75-599: Blue Army may refer to: Blue Army (Poland) , the Polish army unit Blue Army (Russia) , the armed peasant group Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima , the Catholic lay organization Blue Army (Aerosmith) , Aerosmith fans Ipswich Town F.C. , nickname for Ipswich Town football club fans Leicester City F.C. , nickname for the football club See also [ edit ] Black Army (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
150-568: A humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb bordering on Dfa ) using the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm but also borders an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb ) using the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm, having four seasons, with warm summers, cold winters, and cool to mild autumns and springs. Snowfall is moderate, averaging around 3 feet (92 cm) per year, one of the lowest yearly snowfall totals received in all of Ontario. A long shoreline along Lake Ontario results in more moderate temperatures than neighbouring cities, as well as seasonal lag . In
225-677: A Polish patriot who led the 1794 Kościuszko Uprising aimed at freeing the country from Imperial Russia and the Kingdom of Prussia . Over 20,000 men trained in Canada, equipped and paid by France. Yet even though the camp was in Canada and supported financially by the French, the Americans viewed it as a threat to their neutrality. The emergence of the Blue Army was closely associated with
300-609: A delegation was sent by the Polish-American group PCKR (Polski Centralny Komitet Ratunkowy / Polish Central Relief Committee) to Canada in hopes of setting up a Polish unit made up of North Americans of Polish ancestry, but the Canadian government rebuffed them. As the war dragged on, they tried again and found a supporter in Quebec industrialist William Evan Price III. With his contacts, the Polish delegation met Sam Hughes ,
375-619: A designation which was approved in 2003. The historic centre had been designated as a provincial Heritage Conservation District under the Ontario Heritage Act in 1986. Although it did not make the final list, the historic district was considered for nomination as a World Heritage Site . The town has other National Historic Sites of Canada within its boundaries: the Battlefield of Fort George and nearby Fort George, Butler's Barracks, Fort Drummond , Fort Mississauga ,
450-612: A feeling of vulnerability, that in turn provoked the violent outbursts. Encyclopaedia Judaica writes that because of its French ties the Blue Army enjoyed independence from the main Polish command, and some of its soldiers exploited this when engaging in undisciplined action against Jewish communities in Galicia. After the war, the Polish-American volunteers who served within Haller's Army were not recognized as veterans by either
525-476: A list of 1,381 casualty names compiled by Paul Valasek, he identified 62 (or approximately 5%) Jewish sounding names in the list. The order of battle shows the hierarchical organization of an armed force participating in a military operation or campaign. The Blue Army order of battle was as follows: Notes References Niagara-on-the-Lake Niagara-on-the-Lake is a town in Ontario , Canada. It
600-621: A long wait a decision was made and officially agreed upon between the Allies and Germany. The first transports with the Blue Army set out in the first half of April, 1919. Train after train tore along though Germany to the homeland, to Poland. Major Stefan Wyczółkowski: On 15 April 1919 the regiment began its trip to Poland from the Bayon railroad station in four transports, via Mainz, Erfurt, Leipzig, Kalisz, and Warsaw, and arrived in Poland, where it
675-499: A recent Polish-German conflict in 1919, this allowed framing of anti-semitic attacks as retribution on enemies of the Polish nation. Further, for many Poles Jews were associated with Bolshevism, and the Endeks in particular promoted the stereotype of Jewish Bolshevism . Likewise, according to Joanna Michlic , some perpetrators of anti-Jewish violence legitimized their actions in the name of national self defense. Officers and soldiers in
750-593: A repertory company featuring the works of George Bernard Shaw , his contemporaries, or plays about his era (1856–1950), running from April to December. The festival operates four theatres in the centre of town: the Festival, The Jackie Maxwell Studio, The Royal George, and the Court House Theatre. The Festival produces over 750 performances annually, featuring its lauded repertory ensemble and employs over 520 artists, artisans and artsworkers locally. Along
825-595: A significant role in the war. The Polish-American first engaged the Bolshevik forces near the town of Rivne ( Równe in Polish) on 18 June 1919. After pushing the Bolsheviks east, the Blue Army advance halted and the troops engaged in small skirmishes until the end of the war. Haller's troops would try to entrap small units of Bolshevik soldiers as well as raid garrisons for food, ammunition and to spread panic amongst
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#1732771850359900-615: A skate park. Once a year, on the Victoria Day weekend in May, the community holds its "Virgil Stampede." The festival includes rides, attractions and its annual soccer start-up tournament. Virgil's educational institutions are St. Michael's Elementary School and Crossroads Public School, which opened in September 2011, amalgamating the now-closed Virgil and Colonel John Butler Public Schools. The town's only secondary school, Niagara District,
975-419: Is a large military reserve. About half a mile up the river are the ruins of Fort George, where the remains of General Brock were originally interred; they were removed. A new town-hall and court-house are intended to be erected by the town. There is a fire brigade with two engines and a hook and ladder company. Churches and chapels total five. Two newspapers are published weekly ... Steamboats run daily, as long as
1050-550: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Blue Army (Poland) The Blue Army ( Polish : Błękitna Armia ; French : Armée bleue ), or Haller's Army , was a Polish military contingent created in France during the latter stages of World War I . The name came from the French-issued blue military uniforms worn by the soldiers. The symbolic term used to describe
1125-475: Is home to many shops, restaurants, wineries, and a growing number of breweries. Historic Old Town is a popular shopping and dining destination. In 2014, Niagara-on-the-Lake also opened an open-air outlet mall, the Outlet Collection at Niagara , which is Canada's largest open-air outlet mall. Films that have used Niagara-on-the-Lake as a filming location include: Niagara-on-the-Lake can be reached by
1200-612: Is located at 16001 Niagara River Parkway, Niagara-On-The-Lake. Niagara-on-the-Lake has a junior men's hockey team, Niagara Predators in the Greater Metro Junior A Hockey League . The current team was first registered as Toronto Predators from 2013 to 2020 and relocated after the cancelled 2020-2021 season to NOTL to playoff in the Meridian Credit Union arena located in Virgil. The team replaced
1275-594: Is located on the Niagara Peninsula at the point where the Niagara River meets Lake Ontario , across the river from New York , United States. Niagara-on-the-Lake is in the Niagara Region of Ontario and is the only town in Canada that has a lord mayor . It had a population of 19,088 as of the 2021 Canadian census . Niagara-on-the-Lake is important in the history of Canada : it served as
1350-772: Is no record of a mayor using it until Jerry Mussen in the early 1920s, and even afterward the title was used only irregularly until the Regional Municipality of Niagara Act of 1969 legislated that "The mayor of the Town of Niagara-on-the-Lake shall be known as the Lord Mayor." The town's current lord mayor is Gary Zalepa, as of the 2022 municipal election. Previous lord mayors have included Betty Disero , Patrick Darte, Dave Eke, Gary Burroughs, Art Viola, Mike Dietsch , Stan Ignatczyk, Jim Marino, Wilbert Dick, Jake Froese and Fred Goring. Niagara-on-the-Lake experiences
1425-492: The 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Niagara-on-the-Lake had a population of 19,088 living in 7,857 of its 8,578 total private dwellings, a change of 9% from its 2016 population of 17,511 . With a land area of 131.35 km (50.71 sq mi), it had a population density of 145.3/km (376.4/sq mi) in 2021. In addition to the primary town site of Niagara-on-the-Lake (the Old Town),
1500-732: The American entry into World War I in April, 1917. A month earlier, Ignacy Jan Paderewski submitted a proposal to U.S. House of Representatives to accept Polish-American volunteers for service on the Western Front in the name of Poland's independence. Some 24,000 Poles were taken in (out of 38,000 who applied) and after a brief military training, they were sent to France to join General Haller, including many women volunteers (PSK). Polish-Americans were eager to fight for freedom and
1575-582: The Legislative Assembly of Ontario by Wayne Gates . It is the only municipality in Canada whose elected leader is designated as lord mayor, a title most common in the United Kingdom . Popular legend suggests Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn bestowed the title on the mayor of Niagara during a visit to the town in the early 19th century, in recognition of the town's history as the first capital of Upper Canada; however, there
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#17327718503591650-621: The Niagara-on-the-Lake Nationals , which joined as a Junior A team in 2018-2019 sponsored by the local bar Bricks and Barley. The Nationals left the Canadian Premier Junior Hockey League but announced that the team would fold after their first season due to poor attendance, but returned to play the following season. The Predators play at the 500 seat Meridian Credit Union Arena across from Centennial Sports Park. Built in 2003-2005
1725-651: The Polish National Committee formed in France (led by Dmowski) as Poland's interim government, with Wilson's written promise (issued on 8 January 1918) to recreate a sovereign Polish state after their victory. Poland's long-term occupier, Tsarist Russia, got out of the war, overrun by the Bolsheviks who signed a treaty in Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918, which was voided after Imperial Germany
1800-506: The Queen Elizabeth Way , a highway that stretches to Fort Erie to the south, Hamilton to the west and curves around Lake Ontario to Toronto. Public transportation is served by Niagara-on-the-Lake Transit . Niagara-on-the-Lake has a long history of recreational boating. There are 2 boat clubs located there. Niagara-on-the-Lake Sailing Club is located at 10 Melville Street, Niagara-On-The-Lake. Smuggler's Cove Boat Club
1875-543: The Russian Expeditionary Force in France . Members of the Polish diaspora community in Brazil joined the army, with more than 300 men volunteering as well. The Blue Army was initially placed under direct French military control and commanded by General Louis Archinard . However, on 23 February 1918, political and military sovereignty was granted to the Polish National Committee , and soon after that,
1950-707: The Welland Canal . It is home to the Niagara-on-the-Lake campus of Niagara College and a large outdoor shopping mall. Virgil, just southwest of the Old Town of Niagara-on-the-Lake, is the area most visited by tourists. The community has a large Mennonite community, who settled in the area from Russia in the early to mid-20th century. Virgil has a large sports park, serving as the centre of Niagara-on-the-Lake's bustling hockey, softball, lacrosse and soccer leagues, two arenas, three baseball diamonds and
2025-619: The American or Polish governments. This led to friction between the Polish community in the United States and the Polish government, and resulted in the subsequent refusal by Polish-Americans to again help the Polish cause militarily. Polish Jews enlisted and fought alongside ethnic Poles within the Blue Army, serving as soldiers, doctors and nurses. According to Edward Goldstein writing in The Galitzianer , on examining
2100-654: The American-style democracy because they themselves escaped persecution by the empires who partitioned Poland a century earlier. When the war erupted, the American Polonia created the Polish Central Relief Committee to help with the war effort, although ethnically Polish volunteers arrived in France from all Polish diasporas at the same time numbering over 90,000 soldiers eventually. The Entente responded in kind by recognizing
2175-572: The Americans built their own fortifications there. The British retook the fort in December 1813 but abandoned it in 1815. The tiny portion of the fort that still remains has been fully restored. Fort Mississauga was built starting in 1813 but was not completed until after the war in 1816. During the war, the settlement of Niagara was razed and burnt to the ground by American soldiers as they withdrew to Fort Niagara. (Afterwards, on December 19, 1813,
2250-449: The Blue Army expressed these tendencies, and often treated all Jews as communists, despite the traditional religious character and political diversity of Jewish communities. Some of the more significant incidents of abuse were inflicted by the Polish-American volunteers. It is likely that the cultural shock of finding themselves confronted by a multitude of unfamiliar ethnic, political and religious groups that inhabited Western Ukraine led to
2325-543: The Blue Army was involved. According to Alexander Prusin there were a number of causes for the anti-semitic acts of the Polish forces. Socioeconomic tensions regarding land reforms and conflation of Jews with the landed class led to the feelings of hostility. Also, the lack of appropriate government compensation to the Polish soldiers led to soldiers viewing the looting of Jews as partial re-compensation for their service. For soldiers from Western Poland who remembered how many Jews have previously collaborated with Germany during
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2400-461: The British captured Fort Niagara.) The citizens rebuilt Niagara after the war, with the residential quarter around Queen Street and toward King Street, where the new court house was rebuilt out of range of Fort Niagara's cannons. The Smith's Canadian Gazetteer of 1846 describes "Niagara (formerly called Newark)" as follows: It has been a place of considerable trade. On the east side of the town
2475-602: The Canadian Minister of Militia and Defence , and pitched a "Polish Legion of Canada" composed of three battalions. This time there was considerable interest, and the Canadians sought and were given permission by British high command to start setting up a Polish Army Camp in Niagara-on-the-Lake . With permission granted the Polish army-in-exile called its camp " Tadeusz Kościuszko Camp," honouring
2550-679: The German and Austrian armies, out of 50,000 conscripts from across partitioned Poland. They joined Haller from the POW camps in Italy in 1919. The final borders of Poland were set only in October, 1921 by the League of Nations . The first divisions were formed after the official signing of a 1917 alliance by French President Raymond Poincaré and the Polish statesman Ignacy Jan Paderewski . The majority of
2625-770: The National Committee appointed General Józef Haller von Hallenburg as chief commander of the Polish Legions in France. The first unit to enter combat on the Western Front was the 1st Rifle Regiment ( 1 Pułk Strzelców Polskich ) fighting from July 1918 in Champagne and the Vosges mountains . By October, the entire 1st Rifle Division had joined the campaign around the area of Rambervillers and Raon-l'Étape . The army continued to gather recruits after
2700-555: The Niagara Parkway is RiverBrink Art Museum in Queenston . It is home to a collection of over 1,400 artworks and artifacts by Canadian and international artists assembled by Samuel E. Weir. Completed in 1970, the building features Georgian-style architecture, including a mansard roof and gabled windows. It served as Weir's country residence and was converted into an art museum following his death in 1981. Niagara-on-the-Lake
2775-408: The United States was met with protests from American Jewish and Ukrainian communities. Tadeusz Piotrowski wrote that in most cases it's impossible to disentangle gratuitous antisemitism from commonplace looting and soldier brutality. He claims that the term "pogrom" in the accepted sense of the deliberate killing of Jewish civilians could not be applied to the great majority of the incidents in which
2850-511: The army was directly commanded by independent Polish authorities. Also, more units were formed, most notably the 4th and 5th Rifle Divisions in Russia . On 28 September 1919, Russian government officials formally signed an agreement with the Entente that officially recognized the Polish military units in France as "the only independent, allied and co-belligerent Polish army." On 4 October 1918,
2925-793: The balance of power in Galicia and Volhynia . Their arrival allowed the Poles to repel the Ukrainians and establish a demarcation line at the river Zbruch on 14 May 1919. The Blue Army was equipped by the Western Allies , and supported by experienced French officers specifically ordered to fight against the Bolsheviks in the Polish–Soviet War , but not the forces of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic . Despite
3000-530: The capital to York because Newark was very close to the border with the U.S. Newark was renamed Niagara in 1798. Fort George was built just south of the settlement in 1796-1799. During the War of 1812, Niagara was taken in the Battle of Fort George by American forces in May 1813 after a two-day bombardment by cannon from Fort Niagara and the American fleet, followed by a fierce battle. After capturing Fort George,
3075-490: The diplomatic conditions, the Poles dispatched Haller's Army against the Ukrainians first, instead of the Bolsheviks. The tactical initiative was done in order to break the stalemate in eastern Galicia. In response, the allies sent several telegrams ordering the Polish government to halt its offensive, as using the allied-equipped army against the Western Ukrainian People's Republic specifically contradicted
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3150-512: The end of World War I. Many of these new volunteers were ethnic Poles who were conscripted into the German, Austrian and Russian armies, and later discharged following the signing of the armistice agreement on 11 November 1918. By early 1919, the Blue Army numbered 68,500 men and was fully equipped by the French government. After being denied permission by German officials to enter Poland via the Baltic port city of Danzig ( Gdańsk ), transportation
3225-587: The enemy. The Blue Army's 15th Infantry Rifle Regiment formed a basis for the 49th Hutsul Rifle Regiment (part of the 11th Carpathian Infantry Division ) after the end of World War I. During the Communist crackdown in Poland after World War II , most of the history related to the Polish-Soviet War and the Blue Army was censored , distorted and repressed by the Soviet authorities . Throughout
3300-615: The fighting on the Ukrainian front, soldiers from the Blue Army assaulted local Jews, believing that some of them were cooperating with Poland's enemies. In eastern Galicia this included fighting a Jewish battalion of the Ukrainian Galician Army under the leadership of Solomon Leinberg. On 27 May 1919 a soldier by the name of Stanisław Dziadecki who served in one of the Blue Army's rifle divisions in Częstochowa ,
3375-399: The first capital of the province of Upper Canada , the predecessor of Ontario. It was called Newark from 1792 to 1797. During the War of 1812 , the town, the two former villages of St. David's and Queenston , and Fort George were the sites of numerous battles following the American invasion of Upper Canada, and the town was razed. Niagara-on-the-Lake is home to the oldest Catholic church,
3450-480: The first on the Great Lakes ), Navy Hall, Butler's Barracks, and Queenston Heights . Niagara-on-the-Lake features historical plaques. Critical battles in defence of Upper Canada took place here, and at nearby at Queenston and St. David's, both now part of Niagara-on-the-Lake. In one of these, Laura Secord gained her fame (She is known for having walked 32 km out of American-occupied territory in 1813 to warn British forces of an impending American attack). The town
3525-413: The front lines to fight in the Polish–Ukrainian War , which was being contested in eastern Galicia . The perilous journey from France (through revolutionary Germany) to Poland in the spring of 1919 was documented by those who lived through it. Captain Stanisław I. Nastal: Preparations for the departure lasted for some time. The question of transit became a difficult and complicated problem. Finally after
3600-401: The point where Fort Mississauga is situated was inhabited by at least three Native American tribes: the Neutral (15th century); Seneca (late 17th century); and Mississauga (18th century). The settlement was founded in 1781 as Butlersburg in honour of Colonel John Butler , the commander of Butler's Rangers . It was later renamed West Niagara to distinguish it from Fort Niagara . It
3675-619: The premises a marine railway, large enough for hauling up vessels of the first class. Post Office, post every day. Professions and Trades.—Three physicians and surgeons, nine lawyers, twelve stores, taverns, two chemists and druggists, three booksellers and stationers, two saddlers, four wagon makers, two watchmakers, two tallow-chandlers, marble works, two printers, two cabinet makers, one hatter, four bakers, two livery stables, two tinsmiths, three blacksmiths, six tailors, seven shoemakers, one tobacconist, one bank agency, ... large quantities of apples, peaches, and cider are shipped annually. In 1859,
3750-429: The recruits, approximately 35,000 of them, were either Poles serving in the French Army or former captured Polish prisoners of war , who were conscripted and forced to serve in the German Heer and Austrian Imperial-Royal Landwehr armies. Many other Poles also joined from all over the world—these units included recruits from the United States with an additional 23,000 Polish-American volunteers and former troops of
3825-515: The regiment's first transport set out for Poland. On 23 April 1919 the leading divisions of the 3rd Regiment of Polish Riflemen set foot on Polish soil, now free thanks to their own efforts . Lt. Wincenty Skarzyński: Weeks passed. April 1919 arrived – then plans were changed: it was decided irrevocably to transport our army to Gdańsk instead by trains, through Germany. Many officers came from Poland, among them Major Gorecki, to coordinate technical details with General Haller. Haller's troops changed
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#17327718503593900-425: The return of Poland's independence. The Blue Army played a pivotal role in ensuring Polish victory in the Polish–Ukrainian War . Later Haller's troops took part in Poland's defeat of the advancing Bolshevik forces in the Polish–Soviet War . Beginning in 1914, the Polish community in North America began to organize in hopes of setting up a military organization with an end-goal of an independent Poland. In late 1914
3975-471: The rink has seating and attached to the smaller Centennial Arena built in 1967. Niagara-on-the-Lake also has a Men's soccer team, the Lakers, which plays in the Peninsula Soccer League (PSL). The team was formed in the 2019 season and sponsored by a local bar, Sand Trap. Niagara-on-the-Lake also has a rich history in the sport of lacrosse. The Town of Niagara was the site of the 8th World Scout Jamboree in 1955. Over 11,000 Scouts from 71 countries attended
4050-415: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Blue Army . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Army&oldid=1230247828 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
4125-412: The second-oldest Anglican church in Ontario, and the oldest surviving golf course in North America. Today, Niagara-on-the-Lake draws tourists with its colonial-style buildings, the Shaw Festival , Fort George, wineries, an outlet mall on the highway, and its proximity to Niagara Falls . The Niagara Region has the second-highest percentage of seniors in Ontario. Before the British settlers came,
4200-438: The site of the Mississauga Point Lighthouse , the Niagara Apothecary (the oldest apothecary in Canada), the Niagara District Court House , Queenston Heights , Queenston-Chippawa Hydro-electric Plant, Willowbank and Vrooman's Battery. The Gate House, built after 1849, was the site of the former Wilson's Hotel and the inaugural meeting of the Law Society of Upper Canada in 1797. John "Irish John Wilson (1744-~1798)
4275-414: The spring of 1919, the Blue Army (no longer needed in the West) was transported to Poland by train. The German forces were very slow to withdraw. In all, some 2,100 soldiers of the Blue Army who enlisted in France from the Polish diasporas died in the fighting, including over 50 officers serving with Haller. Over 1,600 men were wounded. Haller's army included 25,000 ethnic Poles drafted against their will by
4350-419: The status of the French military advisors, but the demands were ignored. The offensive by the Blue Army succeeded in breaking the stalemate and brought about a collapse of the West Ukrainian army. In July 1919, after securing victory on the Ukrainian front, the Blue Army was transferred to the border with Germany in Silesia , where it prepared defensive positions against a possible German invasion of Poland from
4425-406: The town also includes the settlements of Colemans, Homer, McNab, Mississauga Beach, Queenston , St. Davids, and Virgil. In June 2024, the museum for the town received funding from Library and Archives Canada to document oral histories about the Mennonite community in Virgil. Glendale is located near the junction of the Queen Elizabeth Way QEW , Highway 405 , and Highway 55 , and adjacent to
4500-444: The town built its first public school, Niagara Public School . The town's present name of Niagara-on-the-Lake was adopted around 1880 as a postal address to distinguish the town from Niagara Falls . The name was officially adopted in 1970 when the Town of Niagara and the Township of Niagara merged. Most of the former military sites, such as Fort George, Navy Hall, and Butler's Barracks , have been restored. Fort George's restoration
4575-434: The troops was subsequently adopted by General Józef Haller von Hallenburg to represent all newly organized Polish Legions fighting in western Europe. The army was formed on 4 June 1917, and was made up of Polish volunteers serving alongside allied forces in France during World War I . After fighting on the Western Front , the army was transferred to Poland , where it joined other Polish military formations fighting for
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#17327718503594650-401: The weather will allow of it, from Toronto ... The Niagara Harbour and Dock Company were incorporated in the year 1830 ... the vessels turned out by the Company [include] the steamboat "London," which commenced running in the spring of 1845, the fastest boat on the upper lakes ... The Company usually employ about 150 hands; and, when particularly busy, have employed as many as 350. There is also on
4725-416: The west. During the Polish-Bolshevik War several Blue Army formations were merged with the regular Polish army, and jointed together to form the 49th Hutsul Rifle Regiment and 18th Infantry Division . Haller's well trained and highly motivated troops, as well as their British built Bristol F.2 reconnaissance planes, Italian made Ansaldo A.1 Balilla fighter planes and French FT-17 tanks, also played
4800-427: The year and a half prior to the Blue Army's arrival, the total number of Jewish casualties in the region was between 400 and 500; Haller's troops' violence caused this number to double. The Morgenthau Report estimated that the total number of Jews killed as a result of actions made by the Polish military (including the Blue Army) did not exceed 200–300. As a result of the Blue Army's activities, General Haller's visit to
4875-444: Was a British military base and haven for pro-British loyalists fleeing the United States during the volatile aftermath of the American Revolution . Renamed Newark by Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe in 1792, it was the first capital of Upper Canada (now the province of Ontario). The Upper Canada legislature first met at Navy Hall on September 17, 1792, and met there four more times until June 1796. In 1797, Simcoe moved
4950-403: Was a high-stakes gamble with all sides attempting to establish a new regime ahead of the European peace conference in Versailles of January 1919. Similar Polish uprisings erupted in Poznań on 27 December 1918, Upper Silesia in August 1919 then again in 1920 and May 1921 — separated by the ad-hoc (or outright illegitimate) plebiscites with trainloads of German agents acting as local inhabitants. In
5025-487: Was a sergeant with the Butler's Rangers and Loyalist from New Jersey. The stone foundation of the Gate House is the remains of the hotel after 1849 fire. His son John Wilson Jr. built the nearby Wilson-Guy House. Niagara-on-the-Lake is within the federal electoral district of Niagara Falls , currently represented in the House of Commons of Canada by Tony Baldinelli , and the provincial electoral district of provincial electoral district of Niagara Falls , represented in
5100-404: Was arranged via rail. Between April and June of that year, all the army units were moved to a newly independent Poland , across Germany in sealed train cars. Weapons were secured in separate compartments and kept under guard to appease German concerns about a foreign army traversing its territory. Immediately after its arrival, the divisions were integrated into the regular Polish Army and sent to
5175-405: Was both as a stop on the Underground Railroad for those travelling further into Upper Canada and as a refuge in its own right. Its stock of regency and classical revival buildings, considered the best in the country from the post-War of 1812 period, led the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada to recommend the town's historic district be designated a National Historic Site of Canada ,
5250-423: Was closed by the District School Board of Niagara in 2010. The Old Town also had an elementary school on King Street: Parliament Oak Public School. It was on the site of the signing of the Act Against Slavery of 1793, by the first legislative session of the parliament of Upper Canada. The school was closed on June 25, 2015. The town is home to the Shaw Festival , Canada's second largest producing theatre and
5325-476: Was done as a "Make Work Project," guided by plans from the Royal Engineers during the Great Depression of the 1930s, an early example of historic preservation. Fort George National Historic Site is a focal point in a collection of War of 1812 sites, which, collectively, are managed by Parks Canada under the name Niagara National Historic Sites. That administrative name includes several national historic sites: Fort Mississauga , Mississauga Point Lighthouse (1804,
5400-611: Was just released by the Germans from Magdeburg. On 16 November 1918, Poland declared independence. A decree defining the new republic was issued in Warsaw on 22 November 1918. A month later, Paderewski joined in from France. At about the same time, heavily armed Ukrainians from the Sitchovi Stril'ci ( Sich Riflemen ) seized the city of Lemberg , and the battle for the control of the city erupted against Piłsudski's legionaries. It
5475-772: Was overthrown in November 1918 and the successor revolutionary government surrendered in the 11 November 1918 armistice. The Blue Army was formally merged into the Polish Army after the Armistice between the Allies and Germany. Meanwhile, three interim Polish governments emerged independently of one another. A socialist government led by Daszyński was formed in Lublin. The National Committee emerged in Kraków. Daszyński (lacking support) decided to join forces with Piłsudski who
5550-635: Was quartered in individual battalions; in Chełm 1st Battalion, supernumerary company and command of the regiment; 3rd Battalion in Kowel; and the 2nd Battalion in Wlodzimierz . Major Stanisław Bobrowski: On 13 April 1919 the regiment set out across Germany for Poland, to reinforce other units of the Polish army being created in the homeland amid battle, shielding with their youthful breasts the resurrected Poland . Major Jerzy Dąbrowski: Finally on 18 April 1919
5625-757: Was shot and wounded while on patrol. A Jewish tailor was suspected of the shooting, and was promptly executed by Haller's soldiers and accompanying civilians, who proceeded to loot Jewish homes and businesses, killing 5-10 Jews and injuring several dozen more. Pavel Korzec wrote that as the army traveled further east, some of Haller's soldiers, as a way to exact retribution, continued to loot Jewish properties and engage in violence. Willian Hagen described Haller's troops together with civilian mobs as assaulting Jewish policemen, beating worshipers and destroying Jewish prayer books in synagogues in eastern Chełm . Polish police and regular army soldiers were occasionally able to restrain Haller's troops. According to Howard Sachar , in
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