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80-467: The term Bissau may have come from the name of a clan N'nssassun, in its plural form Bôssassun. Intchassu (Bôssassu) was the name given to the nephew of King Mecau—the first sovereign of the island of Bissau —son of his sister Pungenhum. Bôssassu formed a clan of the Papel peoples . From well before the arrival of Europeans to the early 20th century, the island of Bissau was governed as a kingdom inhabited by

160-413: A tropical savanna climate ( Köppen Aw ), not quite wet enough to qualify as a tropical monsoon climate ( Am ) but much wetter than most climates of its type. Almost no rain falls from November to May, but during the remaining five months of the year, the city receives around 2,000 millimetres (79 in) of rain. At the 1979 census, Bissau had a population of 109,214. By the 2015 census, Bissau had

240-667: A 20-year power supply agreement with Karpowership to address the ongoing energy crisis . Accusations of corruption in the tendering process have led to legal challenges and ongoing judicial inquiry. On 1 August 2022, the Minister of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment denied the appeal by the South African subsidiary to continue their project to deploy three ships with a total capacity of 1220 MW due to lack of consultation, unconvincing environmental reports and "questioned

320-418: A 450 MW ship-mounted power plant at Richards Bay Harbour . On 26 February 2023, as one of the last acts as Minister of Transport , Fikile Mbalula granted Karpowership a Section 79 permit; one of two outstanding permits. This came after Karpowership parent company, Karadeniz, broke off an existing agreement with a BEE company and signed a secret MOU to partner with Anna Mokgokong in an attempt to acquire

400-578: A city-wide blackout occurred due to an unpaid power bill to the Turkish power firm Karpowership which was over $ 15 million. Bissau is located on the Geba River estuary, off the Atlantic Ocean . The land surrounding the city is extremely low-lying, and the river is accessible to ocean-going vessels despite its modest discharge for about 80 kilometres (50 mi) beyond the city. Bissau has

480-693: A fleet of powerships . Since 2010, 36 powerships have been completed with their total installed capacity exceeding 6,000 MW and further capacity under construction (or scheduled). Karpowership executes all its activities in-house, including design, construction, site preparation, commissioning, fuel supply and electricity delivery. Powerships are barge- or ship-mounted floating power plants, and they can operate on heavy fuel oil (HFO), diesel fuel, and/or natural gas. Karpowership's powerships are available under electricity-generation services contracts, power-rental contracts, energy-conversion works contracts or power-purchase agreements. In 2007, Karpowership developed

560-698: A migration from East Africa, and the conservation of this lineage is due to the short amount of time the Papels have been in Guinea-Bissau, further suggesting that Papels have not been in Guinea-Bissau for as long as previously believed. The presence of U5b1b in the Papel population represented a possible genetic link to the Saami of Scandinavia and North African Berbers , suggested to be due to post-glacial expansion. This U5b1b lineage suggests expansion coming over

640-530: A population of 492,004. Bissau is the country's largest city, major port, and educational, administrative, industrial and military center. Peanuts , hardwoods , copra , palm oil , milk products , and rubber are the chief products. Bissau is also the main city of the fishing and agricultural industry in the country. Bissau is served by Osvaldo Vieira International Airport , the country's sole international airport, which currently offers flights from six different airlines. The main highway connecting Bissau to

720-576: A project named "Power of Friendship", which supplies electricity to shortage-stricken countries in the Middle East , Africa and Asia . The freighter Melpomeni was acquired in 2009 by Karpowership with the purpose to turn her into a floating power plant sailing under the Liberian flag. She was renamed Karadeniz Powership Doğan Bey after Nuri Doğan Karadeniz, the COO of the company. In May 2009,

800-565: A simple occupation of fortresses, which were threatened by the consequences of a new revolt more complete or more violent." Teixeira Pinto was the military officer entrusted by the Republican government to finally subdue the Papels, and in May 1915 Teixeira ordered the Papel to surrender their weapons and pay their taxes in the form of a letter to King N'Kanande Ka of Bissau. He rejected the demand, claiming that "The ground...will forever belong to

880-495: A tax that all traders had to pay to the king of Bissau, all traders were subject to this tax whether they were Portuguese, French, American or English. From 1683 to 1686 three Catholic missionaries oversaw a church in the kingdom in an attempt to Christianise the Papel population, due to conflicting interests and overlap between missionary work and trading this put them at odds with the Portuguese who in later years constituted

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960-618: Is about 183,000, with 9,000 living outside of the country. They traditionally engaged in hunting and agriculture. According to oral history, a man named Mecau, the son of a king from the Kingdom of Quinara on the south of the river Geba , arrived at Bissau on one of his hunting trips. He opted to reside there due to its fertile soil and established a kingdom. From Quinara he brought his pregnant sister Punguenhum and his six wives: Intende, Djokom, Mala, Intsoma, Kliker and Intchipolo. Mecau invited other subjects from his father's kingdom to settle

1040-566: Is accused of corruption and faces a potential $ 25-million fine. In Pakistan , a Karadeniz subsidiary allegedly paid middlemen to secure a $ 565 million government contract. The Supreme Court voided the contract in 2012 and launched a corruption investigation. It was resolved in 2019 through political negotiations between Pakistan and Turkey. In April 2021, the Department of Mineral Resources and Energy in South Africa entered into

1120-627: Is considered the first Portuguese victory in Biombo in the 19th century. In 1884–1885 the Berlin Conference sought to partition the territories of Africa between the European powers of the time. The conference motivated the Portuguese to put more effort into subduing the population of Guinea-Bissau, due to the conference requiring a colony to be "effectively occupied" to be seen as legitimate. The Portuguese were not strong enough to defeat

1200-540: The Cacheu Fort . Friendly relations carried on until the reign of King Bacompol Co (1687–1696). Evidenced by the exchanging of gifts between Fr. Francisco de Pinhel and the king, friendly relations were to carry on for another six to seven years. The aware of the benefits of trade allowed all Europeans ships into his ports, an example was the French in which negotiations between the French official De la Courbe, and

1280-955: The Catholic University of Guinea Bissau , and the Jean Piaget University of Guinea-Bissau . The city of Bissau still has two international schools: Attractions include the Portuguese-built Fortaleza de São José da Amura barracks from the 18th century, containing Amílcar Cabral 's mausoleum , the Pidjiguiti Memorial to the dockers killed in the Bissau Dockers' Strike on August 3, 1959, the Guinea-Bissau National Arts Institute, Bissau New Stadium and local beaches . Many buildings in

1360-403: The Papel people . According to oral tradition, the kingdom was founded by Mecau, the son of the king of Quinara ( Guinala ), who moved to the area with his pregnant sister, six wives, and subjects of his father's kingdom. The kingdom was composed of seven clans, descended from the sister and six wives. The Bossassun clan, which descends from the sister, inherited the throne. The Kingdom of Bissau

1440-664: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Bissau ( Catholic Church ), Evangelical Churches , and the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God . Bissau is twinned with: Papel people Papels , also known as Moium, Oium, Papei, Pepel or Pelels, are an ethnic group primarily located in Guinea-Bissau , though are also found in Casamance ( Senegal ) and Guinea . Their population in Guinea-Bissau

1520-568: The British in Gambia and French in Goreia. French assistance arrived on 4 October in the form of a corvette ship stationed on the coast of Bissau. It was positioned there for 12 days, where it continued a series of successful bombardments of the coastal villages and liberated the Portuguese trading post. After the French departure on 16 October, British forces arrived, playing a smaller part than

1600-415: The French but making their presence known. An American ship was also ported at Bissau under the command of a T.W. Freelon. In the face of Portuguese, English, and French forces, the Papel forces carried on with their hostilities up until 19 December 1844, when a peace treaty between the Portuguese and Papels was signed. The peace treaty involved a ceasefire on the Portuguese side. During the time of peace

1680-520: The Papel forces, nor able to bring any of the vassal states or Kingdom of Bissau into "effective occupation". The Papel territory of Bissau was in a constant state of intense warfare, particularly from 1884 to 1915, because of Portuguese and Papel forces. On 14 February 1891, when the Portuguese called a meeting to adjust the current peace treaty between them, Antula, Intim and for them to submit to Portuguese authority of which only chiefs of Antula agreed to. This situation caused war to break out with

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1760-399: The Papel people". Teixeira was furious and on 13 May he declared war on the Kingdom of Bissau. Hostilities began on 29 May where observing a shuttle of boats from a river bank Papel forces began unleashing gunfire on to Portuguese troops, in response Portuguese troops set machine gun fire on them. Teixeira gave the orders to continuously bombard the territory of Antula. On 31 May an attack

1840-409: The Papel policy of free trade, Incinhate surrounded the incomplete fort and threatened to massacre the inhabitants. Pinheiro later died in Papel custody. Unable to enforce a trading monopoly or collect duties from foreign shipping, the Portuguese soon abandoned the fort. They returned in 1753 but, faced with determined Papel resistance, were unable to build a new fort and left two years later. The fort

1920-406: The Papels descended upon them from the heights of Intim by the thousands. However, with no real success up to this point, Pinto marched on Bandim and Intim on 5 June with a large collection of artillery, and with a force of 1500 soldiers consisting of Fula's and other indigenous conscripts. This was to cover Abdul Injai who was marching on Antula. The Papels tried to defend their position through

2000-513: The Papels would trade with foreigners "over his dead body". In response, Incinha Te sentenced Pinheiro to death. Inside the unfinished fort Pinheiro and his forces were besieged by Papel forces and cut off from food and water. However, rapid assistance from Cacheu and Geba was forthcoming in the form of Captain Santos de Vidigal Castanho with a force of more than 400 troops. A settlement was negotiated between Castanho's and Incinha Te's nobles under

2080-435: The Portuguese another defeat, this led to Papel warriors replacing their necklaces usually decorated with beads with the teeth of their fallen enemies. The relationship between the Papels and Portuguese were so sour that the Papels would watch the fortress continuously, waiting for people to leave, this occurred when a Cape Verdean left the fortress and was set upon by Papels and killed, they were reported to then of gathered at

2160-455: The Portuguese due to an event in which Barreira encountered a king in Bissau in the year 1605. The relationship as mentioned was pleasant with King Equendé ruling in 1663, relations were so friendly Lemos Coelho encouraged a movement of persons from Cacheu to Bissau due to the excellent treatment of Lançados in the Kingdom of Bissau. In 1680, Papel forces aided in the Portuguese liberation of

2240-477: The Portuguese forces reorganised and requested more military units from Cape Verde. On arrival the Cape Verdean forces performed a surprise attack, reigniting the war with the Papels. A new governor, Pedro Ignácio de Gouveia, was installed on 17 December 1881, with the main aim of subduing the populations of Guinea-Bissau. These aims were called the "Pacification Campaigns" and saw a push to subdue and force

2320-544: The Portuguese in a conflict with the Papels of Cacheu. The city was founded in 1687 as a Portuguese trading post. During this same period French activities in the area were increasing. Although the king of Bissau Bacompolco refused them permission to build a fort, he did grant them a trading factory, from which they shipped thousands of slaves, among other things. In response the Portuguese Conselho Ultramarino  [ pt ] established

2400-544: The Portuguese more weapons, missionaries, footstools, a bed, a sun hat and a gown. He gave eight of his sons to the Cape Verdean Bishop to be educated. The eldest son, Batonto, was sent to Lisbon for his baptism , where the king of Portugal was named his godfather , and he was given the new name of 'Manuel'. In 1696 in consequence of the kings decision to allow the construction of the Fort of Bissau, Bissau

2480-492: The Portuguese. The construction of forts were seen as a way to counter the issue of sovereignty in the area, and even when permission was granted by the Kings of Bissau it was never made easy. The Papels refused to provide the Portuguese with any labour or raw material to aid in the construction of their forts, and at times even water would be withheld from the Portuguese. These forts were seen as an encroachment on Papel land, but

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2560-442: The Republican take over and reformation of Portugal in 1910 changes to the colonial approach in Guinea-Bissau were implemented, such changes were necessary due to the situation in the colony which is summarised in the writings of Portuguese military officer Teixeira Pinto : … notwithstanding the heroic battles of some Portuguese, after setbacks and cruel massacres to our prestige, our [Portuguese] colony of Guiné had returned to being

2640-586: The Sedef Shipyard in Tuzla, Istanbul, was commissioned with the task to convert a cargo ship into a Powership by installing the needed engine generators , transformers , and the electric switchboards on board. Karadeniz Powership Doğan Bey is the first of its kind, a Powership with dual-fuel diesel engines capable of operating on natural gas as well. Aboard the vessel, twelve 10.53 MW generator units are installed. Three units are present in each one of

2720-421: The already fragile relations between the Portuguese and Papel came to a boiling point when Pinheiro turned away two English ships from the port of Bissau. Incinha Te dispatched his governor and three nobleman to confront Pinheiro. Pinheiro claimed that he was doing the duty asked of him by the king of Portugal, and the Portuguese presence was a benefit to the Papels. During a subsequent confrontation, Pinheiro said

2800-505: The area of Bissau alongside him. From his sister and six wives seven main Papel clans arose. The Kingdom of Bissau and the vassal states that belonged to the Papel in the Biombo used a matrilineal line of succession, in which the son of the sovereign's maternal sister was next in line for kingship, or to the nearest male relative in the King's maternal grandparents' line. Individuals would inherit their mother's clan name, although in later times

2880-538: The areas of Bor, Safim, Bijimita, and Biombo. The wars against the Papel were some of the bloodiest wars in the whole campaign, according to Abdul Injai, an important warlord whose assistance was instrumental in the conquest of Guinea-Bissau. The Papel people live traditionally around the city of Bissau , in the Biombo Region . They are linguistically and culturally close to mankagnes and Manjack or Manjacas. They are traditionally farmers. So, they have one of

2960-401: The arrival of general governor Francisco de Paula Bastos and several high-ranking officials from Cape Verde. On 11 September the king of Intim, a king from a vassal state to the king of Bissau, was expelled from the Portuguese trading post, and in the following altercation a Papel man was killed by Portuguese soldiers. The Papels retaliated, attacking people inside the fort, sacking several of

3040-551: The bishop supported Toro Co instead of him. Relations were also sour between Jose Pinheiro and the bishop, which culminated in November 1696, when escaped slaves from the fort fled into Balanta territory under the pursuit of four Portuguese and several indigenous soldiers. Two soldiers drowned and the rest were captured by the Balanta. The bishop went to Balanta territory to ransom the soldiers, and on his return an assassination

3120-521: The capital of the newly independent state. Bissau was the scene of intense fighting during the beginning and end of the Guinea-Bissau Civil War in 1998 and 1999. Much of the infrastructure was destroyed and most of the population fled. The city rebounded after peace returned, holding more than 25% of the country's population during the 2009 census and witnessing the erection of many new and rehabilitated buildings. On October 18, 2023,

3200-511: The captaincy-general of Bissau, and by 1696 the town had a fort , a church, and a hospital. It was the main emporium for trade on and south of the Geba river , and was rivaling if not eclipsing Cacheu in importance. Bacompulco died in 1696. King Incinhate emerged from the ensuing succession dispute despite tacit Portuguese opposition, and relations rapidly deteriorated. When Captain-General Pinheiro tried to enforce Portugal's monopoly in defiance of

3280-588: The city were ruined during the Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998–1999), including the Guinea-Bissau Presidential Palace and the Bissau French Cultural Centre (now rebuilt), and the city center is still underdeveloped. Because of the large population of Muslims in Bissau, Ramadan is also an important celebration. Football is the most popular sport in the country, as well as in the city. Many teams are based in

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3360-430: The city, such as: UD Internacional , SC de Bissau , SC Portos de Bissau , Sport Bissau e Benfica , and FC Cuntum . Stadiums that are located in the city are Estádio Lino Correia and Estádio 24 de Setembro . The main religions are Muslim (50%), then Christian (34%) and animist (7.9%). Among the places of worship , Muslim mosques are predominant. There are also some Christian churches and temples such as

3440-407: The condition that Pinheiro be removed as captain. Four days later Pinheiro fired on a Dutch ship coming into port. Incinha Te warned Pinheiro if he carried on the walls of the fort would be pulled down and the occupants beheaded. On 5 February Pinheiro was captured by Incinha Te, imprisoned, and executed. Rodrigo de Fonseca, the successor captain to Pinheiro, improved relations with the Papels. He

3520-424: The construction of a French fort in the area, mirroring the previous response the French were denied. The mid-18th century saw the return of the Portuguese to Bissau, in an attempt to carry on with the construction of their former fort. These plans were protested by the Papel, leading to several violent confrontations, in which the Papel suffered around 500 casualties, leading to a Portuguese victory. A peace treaty

3600-498: The crown from the king of Guinala, who acquiesced, and he found another noble to perform the coronation for him. Incinha Te marched to Bissau and seized its port, boycotting trade with Toro Co. After gaining support from Barnabé Lopez and a large amount of the Afro-Portuguese community, he was able to oust Toro Co as the king and make himself the sole ruler of Bissau. In contrast to Portuguese fears, Incinha Te did support

3680-508: The father's name could and would be taken. DNA studies The paternal lineage of the Papels is suggested to be distinct within the Guinean population, with E1-M33 discovered in high frequencies amongst the Papels. L3e2b was more exclusively found in the Papel, this haplogroup resembles haplogroups found in East and Central Africa. These findings conclude that in the Papel history there was

3760-541: The first Christian king of Bissau. This conversion allowed for even closer relations between the Portuguese and Papels with the Portuguese request of a fort being accepted, and the king being willing to keep out other Europeans from his ports in favour of sole Portuguese trade. The concession of the Portuguese fort was significant as earlier in 1687 the fort was attempted but overthrown by the king of Bissau's troops. Soon after, Bacompol Co wrote to King Peter II of Portugal informing him of his conversion and requesting from

3840-475: The granting of them in name allowed commerce to continue. To the Portuguese the abandoning of the fort made the most sense in light of all these issues, only further accentuated by the sporadic rebellions to their presence by the Papels, and at this time Mandinka in Farim . In 1701 the Fort of Bissau was abandoned for the Fort of Cacheu. At the time the French attempted to negotiate with Incinha Te to allow

3920-525: The king ending in the refusal of the construction of a French fort, construction of a trading factory was permitted, and south of the Gambia the kingdom became the French trading centre. Between 1685 and 1688 the French trading factory exported around 2,800 slaves from the area. The main exports traded between the kingdom and the Europeans were slaves , wax , and ivory . The trade was characteristic of

4000-434: The king, and crowned Toro Co, making him the rightful king of Bissau. However the issue was not solved, as the king of Guinala also had rights to the throne of Bissau. It was customary after two to three years of ruling for the king of Bissau to request a crown from the king of Guinala. However, Bacompol Co ruled for nine years without doing so, using the crown of his predecessors instead. Incinha Te with his troops requested

4080-423: The local waters. On 24 February 120 Portuguese troops accompanied by five officers marched into Papel territory, the troops were crushed by the Papels and forced to retreat. On 9 March that year the Portuguese once again were defeated by the Papels, and in the month of May during the Portuguese attempt under Minister Antonio Eanes to extend the wall of one of their fortresses, the Papels opened fire on them handing

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4160-491: The majority of the missionaries in Bissau. The Papel referred to the Portuguese as brancos ('whites') and others as estrangeiros ('strangers'). Relations with non-Portuguese Europeans varied; for example, the Papel held a grudge against the French after a French frigate opened fire on the kingdom. The Portuguese and Papel relations became solidified in April 1694 with the conversion of King Bacompol Co to Catholicism, making him

4240-566: The most suitable land for rice cultivation. Like the Manjacks, their names are Portuguese because of the Portuguese occupation of the country from the late 15th century until 1973. Surnames characteristic of this ethnic group are: Pereira, Lopes, Vieira, Correia, Monteiro, Ca, etc. Their language is the Papel , which is one of the Niger–Congo languages . The estimated number of speakers

4320-470: The nationalists towards armed resistance. After the declaration of independence by the anti-colonial guerrillas of PAIGC in 1973, the capital of the rebel territories was declared to be Madina do Boe , while Bissau remained the colonial capital. The city was attacked in 1968 and 1971 by nationalist forces. When Portugal granted independence, following the military coup of April 25 in Lisbon , Bissau became

4400-429: The need and desirability of the proposed project". The minister has allowed the company 180 days to address gaps and defects in their submission for reconsideration. Minister of Electricity sought to decrease the 20-year contract to a 5-year one as it was revealed heavy fuel oil was also to be used. In 2023, Karpowership bought and gifted a game farm to Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife in exchange for not objecting to mooring

4480-477: The nine-point policy to an extent. He converted to Christianity and permitted the construction of a fort. But issues arose when Incinha Te complained about the sacrilege of the Xina's by Jose Pinheiro to the king of Portugal. Incinha Te and the bishop had a contentious relationship, unlike his predecessor. Incinha Te accused the bishop of enslaving his relatives, who were sent to Lisbon years prior. It did not help that

4560-418: The other Papel vassal states attacking the Portuguese fortress eight days later, and killing the soldiers guarding the bastions though the Portuguese defended themselves effectively until reinforcements arrived. The attack plunged the region into a state of hostilities with the Portuguese declaration of war on the next day, banning the sales of guns and gunpowder to the natives, and increasing gunboat patrols of

4640-409: The part of the Papels to colonial 'pacification campaigns.' In 1915 after 30 years of war, the Portuguese under the command of Officer Teixeira Pinto and warlord Abdul Injai defeated the Kingdom of Bissau and permanently incorporated it into Portuguese Guinea . In 1941 the capital was transferred from Bolama to Bissau. 1959 saw the bloody repression of a dockworkers' strike, a key event that pushed

4720-529: The payment of taxes from all the population in 1882. Two years after the start of the campaign in 1884, it reached the areas inhabited by the Papels. On 5 May 1884, the secretary general José Joaquim de Almeida was given the task of subduing the Papels of Biombo and Manjacos of Caió. In Biombo this campaign did not start well, with naval battles taking place on the river Geba between the Portuguese and Papels, who were able to effectively use their war canoes to intercept and harass Portuguese schooners . Later,

4800-724: The rest of the nation and the continent is the Trans–West African Coastal Highway . There are also many smaller national highways that connect to other big cities such as Bafatá and Gabu . The main secondary school institutions in Bissau are the National Lyceum Kwame N'Krumah and the Bethel-Bissau Adventist School. The main higher education institutions in the city are the Amílcar Cabral University ,

4880-726: The ship's four holds, with the fans and funnels being mounted on deck. Bureau Veritas , an international certification agency with experience in overseeing both shipbuilding and power plant development, classified the vessel following its conversion as a "special service-floating power plant". Karpowership has offices and is operational in Africa , Americas , Asia , Europe and the Middle East . Karpowership's International Projects operate out of Istanbul, from where they can supply floating power plants to overseas locations. Karpowership and its parent company Karadeniz have faced corruption allegations in several countries. In Lebanon , Karadeniz

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4960-400: The strait of Gibraltar, and developing into a local West African cluster. The earliest contact between the Papel and European is dated to as early as the late 16th century. André Álvares de Almada singled out Bissau as a safe haven for the Portuguese and routinely used it as a refuge for ships under attack from other Europeans. The king of Bissau, Equendé, was said to be a 'best friend' of

5040-420: The throne. The Portuguese refrained from outwardly siding with either camp, though both Jose Pinheiro and bishop of Cape Verde Fr Victoriano Portuense favoured Toro Co since he had converted to Christianity. Furthermore, the ecclesiastics of Bissau believed Toro Co more likely to uphold the nine-point policies that the king Bacompol Co had previously agreed to: A nobleman named Antoma had the right of crowning

5120-486: The time was also captain of Cacheu. The year 1696 was marked by King Bacompol Co's death, and with it the good relations between the Portuguese Empire and Kingdom of Bissau. On 5 May 1696, the kingdom and throne were split between two noblemen: Incinha Te and Toro Co. Toro Co was Bacompol Co's maternal brother, while Incinha Te, through a different maternal line, was by Papel standards the rightful heir to

5200-433: The top of Intim celebrating the killing with war dances and making preparations for war. This is what they got, the Portuguese on 1 December declared war on the Papels once again for the murder, they bombarded Bissau with artillery pieces and would regularly enter gunfights with the Papels, this attack did not result in a Papel full out attack which confused the Portuguese into a belief of victory. The Papel lack of response

5280-401: The trading houses for their contents, and attacking the house of Joao Marques de Barros. Barros, with the aid of machine gun fire, forced the Papels to retreat. The Papel forces set up ambushes outside the fortress walls and resumed hostilities with the Portuguese. The Portuguese, lacking sufficient supplies of ammunition, gunpowder, and soldiers, were forced to request foreign assistance from

5360-454: The use of continuous gunfire, but in the face of skilled soldiers armed with machine guns they could do little and were defeated at Bandim. Pinto was injured during the battle of Jaal in Safim on 12 June, during an ambush when Papels hiding on higher ground fired on the marching troops. It is believed that a Papel soldier named N'djilonde Ca was the one who shot Teixeira off his horse. Teixeira

5440-455: The war started to favour the Portuguese. On 7 May, due to the refusal of one of the Chiefs of Silho, a village in Biombo, to comply, Silho was machine gunned and bombed by Portuguese forces. The chief persisted in his refusal, resulting in the landing of 30 naval soldiers under four officers. The village was partially destroyed with the Portuguese only receiving three casualties in the assault, and

5520-430: Was 136,000 in Guinea-Bissau in 2006. Most Papel are Christians, usually Catholic, but also Animists . Ancestor worship is an important part of the culture, like in many African communities. For example, after a burial ceremony honouring "Toka Chur", held from a few months to several years after the actual funeral, has social prestige. Karpowership Karpowership is a Turkish builder, operator, and owner of

5600-413: Was a failure and N'Kanande was captured by the Portuguese and sentenced to death by Teixeira Pinto. He was tortured and buried alive while his pregnant wife was shot. The death of N'Kanande Ka ended the revolts and resistance of the Papels against the Portuguese, and solidified their subsequent submission to Portuguese authority and tax. As a sign of their defeat Teixeira had military posts constructed in

5680-439: Was attempted, speculated to be authorised by both Pinheiro and Incinha Te. In response the bishop had five Papels (two related to the king) seized and sent to Geba. In response, Incinha Te had a church, priests living quarters, and another house within the fort burnt to the ground. The rift between Pinheiro and Incinha Te grew larger, due to Pinheiro placing the blame for the assassination attempt on Incinha Te. In December 1696

5760-417: Was due to their mobilisation of other ethnicities into the war such as the Balanta, the Papel had planned a sneak attack on 7 December but even though it came as a surprise, the Portuguese were able to escape defeat due to the increased security they prepared around the fortress. The Portuguese suffered major defeats from the Papels during their pacification campaign in the years 1891, 1894, and 1904. After

5840-408: Was elevated to the status of captaincy, as prior the overseer of the trade was lieutenant-captain but even this seemed to be purely nominal with no weight behind it, the title was before given to the influential Afro-Portuguese trader Barnabé Lopez who was related to the ruling house of Bissau but it was just 'honorary'. The title of captaincy and Portuguese authority was given to Jose Pinheiro, who at

5920-403: Was highly stratified. The king's coronation involved the practice of binding and beating the king, as the king should know what punishment felt like before administering it, as well as the presentation of a spear, the royal badge of office. When the Portuguese began to trade there in the 16th century, the king of Bissau was among the most supportive monarchs of the region. In 1680 Bissau even helped

6000-410: Was launched by the Papel on Portuguese troops transporting artillery near a Portuguese town, who in turn returned gunfire. The day after this attack, the Portuguese responded with the use of machine gunning on Papel villages. The war continued with this back and forth style of warfare, at one point in a show of resistance the Papel forces proactively advanced on Portuguese troops and their auxiliaries,

6080-476: Was rebuilt by the Grão Pará and Maranhão Company in 1775 to better project Portuguese power and store more slaves for shipment to Brazil . Real control of the area, however, remained in the hands of the Papel kings. In 1869, as part of an effort to more efficiently govern the territory, Bissau was raised to the status of commune. The decades on either side of the turn of the 20th century saw fierce resistance on

6160-470: Was replaced with Lieutenant Henrique de Sousa Guerra, who took command of the operations against the Papels in Quisset and Prabis . Antula was conquered due an event in which the majority Papel soldiers of Antula went to a peace talk between their chiefs and the Portuguese governor, here they got drunk and on the way back to Antula they were attacked by the Portuguese and defeated. The Papel response to this

6240-462: Was signed between King Palan Co and the Portuguese in 1753, which included permission for the Portuguese to finish the construction of their fort, reinstating the Portuguese captaincy of Bissau using Cape Verdean soldiers to fortify their position. The peace treaty did little in the way of subduing the Papels, and skirmishes and revolts would still be common place between the Portuguese and the Kingdom of Bissau for centuries to come. April 1844 saw

6320-421: Was to sack villages and loot the stores the week after. Once the objective of subduing the Papels was accomplished in these areas of Bissau, the Portuguese marched on to Quinhamel in the area of Biombo. It was in this region on 20 July 1915 that King N'Kanande Ka incorporated a false surrender, firing upon the column of Portuguese forces and signalling the Papel forces to make a final attack. The final attack

6400-492: Was unable to stop Incinha Te's demand for free trade, but Fonseca was able to persuade Incinha Te to make ships anchor out of range of the fort's guns. Fonseca reported in April 1699 that an Afro-Portuguese trader called Maria Soares returned from Sierra Leone to Bissau with a cargo full of Kola . When asked to pay duties to the Portuguese she protested, and Incinha Te intervened on her behalf. At another point, Fonseca complained that two Dutch ships avoided paying 10% duties to

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