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Qarai (tribe)

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The Karai , Qarai , or Qara ("Black") Tartars are a Turkic tribe found in Khorasan , Azerbaijan , Kerman , and Fars .

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32-659: According to Encyclopedia Iranica , the Qara'i or Qara Tatars are "a Turkic-speaking tribe of Azerbaijan, Khorasan, Kermān, and Fārs." According to Vladimir Minorsky , the name Karāʾi may have been rooted in the Keraites , a Mongol people , while according to Gyula Németh , the tribe's name might have originated from other ethnic groups in Central Asia . Since qara "black" is a designation for "north" in Turkic languages it

64-603: A Mongol tribe of 30–40,000 nomad families dwelling near Amasya and Kayseri in Anatolia at the time of Timur 's conquests . Upon a suggestion by the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I and to refill the depopulated extremities of his empire, Timur deported these tribes back to Central Asia , specifically Khwarazm and an island in Issyk-Kul that later ceased to exist. Many of the tribesmen tried to escape from

96-618: A consensus among scholars that the Safavid family hailed from Iranian Kurdistan , and later moved to Iranian Azerbaijan , finally settling in the 11th century CE at Ardabil . Traditional pre-1501 Safavid manuscripts trace the lineage of the Safavids to the Kurdish dignitary, Firuz-Shah Zarrin-Kolah . According to historians, including Vladimir Minorsky and Roger Savory , the Safavids were Turkish speakers of Iranian origin: From

128-542: A necessity for Iranists [but] of inestimable value for everyone concerned with the history and culture of the Middle East". Ali Banuazizi, though, notes that its focus is on Iran "as perceived, analyzed, and described by its most distinguished, mainly Western, students". In 1998, the journal Iranian Studies devoted a double issue (vol. 31, no. 3/4) to reviews of the encyclopædia, coming to 700 pages by 29 authors on as many subjects. Professor A. Banuazizi, praised that

160-487: Is considered the standard encyclopedia of the academic discipline of Iranistics . The scope of the encyclopedia goes beyond modern Iran (also known as "Persia" ) and encompasses the entire Iranian cultural sphere , and far beyond. Relations of the Iranian world with other cultures (China, European countries, etc.) are also covered. The project is planning on publishing a total of up to 45 volumes. Ehsan Yarshater

192-660: Is in Azerbaijani pen-name of Khatai. Sam Mirza, the son of Shah Ismail as well as some later authors assert that Ismail composed poems both in Turkish and Persian but only a few specimens of his Persian verse have survived. A collection of his poems in Azeri were published as a Divan. Shah Tahmasp who has composed poetry in Persian was also a painter, while Shah Abbas II was known as a poet, writing Azerbaijani verses. Sam Mirza,

224-684: The Associated Press released a news report about Encyclopædia Iranica , claiming that it is "U.S.-backed". Encyclopædia Iranica published an official response, saying the report was "inaccurate and libelous", that while the National Endowment for the Humanities supports the encyclopedia, the Endowment is "an independent federal agency whose many projects are reviewed and decided upon by independent panels of scholars", not

256-573: The North Caucasus including Russia , Iraq , Kuwait , and Afghanistan , as well as parts of Turkey , Syria , Pakistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan . Despite their demise in 1736, the legacy that they left behind was the revival of Iran as an economic stronghold between East and West , the establishment of an efficient state and bureaucracy based upon " checks and balances ", their architectural innovations , and patronage for fine arts . The Safavids have also left their mark down to

288-774: The Qajar dynasty , Qarai Turks were also scattered beyond southern Khorasan through the desert zone of Sistan . Malcolm (1829) thought the Qarai of Persia arrived from "Tartary" as a result of Timur 's campaigns. Under Afsharid Nader Shah (r. 1736–1747), they were settled in Khorasan . Before that time, the Karai seem also to have been found in Azerbaijan . Adam Olearius , who traveled in Azerbaijan in 1638, mentions Karai as one of

320-968: The gunpowder empires . The Safavid Shāh Ismā'īl I established the Twelver denomination of Shīʿa Islam as the official religion of the Persian Empire , marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam . The Safavid dynasty had its origin in the Safavid order of Sufism , which was established in the city of Ardabil in the Iranian Azerbaijan region. It was an Iranian dynasty of Kurdish origin, but during their rule they intermarried with Turkoman , Georgian , Circassian , and Pontic Greek dignitaries, nevertheless, for practical purposes, they were Turkish-speaking and Turkified . From their base in Ardabil,

352-479: The EIF, seeking, among other things, a finding that the EIF owns neither a copyright nor an exclusive trademark right in the encyclopedia. EIF countersued alleging that Columbia, as well as Brill and Elton Daniel, breached EIF's copyright in the encyclopedia, infringed, diluted, and counterfeited its trademarks, converted EIF property, and committed various acts of unjust enrichment and unfair competition. On July 31, 2020,

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384-643: The Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation (EIF), which serves to promote the cause of the Encyclopædia Iranica and to ensure its continuation. Over the years, Columbia University's Center for Iranian Studies (also founded by Yarshater) continued to coordinate and edit the Encyclopædia , while the EIF substantially sponsored the work. The foundation provides the full text of many entries (up to fascicle XVI/3) for free on

416-433: The Qarai of Kerman and Fars were moved there from Khorasan during the Safavid dynasty . Encyclopedia Iranica Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English -language encyclopedia about the history, culture, and civilization of Iranian peoples from prehistory to modern times. The Encyclopædia Iranica is dedicated to the study of Iranian civilization in

448-590: The Safavids established control over parts of Greater Iran and reasserted the Iranian identity of the region, thus becoming the first native dynasty since the Sasanian Empire to establish a national state officially known as Iran. The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736 and 1750 to 1773) and, at their height, controlled all of what is now Iran , Azerbaijan , Bahrain , Armenia , eastern Georgia , parts of

480-450: The Safavids was religiously based, and their claim to legitimacy was founded on being direct male descendants of Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, and regarded by the Shiʻa as the first Imam. Furthermore, the dynasty was from the very start thoroughly intermarried with both Pontic Greek as well as Georgian lines. In addition, from the official establishment of the dynasty in 1501,

512-484: The U.S. District Court in the Southern District of New York granted a temporary restraining order against Columbia, Brill and Daniel, enjoining them through October 8, 2020 from publishing additional fascicles. EIF also sought a preliminary injunction against the defendants, but such relief was not entered by the court. Columbia and Brill subsequently published fascicle XVI/6 on October 19, 2020. As part of

544-526: The U.S. Government, and that only a third of the encyclopedia's budget is supplied by the Endowment, not half, as the Associated Press had claimed. As of July 2015, the online version of the Encyclopædia Iranica has almost 7,300 entries, of which about 1,100 entries are only available on the Internet. The following is a list of printed volumes, current as of October 2020 . In addition,

576-634: The area in 1889, described the region as "terribly decimated both by Turkmen ravages and by the great famine". A small Qarai population is found in Kerman Province , comprising some 420 households as of 1957, centered on the village of Tangu. and in Fars Province , where clans using the name Qarai are found within the Qashqai , Khamsa and Mamasāni tribal confederacies. Oberling (1960:101) cites Iranian Army Files of 1956 according to which

608-474: The central Qajar government, seizing control of Mashad in 1813. But soon later, in 1816, Eshaq Khan's tribal alliance fell apart and he was killed in Mashad. Esḥaq Khan was succeeded by his son Mohammad Khan Qaraei-Torbati , who managed to retain "a sort of semi-independent existence" But in the second half of the 19th century, the Karai chiefs lost most of their wealth and influence. George N. Curzon, who visited

640-539: The dispute, there are now conflicting accounts as to the current state of the Encyclopædia Iranica. While Columbia has published fascicle XVI/4 through XVI/6, covering topics between "Kešaʾi Dialect" and "Khorasan XIV", by EIF's count volume XVI only covers topics falling alphabetically between KA and KE. EIF considers fascicles XVI/4 through XVI/6 "counterfeit fascicles". In a review of Volume III, Richard W. Bulliet calls Encyclopædia Iranica "not just

672-517: The dynasty would continue to have many intermarriages with both Circassian as well as again Georgian dignitaries, especially with the accession of Tahmasp I . The Safavid family was a literate family from its early origin. There are extant Tati and Persian poetry from Shaykh Safi ad-din Ardabili as well as extant Persian poetry from Shaykh Sadr ad-din. Most of the extant poetry of Shah Ismail I

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704-694: The encyclopaedia "will be judged as the most significant contribution of our century to the advancement of Iranian studies as a scholarly enterprise". Many foundations, organizations, and individuals have supported Encyclopædia Iranica . The encyclopaedia has been sponsored since 1979 by the National Endowment for the Humanities , as well as the American Council of Learned Societies , Union Académique Internationale , Iran Heritage Foundation , and many other charitable foundations , philanthropic families and individuals. On March 25, 2007,

736-539: The evidence available at the present time, it is certain that the Safavid family was of indigenous Iranian stock, and not of Turkish ancestry as it is sometimes claimed. It is probable that the family originated in Persian Kurdistan, and later moved to Azerbaijan, where they adopted the Azari form of Turkish spoken there, and eventually settled in the small town of Ardabil sometimes during the eleventh century. By

768-457: The following fascicles of volume XVI have been published: Safavid dynasty The Safavid dynasty ( / ˈ s æ f ə v ɪ d , ˈ s ɑː -/ ; Persian : دودمان صفوی , romanized :  Dudmâne Safavi , pronounced [d̪uːd̪ˈmɒːne sæfæˈviː] ) was one of Iran 's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from 1501 to 1736 . Their rule is often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history , as well as one of

800-575: The forced migration, and although many were captured, some tribesmen remained in Anatolia . A portion of the tribe that was previously deported managed to escape to the Golden Horde , and some additionally returned to Anatolia following Timur's demise. In 1419, groups from the tribe were deported by the Ottomans to the Balkans , settling near Pazardzhik in modern-day Bulgaria . At the start of

832-476: The iranicaonline.org website. Following Yarshater's retirement as director of the Center for Iranian Studies in 2016, a dispute began to emerge between Columbia University and the EIF as Columbia unilaterally decided to enter into a contract with Brill , an academic publisher, which subsequently published fascicles 4 and 5 of volume XVI in 2018 and 2019; the EIF protested the move. In 2019, Columbia University sued

864-594: The present era by establishing Twelver Shīʿīsm as the state religion of Iran , as well as spreading Shīʿa Islam in major parts of the Middle East , Central Asia , Caucasus , Anatolia , the Persian Gulf , and Mesopotamia . The Safavid Kings themselves claimed to be sayyids , family descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , although many scholars have cast doubt on this claim. There seems now to be

896-489: The time of the establishment of the Safavid empire, the members of the family were Turkicized and Turkish-speaking, and some of the Shahs composed poems in their then-native Turkish language. Concurrently, the Shahs themselves also supported Persian literature, poetry and art projects including the grand Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp , while members of the family and some Shahs composed Persian poetry as well. The authority of

928-412: The tribes of Mogan . They became influential there in the 18th century, after their leader, Amir Khan, was made governor of Mashhad under Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1749. Their political power peaked in the early 19th century under the leadership of Eshaq Khan Qaraei-Torbati . Eshaq Khan had submitted to Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar in 1795, but under Fath-Ali Shah Qajar he achieved de facto autonomy from

960-603: The wider Middle East , the Caucasus , Southeastern Europe , Central Asia , and the Indian subcontinent . The academic reference work will eventually cover all aspects of Iranian history and culture as well as all Iranian languages and literatures , facilitating the whole range of Iranian studies research from archeology to political sciences. It is a project founded by Ehsan Yarshater in 1973 and currently carried out at Columbia University 's Center for Iranian Studies. It

992-640: Was a frequently used tribal identifier among the early Turkic peoples , and there are numerous Kipchak groups known by this adjective. The earliest mention of these, not necessarily related, are the "Black Tatars" ( Chinese : 黑韃靼 ), a subdivision of the Rouran Khaganate in Tang sources. Meanwhile, at the western end of the steppe, more "black Tatars" were troops serving the First Bulgarian Empire . The Qara Tatars were recorded as

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1024-596: Was the founding editor of Encyclopædia Iranica from 1973 through 2017. The current editor-in-chief is Elton Daniel. The editorial board includes Mohsen Ashtiany, Mahnaz Moazami, and over 40 consulting editors from major international institutions doing research in Iranian studies. Former long tenured editors include Ahmad Ashraf, Christopher Brunner, Habib Borjian, Kioumars Ghereghlou, Manuchehr Kasheff, Dagmar Riedel and Houra Yavari. A growing number (over 1,300 in 2016) of scholars worldwide have contributed articles to Encyclopædia Iranica . In 1990, Ehsan Yarshater established

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