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33-859: Consecrated by her parents to Virgin Mary's Immaculate Conception, Ursula Benincasa (1547-1618), spent part of her youth and adult life as a hermit in the region of Saint Elmo (Naples). In 1583, she founded the Congregation of the Oblates of the Immaculate Conception of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary. She also founded the Hermitage of the Contemplative Nuns of the Immaculate Conception. The rule of both communities

66-780: A tondo is in the Church of Santa Maria in Vallicella . The pope created eleven cardinals in four consistories that saw him elevate his nephew Ludovico and his cousin Marcantonio Gozzadini as cardinals; he also elevated the noted Armand Jean Richelieu as a cardinal. On 12 March 1622, the pope canonized several saints: Francis Xavier , Ignatius of Loyola , Isidore the Laborer , Philip Neri and Teresa of Ávila . Gregory XV also beatified three individuals during his pontificate: Ambrose Sansedoni of Siena , Albert

99-438: A papal bull is in 1418. It is also possible that the term Rota comes from the porphyry wheel that was centered in the marble floor of Avignon , or even from the wheel-like cases in which parchment roll records were kept. The Rota's main function is that of an appellate tribunal, ordinarily reviewing decisions of lower courts if the initial court (first instance) and the first appellate court (second instance) do not agree on

132-534: A new trial to be held before a new turnus of the Rota, if the Rota was found to have erred in procedure (" de procedendo "). The Roman Rota proceedings are governed by a specific set of rules, the "Normae Romanae Rotae Tribunalis", promulgated in 1994 by Pope John Paul II. Only advocates who are registered in a specific list are allowed to represent the parties before the Tribunal. Since Pope Benedict XVI issued

165-758: A permanent congregation, the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith , on 6 January 1622, to operate as the missionary arm of the Holy See . He was influential in bringing the Bolognese artist Guercino to Rome, a landmark in the development of the High Baroque style. He sat for his portrait busts, one of which was by Gian Lorenzo Bernini and by Alessandro Algardi , whose restrained bust in

198-509: A prelate auditor of the Court of First Instance . On March 29, 2021, Msgr. Pinto retired and Pope Francis appointed Msgr. Alejandro Arellano Cedillo as dean. The Rota issues its decrees and sentences in Latin . The Rota adjudicates cases in a panel (called a turnus ) of three auditors, or more, depending on the complexity of the matter, assigned by the dean of the tribunal. The auditors of

231-456: A reforming spirit. As an example, his papal bull of 15 November 1621, Aeterni Patris Filius , regulated papal elections, which henceforth were to be by secret ballot; three methods of election were allowed: by scrutiny, compromise and quasi-inspiration . Whereas Popes Gregory XIII and Clement VIII had previously established temporary congregations of cardinals to look after the interest of particular foreign missions, Gregory XV established

264-527: A tribunal of first instance (in Anglo-American common law what would be termed exclusive original jurisdiction ) in certain cases such as any contentious case in which a bishop of the Latin Church is a defendant. If the case can still be appealed after a Rotal decision, the appeal goes to a different turnus, or panel, of the Rota. The Rota is the highest appeals court for all judicial trials in

297-558: Is also included in the Fivefold Scapular . The Fivefold Scapular is made of five of the most popular scapulars sewn together on the top and connected to a single shared string. Official Blue Scapular handbook Pope Gregory XV Pope Gregory XV ( Latin : Gregorius XV ; Italian : Gregorio XV ; 9 January 1554 – 8 July 1623), born Alessandro Ludovisi, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of

330-681: Is effected by the blessing and investing with the Blue Scapular, the presentation of the small chaplet of the Immaculate Conception, and the enrolling of the name in the register of the confraternity. On June 3, 1992, the Marians of the Immaculate Conception obtained a perpetual permission from the Superior General of the Theatine Fathers to bless and confer the blue scapular of Immaculate Conception. The Blue Scapular

363-548: Is the highest appellate tribunal of the Catholic Church , with respect to both Latin Church members and the Eastern Catholic members and is the highest ecclesiastical court constituted by the Holy See related to judicial trials conducted in the Catholic Church. An appeal may be had to the pope himself, who is the supreme ecclesiastical judge. The Catholic Church has a complete legal system , which

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396-708: Is the oldest in the West still in use. The court is named Rota ( wheel ) because the judges, called auditors , originally met in a round room to hear cases. The Rota emerged from the Apostolic Chancery starting in the 12th century. The pope appoints the auditors of the Rota and designates one of them the dean . On September 22, 2012, Pope Benedict XVI accepted the resignation, for reasons of age, of Bishop Antoni Stankiewicz as dean and appointed in his place Msgr. Pio Vito Pinto  [ cs ; de ; fr ; pl ; pt ; ru ] , who had been serving as

429-704: The Archbishop of Bologna , for which he was presumably ordained to the priesthood and then he was consecrated a bishop on 1 May of that year in the church of Sant'Andrea al Quirinale in Rome. In August 1616, the pope sent him as Apostolic Nuncio to the Duchy of Savoy , to mediate between Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy and Philip III of Spain in their dispute concerning the Gonzaga Duchy of Montferrat . On 19 September 1616, Pope Paul V elevated him to

462-489: The Basilica of Saint John Lateran on 14 May 1621. At the moment of his election, chiefly through the influence of Cardinal Scipione Borghese , at his advanced age (he was 67) and with his weak state of health he saw at once that he would need an energetic man, in whom he could place implicit confidence, to assist him in the government of the Church. His nephew Ludovico Ludovisi , a young man of 25 years, seemed to him to be

495-462: The Ottoman Empire . His Declaration against Magicians and Witches ( Omnipotentis Dei , 20 March 1623) was the last papal ordinance against witchcraft . Former punishments were lessened, and the death penalty was limited to those who were "proved to have entered into a compact with the devil , and to have committed homicide with his assistance". He was a learned theologian and manifested

528-577: The Papal States from 9 February 1621 until his death in 1623. He is notable for founding the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, an organization tasked with overseeing the spread of Catholicism and missionary work . Gregory XV was also responsible for the canonization of Saints Ignatius of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Teresa of Ávila, and Philip Neri, which solidified his commitment to the Counter-Reformation. Alessandro Ludovisi

561-920: The Quirinal Palace on 8 July 1623. He was buried in the Church of Sant'Ignazio where more than 80 years later, the Jesuits erected a magnificent monument following the wish of Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi, who was also honoured in this monument. Gregory XV was succeeded by Pope Urban VIII . Attribution: Sacred Roman Rota Former dicasteries Jus novum ( c.  1140 -1563) Jus novissimum ( c.  1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of

594-663: The 14th century, the court was formally known as the Apostolic Court of Audience . The first recorded use of the term Rota , which referred to the wheel-shaped arrangement of the benches used by the court in the great hall at Avignon , is in Thomas Fastolf 's Decisiones rotae , consisting of reports on thirty-six cases heard at the Court of Audience in Avignon between December 1336 and February 1337. Its first usage in

627-656: The Catholic Church. A judgment of the Rota can, however with the greatest difficulty, be vacated by the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura , which is the highest administrative court in the Catholic Church. However, the legal procedure or process used by the judges of the Rota, not the merits of the case, are on trial before the Signatura: the Signatura is only able to grant the petitioner

660-643: The Great , and Peter of Alcantara . He had been suffering from kidney stones for some time and was bedridden from 16 June to 1 July 1623, having been suffering from diarrhea and a stomach disorder that caused him great discomfort. His condition worsened on 4 July, as a fever greatly weakened him, leading to his receiving the Viaticum on 5 July and the Extreme Unction on 6 July, before succumbing to his illness two days later. Pope Gregory XV died in

693-559: The Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin and Mother of God Mary was erected in 1894 in the Theatine Church of Sant'Andrea della Valle at Rome. (However, according to the official Blue Scapular handbook's reference to historical documents, it was first established on June 26, 1734, at the Congregation's first monastery). It later became an archconfraternity. According to the statutes of the archconfraternity, admission

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726-521: The Immaculate Conception, observe chastity according to their station in life, and wear a small blue scapular. She stated that Jesus granted her petition and she began to make small blue scapulars. One part bears the image of the Immaculate Conception, the other has the name of the Virgin Mary. She had them blessed, and started to distribute them. In January 1671, Pope Clement X approved the blessing and investing of this scapular. The confraternity of

759-588: The Rota are selected from among recognized ecclesiastical judges serving various dioceses around the world. The Rota's official records begin in 1171. Until the Risorgimento and the loss of the Papal States in 1870, the Rota was a civil tribunal and its judgements had the status of law in the Papal States. Since at least 1961, the Rota has been based in the Palazzo della Cancelleria , along with

792-630: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life The Roman Rota , formally the Apostolic Tribunal of the Roman Rota ( Latin : Tribunal Apostolicum Rotae Romanae ), and anciently the Apostolic Court of Audience ,

825-578: The interests of his family in every possible way, but he also used his brilliant talents and his great influence for the welfare of the Church, and was sincerely devoted to the pope". Gregory secured for the Ludovisi two dukedoms, one for his brother Orazio, made a Nobile Romano and Duke of Fiano Romano , 1621, and the other, the Duchy of Zagarolo , purchased from the Colonna family by his nephew Ludovico Ludovisi in 1622. A second nephew, Niccolò ,

858-652: The other courts of the Holy See: the Apostolic Penitentiary and the Apostolic Signatura . In March 2020, Pope Francis issued a new Vatican law which provides for greater independence of judicial bodies and magistrates dependent on the Pope. It also specifies the requirements for the appointment of judges and it simplifies the judicial system while increasing the staff of the court. Until

891-439: The outcome of a case; however, any party to an initial decision before a court of the Latin Church (and also some Eastern Churches) has the right to file a second-instance appeal directly to the Rota. Dominating its caseload are petitions seeking the issuance of a decree of nullity of a marriage, although it has jurisdiction to hear any other type of judicial and non-administrative case in any area of canon law. The Rota serves as

924-585: The rank of cardinal and appointed him as a Cardinal Priest with the titular church of Santa Maria in Traspontina . Ludovisi remained in his episcopal see in Bologna until he went to Rome after the death of Pope Paul V to take part in the conclave at which he was chosen as pope and he selected the pontifical name of "Gregory XV". He was crowned on 14 February 1621 by the protodeacon , Cardinal Andrea Baroni Peretti Montalto , and assumed possession of

957-508: The right person and, at the risk of being charged with nepotism , he created him cardinal on the third day of his pontificate. On the same day, his youngest brother Orazio was appointed Captain General of the Church at the head of the Papal army. The future revealed that Gregory XV was not disappointed in his nephew. The Catholic Encyclopedia allows that "Ludovico, it is true, advanced

990-465: Was approved by Pope Gregory XV on April 7, 1623. On August 7, 1793, Pope Pius VI recognized the heroic virtues of Ursula, and proclaimed her " Venerable ". According to legend, in 1617, in Naples, Benincasa experienced a vision in which Jesus promised great favors for her religious order. She then begged Jesus for the same graces to such people who, living in the world, would have a special devotion to

1023-673: Was as a papal jurist in Rome, and there is no evidence that he had been ordained to the priesthood . He returned to Rome in 1575 and he served as the Referendary of the Apostolic Signatura from 1593 to 1596 and was appointed as the Vicegerent of Rome in 1597, a position he maintained until 1598. He also served as the Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota from 1599 to 1612. On 12 March 1612, Pope Paul V appointed him as

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1056-798: Was born in Bologna on 9 January 1554 to Pompeo Ludovisi, Count of Samoggia (now Savigno in the Province of Bologna ) and Camilla Bianchini. He was the third of seven children. He was educated at the Roman College run by the Society of Jesus in Rome, and also at the German College in Rome. He later attended the University of Bologna to obtain degrees in canon and Roman law , which he received on 4 June 1575. His early career

1089-705: Was made reigning Prince of Piombino and Lord of the Isola d' Elba in 1634, having married the heiress, 30 March 1632. Gregory XV interfered little in European politics, beyond assisting Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor , and the Catholic League against the Protestants , to the tune of a million gold ducats , and Sigismund III Vasa , King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , against

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