occasional systemic crises. These include liquidity risk (where many depositors may request withdrawals in excess of available funds), credit risk (the chance that those who owe money to

3818-483: The cheque has lost its primacy in most banking systems as a payment instrument. This has led legal theorists to suggest that the cheque based definition should be broadened to include financial institutions that conduct current accounts for customers and enable customers to pay and be paid by third parties, even if they do not pay and collect cheques . Banks act as payment agents by conducting checking or current accounts for customers, paying cheques drawn by customers in

3901-599: The city. Thirty-five Hellenistic cities had private banks during the 2nd century (Roberts – p. 130). Of the settlements of the Greco-Roman world of the 1st century CE, three were of pronounced wealth and centres of banking: Athens , Corinth and Patras . Many loans are recorded in writings from the classical age, although a very small proportion were provided by banks. Provision of these were likely an occurrence of Athens, with loans known to have been provided at some time at an annual interest of 12%. Within

3984-577: The civilization (Armstrong); although still rudimentary, banking was well enough developed to justify laws governing banking operations. Later during the Achaemenid Empire (after 646 BCE), further evidence is found of banking practices in the Mesopotamia region. By the 5th millennium BCE, the settlements of Sumer , such as Eridu , were formed around a central temple. In the fifth millennium, people began to build and live in

4067-399: The civilization of cities, providing a structure for the construction of institutions and establishments. Tell Brak and Uruk were two early urban settlements. Banking as an archaic activity (or quasi-banking ) is thought to have begun as early as the latter part of the 4th millennium BCE, to the 3rd millennia BCE. Prior to the reign of Sargon I of Akkad (2335–2280 BCE )

4150-409: The code commissioned by Hammurabi , king of Babylon c.  1792 –1750 BCE. Law 100 stipulated that repayment of a loan by a debtor to a creditor was to be on a schedule with a maturity date specified in written contractual terms . Law 122 stipulated that a depositor of gold , silver , or other property must present all articles and a signed contract of bailment to

4233-423: The cross-selling of complementary products. Banks face a number of risks in order to conduct their business, and how well these risks are managed and understood is a key driver behind profitability, and how much capital a bank is required to hold. Bank capital consists principally of equity , retained earnings and subordinated debt . Some of the main risks faced by banks include: The capital requirement

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4316-408: The customer's order – although money lending, by itself, is generally not included in the definition. Unlike most other regulated industries, the regulator is typically also a participant in the market, being either publicly or privately governed central bank . Central banks also typically have a monopoly on the business of issuing banknotes . However, in some countries, this is not the case. In

4399-568: The decrease in economic activity after the fall of Rome and Islamic invasions, banking likely temporarily ended in Europe and was not revived until Mediterranean trade commenced again in the 12th century. Most early religious systems in the ancient Near East, and the secular codes arising from them, did not forbid usury . These societies regarded inanimate matter as alive, like plants, animals and people, and capable of reproducing itself. Hence if you lent 'food money', or monetary tokens of any kind, it

4482-453: The eastern parts of the United States. Ancient types of money known as grain-money and food cattle-money were used from around 9000 BCE as two of the earliest commodities used for purposes of bartering . Anatolian obsidian as a raw material for Stone Age tools was being distributed from as early as about 12,500 BCE, and organized trading of it was occurring during the 9th millennium BCE (Cauvin; Chataigner 1989). Sardinia

4565-402: The fourth millennium previously agricultural settlements began administrative activities. The temple of Artemis at Ephesus was the largest depository of Asia. A pot hoard dated to 600 BCE was found in excavations by The British Museum during 1904. During the time of the cessation of the first Mithridatic war, the entire debt being held at the time was annulled by the council. Mark Antony

4648-589: The funding of these loans, in order to ensure that the banks can meet demands for payment of such deposits. These reserves can be acquired through the acceptance of new deposits, sale of other assets, or borrowing from other banks including the central bank. Activities undertaken by banks include personal banking , corporate banking , investment banking , private banking , transaction banking , insurance , consumer finance , trade finance and other related. Banks offer many different channels to access their banking and other services: A bank can generate revenue in

4731-442: The issue of a bank license vary between jurisdictions but typically include: Banks' activities can be divided into: Most banks are profit-making, private enterprises. However, some are owned by the government, or are non-profit organisations . The United States banking industry is one of the most heavily regulated and guarded in the world, with multiple specialised and focused regulators. All banks with FDIC-insured deposits have

4814-409: The largest 1,000 banks in the world grew by 6.8% in the 2008–2009 financial year to a record US$ 96.4 trillion while profits declined by 85% to US$ 115 billion. Growth in assets in adverse market conditions was largely a result of recapitalisation. EU banks held the largest share of the total, 56% in 2008–2009, down from 61% in the previous year. Asian banks' share increased from 12% to 14% during

4897-450: The legal basis for bank transactions such as cheques does not depend on how the bank is structured or regulated. The business of banking is in many common law countries not defined by statute but by common law, the definition above. In other English common law jurisdictions there are statutory definitions of the business of banking or banking business . When looking at these definitions it is important to keep in mind that they are defining

4980-611: The mercantile practices from Greece (Parker). During 352 BCE a rudimentary public bank (known as dēmosía trápeza ) was formed, with the passing of a consular directive to form a commission of mensarii to deal with debt in the impoverished lower classes. Another source shows banking practices during 325 BCE when, on account of being in debt, the Plebeians were required to borrow money, so newly appointed quinqueviri mensarii were commissioned to provide services to those who had security to provide, in exchange for money from

5063-600: The middle of enclosed courtyards called macella on a long bench called a bancu , from which the words banco and bank are derived. As a money changer, the merchant at the bancu did not so much invest money as merely convert the foreign currency into the only legal tender in Rome—that of the Imperial Mint. Operations of banking within Roman society were known as officium argentarii . Statutes (125/126 CE) of

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5146-487: The most famous Italian banks, the Medici Bank , in 1397. The Republic of Genoa founded the earliest-known state deposit bank, and Banco di San Giorgio (Bank of St. George), in 1407 at Genoa , Italy. Fractional reserve banking and the issue of banknotes emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries. Merchants started to store their gold with the goldsmiths of London , who possessed private vaults , and who charged

5229-616: The most important were the temple to Artemis in Ephesus , and temple of Hera within Samos , and within Delphi , the temple to Apollo . These consisted of deposits, currency exchange, validation of coinage, and loans. The first treasury to the Apollonian temple was built before the end of the 7th century BCE. A treasury of the temple was constructed by the city of Siphnos during

5312-524: The need for new buildings to house operations increased, construction of these places within the cities began around the courtyards of the agora (markets). Athens received the Delian league's treasury during 454. During the late 3rd and 2nd century BCE, the Aegean island of Delos became a prominent banking center. During the 2nd century, there were for certain three banks and one temple depository within

5395-446: The occurrence of trade was limited to the internal boundaries of each city-state of Babylon and the temple located at the centre of economic activity therein; trade at the time for citizens external to the city was forbidden. In Babylonia of 2000 BCE, people depositing gold were required to pay amounts as much as one sixtieth of the total deposited. Both the palaces and temple are known to have provided lending and issuing from

5478-455: The past 20 years, American banks have taken many measures to ensure that they remain profitable while responding to increasingly changing market conditions. This helps in making a profit and facilitates economic development as a whole. Recently, as banks have been faced with pressure from fintechs, new and additional business models have been suggested such as freemium, monetisation of data, white-labeling of banking and payment applications, or

5561-463: The prophets condemned the people for breaking. The interpretation that interest could be charged to non-Israelites would be used in the 14th century for Jews living within Christian societies in Europe to justify lending money for profit. This conveniently side stepped the rules against usury in both Judaism and Christianity, as Christians were not involved in the lending but were still free to take

5644-479: The public and creates a demand deposit while simultaneously making loans . Lending activities can be directly performed by the bank or indirectly through capital markets . Whereas banks play an important role in financial stability and the economy of a country, most jurisdictions exercise a high degree of regulation over banks. Most countries have institutionalized a system known as fractional-reserve banking , under which banks hold liquid assets equal to only

5727-455: The public treasury. Another source (J. Andreau) has the shops of banking of Ancient Rome firstly opening in the public forums during the period 318 to 310 BCE. In early Ancient Rome deposit bankers were known as argentarii and at a later time (from the 2nd century CE onward) as nummularii (Andreau 1999 p. 2) or mensarii . The banking-houses were known as Taberae Argentarioe and Mensoe Numularioe . They would set up their stalls in

5810-489: The rudimentary money-boxes (ΘΗΣΑΥΡΌΣ ) which were made similar in form to the construction of a bee-hive, and were found for example in the Mycenae tombs of 1550–1500 BCE. Private and civic entities within ancient Grecian society, especially Greek temples , performed financial transactions. (Gilbart p. 3) The temples were the places where treasure was deposited for safe-keeping . The three temples thought

5893-575: The sale of all the properties owned at the time by the state. In the 4th century monopolies existed in Byzantium and in the city of Olbia in Sardinia. The Roman empire at some time formalized the administrative aspect of banking and instituted greater regulation of financial institutions and financial practices. Charging interest on loans and paying interest on deposits became more highly developed and competitive. The development of Roman banks

5976-682: The total volume of transactions. During the rule of the Greek Ptolemies, the granaries were transformed into a network of banks centered in Alexandria, where the main accounts from all of the Egyptian regional grain-banks were recorded. This became the site of one of the earliest known government central banks, and may have reached its peak with the assistance of Greek bankers. According to Muir (2009) there were two types of banks operating within Egypt: royal and private. Documents made to show

6059-548: The wealth they held—the palaces to a lesser extent. Such loans typically involved issuing seed-grain, with re-payment from the harvest. These basic social agreements were documented in clay tablets, with an agreement on interest accrual . The habit of depositing and storing of wealth in temples continued at least until 209 BCE, as evidenced by Antiochus III having ransacked or pillaged the temple of Aine in Ecbatana ( Media ) of gold and silver. More information comes from

6142-601: The world's largest banks, and provoked much debate about bank regulation . The shift from a reliance on hunting and gathering of foods to agricultural practices , starting sometime after 12,000 BCE, resulted in increased stability of economic relations. Such changes in socio-economic conditions began approximately 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent , about 9,500 years ago in northern China, about 5,500 years ago in Mexico, and approximately 4,500 years ago in

6225-462: The year, while the share of US banks increased from 11% to 13%. Fee revenue generated by global investment in banking totalled US$ 66.3 billion in 2009, up 12% on the previous year. The United States has the most banks in the world in terms of institutions (5,330 as of 2015) and possibly branches (81,607 as of 2015). This is an indicator of the geography and regulatory structure of the US, resulting in

6308-527: Was altered in 1868 by Yeoville Thomason ; and an extension in Bennetts Hill by Harris & Martin was added in 1881–4. The firm grew rapidly and by the mid-1830s it was one of Birmingham's strongest banks. During the financial crisis of 1866 the bank suffered severe liquidity problems and failed on 14 July 1866 with liabilities of £1.8m (equivalent to £210,630,000 in 2023) against a capital of £280,000 (equivalent to £32,760,000 in 2023). It

6391-521: Was based upon the business of the Birmingham private bankers Gibbins & Lovell , established in 1825 by Joseph Gibbins and Edward Bourne Lovell, and initially traded from their premises in New Street. The bank built itself a headquarters in Birmingham at the junction of Waterloo Street and Bennetts Hill which was constructed in 1830 to the designs of the architects Thomas Rickman and Henry Hutchinson . They moved into this new building in 1831. It

6474-619: Was legitimate to charge interest. Food money in the shape of olives, dates, seeds or animals was lent out as early as c.  5000 BCE, if not earlier. Among the Mesopotamians , Hittites , Phoenicians and Egyptians , interest was legal and often fixed by the state. The Torah and later sections of the Hebrew Bible criticize interest-taking, but interpretations of the Biblical prohibition vary. One common understanding

6557-404: Was limited, however, by the Roman preference for cash transactions. During the reign of the Roman emperor Gallienus (260–268 CE), there was a temporary breakdown of the Roman banking system after the banks rejected the flakes of copper produced by his mints. With the ascent of Christianity, banking became subject to additional restrictions, as the charging of interest was seen as immoral. With

6640-474: Was made by a Temple of Athens to the state during 433–427 BCE. Roman banking activities were a crucial presence within temples. For instance the minting of coins occurred within temples, most importantly the Juno Moneta temple, though during the time of the Empire, public deposits gradually ceased to be held in temples, and instead were held in private depositories. Still, the Roman Empire inherited

6723-519: Was one of the four main sites for sourcing the material deposits of obsidian within the Mediterranean; trade using obsidian was replaced during the 3rd millennium BCE by trade of copper and silver . Objects used for record keeping, " bulla " and tokens , have been recovered from within Near East excavations , dated to a period beginning 8000 BCE and ending 1500 BCE, as records of

6806-596: Was the Medici Bank , established by Giovanni Medici in 1397. The oldest bank still in existence is Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena , headquartered in Siena , Italy, which has been operating continuously since 1472. Until the end of 2002, the oldest bank still in operation was the Banco di Napoli headquartered in Naples , Italy, which had been operating since 1463. Development of banking spread from northern Italy throughout

6889-684: Was the largest bank to fail during the banking crisis of the mid-1860s. It was restructured and reopened in August 1866. It amalgamated with the Royal Exchange Bank (formerly the Metropolitan Bank) in 1889 to form The Metropolitan and Birmingham Bank . This amalgamation enabled the Birmingham company to facilitate its London business as the Royal Exchange Bank had a seat in the clearing house, and until this time

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