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63-682: Brantford ( 2021 population : 104,688) is a city in Ontario , Canada, founded on the Grand River in Southwestern Ontario . It is surrounded by Brant County but is politically separate with a municipal government of its own that is fully independent of the county's municipal government. Brantford is situated on the Haldimand Tract , and is named after Joseph Brant , a Mohawk leader, soldier, farmer and slave owner. Brant

126-753: A change of 7.4% from its 2016 population of 134,203 . With a land area of 1,074 km (415 sq mi), it had a population density of 134.2/km (347.7/sq mi) in 2021. 103,210 people gave their ethnic background on the 2021 census, up from 95,780 on the 2016 census. Brantford has the highest proportion of Indigenous people ( Status Indians ) in Southern Ontario , outside of an Indian reserve . In 2021, 51.8% of residents were Christian , down from 64.8% in 2011. 22.2% of residents were Catholic , 17.6% were Protestant , and 7.7% were Christian not otherwise specified. All other Christian denominations and Christian-related traditions accounted for 4.1% of

189-622: A farmhouse on Tutela Heights (named after the First Nations tribe of the area and later absorbed into Brantford.) Then called Melville House, it is now a museum, the Bell Homestead National Historic Site . This was the site of the invention of the telephone in 1874 and ongoing trials in 1876. The Bell Memorial , also known as the Bell Monument, was commissioned to commemorate Bell's invention of

252-420: A higher rate of crime severity than most of the province. The electric telephone was invented here leading to the establishment of Canada's first telephone factory here in the 1870s. Brantford developed as an important Canadian industrial centre for the first half of the 20th century, and it was once the third-ranked Canadian city in terms of the cash value of manufactured goods exported. The city developed at

315-596: A leak in the roof of the residential school building caused significant damage to the historic site. As a result of this leak a community input process was established within Six Nations of the Grand River to determine what the local community wanted to do with the building, 98% of participants voted to save the historic building. In March 2014 the "Save the Evidence" campaign was started to raise money to preserve

378-523: A local community channel on Rogers Cable . Otherwise, Brantford is served by stations from Toronto , Hamilton and Kitchener . Brantford Municipal Airport is located west of the city. It hosts an annual air show featuring the Snowbirds . The John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport in Hamilton is located about 35 km (20 miles) east of Brantford. Toronto Pearson International Airport

441-512: A population of 104,688 living in 41,673 of its 43,269 total private dwellings, a change of 6.2% from its 2016 population of 98,563 . With a land area of 98.65 km (38.09 sq mi), it had a population density of 1,061.2/km (2,748.5/sq mi) in 2021. At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Brantford CMA had a population of 144,162 living in 56,003 of its 58,047 total private dwellings,

504-516: A population of 35,151,728. Three provinces' and one territory's population grew faster than Canada's overall population increase: Yukon – a 12.1 per cent increase, Prince Edward Island – an 8 per cent increase, British Columbia – a 7.6 per cent increase, and Ontario – a 5.8 per cent increase. The rapid growth in Yukon is largely credited to immigration and migration from within Canada. At the other end of

567-680: A post-secondary certificate, diploma, or university degree. Several post-secondary institutions have facilities in Brantford. Public education in the area is managed by the Grand Erie District School Board , and Catholic education is managed by the Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board . Public education in the area is managed by the Grand Erie District School Board , and Catholic education

630-462: A reward for their loyalty to the British Crown , they were given a large land grant, referred to as the Haldimand Tract , on the Grand River. The original Mohawk settlement was on the south edge of the present-day city at a location favourable for landing canoes. Brant's crossing (or fording) of the river gave the original name to the area: Brant's ford The Glebe Farm Indian Reserve exists at

693-683: Is located in Mississauga , about 100 km (60 miles) northeast of Brantford. Brantford station is located just north of downtown Brantford. Via Rail has daily passenger trains on the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor . Trains also stop at Union Station in Toronto . Street rail began in Brantford in 1886 with horse-drawn carriages; by 1893, this system had been converted to electric. The City of Brantford took over these operations in 1914. Around 1936, it began to replace

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756-564: Is managed by the Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board and the Conseil Scolaire de District Catholique Centre-Sud . BTOWN is a free alternative online magazine which highlights people, projects and events in the Brantford area. The Brantford Expositor , started in 1852, is published by Sun Media Corp. six days a week (excluding Sundays). The Brant News was a weekly paper, delivered Thursdays until 2018; it publishes breaking news online at their website, and

819-566: Is now Brantford. The combination of events has led to Brantford calling itself "The Telephone City". Brantford is located within the County of Brant; however, it is a single-tier municipality, politically separate from the county. Ontario's Municipal Act, 2001 defines single-tier municipalities as "a municipality, other than an upper-tier municipality, that does not form part of an upper-tier municipality for municipal purposes." Single-tier municipalities provide for all local government services. At

882-620: Is published by Metroland Media Group . The Two Row Times , a Free weekly paper started in 2013, is published on Wednesdays, delivered to every reservation in Ontario and globally online at their website, published by Garlow Media. BScene, a Free community paper founded in 2014, is published monthly and distributed locally throughout Brantford and Brant County via local businesses and community centers, It can also be viewed online at their website. Independently published. Brantford's only local television service comes from Rogers TV (cable 20),

945-577: The S.R. Drake Memorial Church . In 1846, it is estimated 2000 residents lived in the city's core while 5199 lived in the outlying rural areas. There were eight churches in Brantford at this time – Episcopal, Presbyterian, Catholic, two Methodist, Baptist, Congregational, and one for the African-Canadian residents. By 1847, Europeans began to settle further up the river at a ford in the Grand River and named their village Brantford. The population increased after 1848 when river navigation to Brantford

1008-813: The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in New England (commonly known as the New England Company) from its founding in 1828 as the "Mechanics' Institute" (a day school for boys on the Six Nations of the Grand River reserve) until 1922, when the Canadian federal government took control. The Mohawk Institute was established on 350 acres of farmland, all of which was or had been part of

1071-450: The door-to-door survey of individuals and households who had not completed the census questionnaire by late May or early June. Canvassing agents wore masks and maintained a physical distance to comply with COVID-19 safety regulations. In early May 2021, Statistics Canada began sending mailings to households throughout Canada containing instructions for completing the census questionnaire. The questionnaires could be completed by returning

1134-497: The 1870s. The history of the Brantford region from 1793 to 1920 is described at length in the book At The Forks of The Grand . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Canadian government encouraged the education of First Nations children at residential schools , which were intended to teach them English and European-Canadian ways and assimilate them into the majority cultures. Such institutions in or near Brantford included

1197-483: The 2021 census are: Statistics Canada links income and related information obtained from the Canada Revenue Agency , and immigration status obtained from Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada , to the census responses. The 2021 Canadian census included new questions "critical to measuring equity, diversity and inclusivity". For the first time, questions were asked about commuting methods and

1260-715: The British during the War of 1812 and later worked to improve the welfare of the First Nations. He was involved in building schools and improving the welfare of his people. Brant initiated the opening of schools and, from 1828, served as the first native Superintendent of the Six Nations. Chief Brant was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada for Haldimand in 1830 and was the first aboriginal Canadian in Parliament. The stone and brick Brant County Courthouse

1323-895: The Joseph Brant Memorial would be erected in Burlington, Ontario in honour of Brant and the Six Nations Confederacy. The Mohawk Chapel , built by the British Crown in 1785 for the Mohawk and Iroquois people (Six Nations of the Grand River), was dedicated in 1788 as a reminder of the original agreements made with the British during the American Revolution . In 1904 the chapel received Royal status by King Edward VII in memory of

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1386-610: The Legacy of Hope Foundation's online media collection: "Where are the Children? Healing the Legacy of the Residential Schools". In June 1945, Brantford became the first city in Canada to fluoridate its water supply. Brantford generated controversy in 2010 when its city council expropriated and demolished 41 historic downtown buildings on the south side of its main street, Colborne Street. The buildings constituted one of

1449-706: The Mohawk Institute and to raise awareness about the history of residential schools. Following the 2021 discovery of previously unknown burials at the Kamloops Indian Residential School in British Columbia , Six Nations of the Grand River chief Mark Hill called on the Canadian federal government to support a search for missing children who could have been buried on the Mohawk Institute's grounds. The search began around November 2021. As of September 2022, about 1.5% of

1512-486: The Mohawk Institute during its operation: Following the closure of the Mohawk Institute in 1970, the Woodland Cultural Centre opened on the site in 1972, as an organization focused on research, history, and later the arts. Woodland's cultural and historical interpretation programming utilizes the historic Mohawk Institute building to teach about the history of residential schools in Canada. In 2013

1575-529: The Six Nations reserve at some point. In 1831, the New England Company operated this residential school for boys, and starting in 1834, Indigenous girls attended this school as well. They were from Six Nations, along with some from the New Credit , and Moraviantown , Sarnia , Walpole Island , Muncey , Scugog , Stoney Point , Saugeen , Bay of Quinte and Kahnawake reserves. While

1638-735: The Thomas Indian School, Mohawk Institute Residential School (also known as Mohawk Manual Labour School and Mush Hole Indian Residential School), and the Haudenosaunee boarding school. Decades later and particularly since the late 20th century, numerous scholarly and artistic works have explored the detrimental effects of the schools in destroying Native cultures. Examples include Ronald James Douglas' graduate thesis titled Documenting Ethnic Cleansing in North America: Creating Unseen Tears , and

1701-403: The bed. "They used to bring in a battery—a motor of some sort or some kind of gadget, and he’d put the girl’s hand on it and it would jerk us and it would go all the way through us from end to end—it would travel. And we would do that about three times." Another former student, Dawn, said sexual abuse took place in the boiler room in the basement: "You couldn’t hear their screams over the noise of

1764-478: The boiler." Sally General, a former student who attended the Mohawk Institute from age four to thirteen, recalled having all of her hair cut off, along with all of the other students. They were branded "Mush Hole Baldies". Sally also remembered being locked in a dark room with her friend and being told by staff that "the rats were gonna get us". They would cry for hours, not knowing why they were being punished. It wasn't until she learned English that she realized she

1827-575: The businesses left thousands of people unemployed. As a consequence, it became one of the most economically depressed areas in the country, leaving a negative impact on the once-vibrant downtown. An economic revival was prompted by the completion of the Brantford-to- Ancaster section of Highway 403 in 1997, bringing companies easy access to Hamilton and Toronto and completing a direct route from Detroit to Buffalo . In 2004 Procter & Gamble and Ferrero SpA chose to locate in

1890-423: The census counted transgender people and people of non-binary gender . Canada has been noted in this instance to be the first country to provide census data on transgender and non-binary people. The 2021 census recorded a total federal population of 36,991,981, living in 14,978,941 of its 16,284,235 private dwellings. With a land area of 8,788,702.80 km (3,393,337.12 sq mi), its population density

1953-673: The chief, Kandoucho , was identified by 19th-century historians as having been located on the Grand River where present-day Brantford developed. This community, like the rest of their settlements, was destroyed when the Iroquois declared war in 1650 over the fur trade and exterminated the Neutral nation. In 1784, Captain Joseph Brant and the Mohawk people of the Iroquois Confederacy left New York State for Canada. As

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2016-479: The city. Though Wescast Industries, Inc. recently closed its local foundry, its corporate headquarters will remain in Brantford. SC Johnson Canada has their headquarters and a manufacturing plant in Brantford, connected to the Canadian National network. Other companies that have their headquarters here include Gunther Mele and GreenMantra Technologies . On February 16, 2005, Brant, including Brantford,

2079-507: The decline of manufacturing, the community struggled with an increase in social problems. In more recent times, the city was hit hard by the opioid crisis . In 2018, Brantford had the highest rate of emergency department visits for overdose of any city in Ontario. In 2018, Brantford police reported an overall crime rate of 6,533 incidents per 100,000 population, 59% higher than in Ontario (4,113) and 19% higher than in Canada (5,488). The same year, Maclean's magazine ranked Brantford as having

2142-532: The deepest navigable point of the Grand River. Because of existing networks, it became a railroad hub of Southern Ontario. The combination of water and rail helped Brantford develop from a farming community into an industrial city with many blue-collar jobs based on the agriculture implementation industry. Major companies included S.C. Johnson Wax, Massey-Harris, Verity Plow, and the Cockshutt Plow Company . This industry, more than any other, provided

2205-479: The early history of the area around Brantford. The famed Mohawk Chief Joseph Brant (Thayendanega) led his people from the Mohawk Valley of New York State to Upper Canada after being allied with the British during the American Revolution , where they lost their land holdings. A group of 400 settled in 1788 on the Grand River at Mohawk Village which would later become Brantford. Nearly a century later (1886),

2268-404: The electric street car system with gas-run buses, and by the end of 1939, the changeover was complete. Canada 2021 Census The 2021 Canadian census was a detailed enumeration of the Canadian population with a reference date of May 11, 2021. It follows the 2016 Canadian census , which recorded a population of 35,151,728. The overall response rate was 98%, which is slightly lower than

2331-562: The federal and provincial levels of government, Brantford is part of the Brant riding . Brantford City Council is the municipal governing body. As of October 22, 2018, the mayor is Kevin Davis . Brantford's economy was hit hard in the 1980s when farm equipment manufacturers Massey Ferguson and White Farm Equipment closed their local plants. By the end of 1981, the city's unemployment rate reached 22%. As with other small Ontario cities hit by

2394-648: The first telephone at his father's homestead, Melville House, now the Bell Homestead , located in Tutela Heights south of the city. Brantford is also known as the birthplace and hometown of Wayne Gretzky and Phil Hartman . The Iroquoian-speaking Attawandaron, known in English as the Neutral Nation , lived in the Grand River valley area before the 17th century; their main village and seat of

2457-505: The longest blocks of pre-Confederation architecture in Canada and included one of Ontario's first grocery stores and an early 1890s office of the Bell Telephone Company of Canada . The decision was widely criticized by Ontario's heritage preservation community, however, the city argued it was needed for downtown renewal. Plaques and monuments erected by the provincial and federal governments provide additional glimpses into

2520-474: The longstanding alliance. Her Majesty's Royal Chapel of the Mohawks is an important reminder of the original agreements made with Queen Anne in 1710. It is still in use today as one of two royal Chapels in Canada and the oldest Protestant Church in the province. Joseph Brant and his son John Brant are buried here. Chief John Brant (Mohawk leader) (Ahyonwaeghs) was one of the sons of Joseph Brant. He fought with

2583-611: The original site today. The area began to grow from a small settlement in the 1820s as the Hamilton and London Road was improved. By the 1830s, Brantford became a stop on the Underground Railroad , and a sizable number of runaway African-Americans settled in the town. From the 1830s to the 1860s – several hundred people of African descent settled in the area around Murray Street, and in Cainsville . In Brantford, they established their own school and church, now known as

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2646-705: The paper questionnaire, or by phone or online by using an access code provided in the mailing. Statistics Canada expected about 80% of households to complete the questionnaire online. It was also available in large-print , braille , audio, and video formats. The questionnaire questions were available in a number of languages ( Arabic , simplified and traditional Chinese, Italian , Korean , Persian , Portuguese , Punjabi , Russian , Spanish , Urdu , and Vietnamese ) and indigenous languages ( Atikamekw , Denesuline , Nunavik and Nunavut Inuktitut , Mohawk , Montagnais , Naskapi , Northern Quebec Cree , Ojibwe , Oji-Cree , Plains Cree , Swampy Cree , and Tłı̨chǫ ), but

2709-517: The population. 40.4% of residents had no religion, up from 31.6% in 2011. All other religions and spiritual traditions make up 8.1% of the population. The largest non-Christian religions were Sikhism (2.6%), Islam (2.0%), Hinduism (1.7%) and Buddhism (0.5%). Brantford has been used as a filming location for TV and films. Statistics from the Federal 2016 Census indicated that 54.1% of Brantford's adult residents (ages 25 to 64) had earned either

2772-432: The questionnaire had to be completed in either English or French. The standard short-form questionnaire was to be completed by 75% of households. The other 25% completed a long-form questionnaire to collect data about the household's economic and social state, information about the occupied dwelling, and other data in addition to age, languages spoken, marital status, religious affiliation, and other basic data collected in

2835-549: The response rate for the 2016 census. It recorded a population of 36,991,981, a 5.2% increase from 2016. It will be succeeded by Canada's 2026 census . Consultation on census program content was from September 11 to December 8, 2017. The census was conducted by Statistics Canada , and was contactless as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada . The agency had considered delaying the census until 2022. About 900 supervisors and 31,000 field enumerators were hired to conduct

2898-536: The school was closed. Six Nations assumed ownership of the building the following year. Many former students have described suffering physical, sexual and emotional abuse at the school. The poor quality of food served to students led to the school's nickname, The Mush Hole. In 1914 two former students from the Mohawk School charged the school's principal for cutting off their hair, imprisonment, and physical abuse. The case went to trial on March 31, 1914 where

2961-472: The school was formally taken over by the Canadian government, though the New England Company retained ownership, and the agreement required that the principal be Anglican. A chapel was added to the school in 1930. By 1955, enrollment reached 185 children. In 1963, farming was discontinued as the children were now given a full day of education without requiring manual labour. Enrollment decreased as schools were built on reserves throughout Ontario, and in 1970,

3024-478: The school was originally near the Mohawk village, in 1837 the colonial government of Upper Canada ordered Six Nation residents to resettle south of the Grand River , kilometres from the school. Between 1854–1859, the building was destroyed by fire and rebuilt a few hundred metres from its original location. Around the same time, the school acquired more land, and farming became a prominent part of life for children at

3087-401: The school. The school buildings were rebuilt the following year. The new school building contained separate boys and girls wings, principal's and teachers quarters, as well as administrative offices. This new school building was designed to hold 150 students and the new complex also included the development of barns, stables, and other agriculture related out buildings. In 1922, management of

3150-470: The school. In 1885, the school began to accept students from reserves beyond Six Nations. On April 19, 1903, the main school building was again destroyed by fire. In May, the barns of the Mohawk School were also destroyed by fire. On June 24, 1903 the playhouse which had been serving as the boys' dorm since the main fire in April was also burned down. All three of these fires have been attributed to students at

3213-469: The short-form questionnaire. Those who completed the census questionnaire online could listen to a number of soundtracks on Spotify and YouTube prepared by Statistics Canada. Completing the questionnaire is a legal requirement, and those who refuse to do so may be fined up to $ 500. It must be completed by citizens of Canada, permanent residents, refugee claimants, and those with a study or work permit. The release dates for data by release topic from

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3276-615: The spectrum, only one province and one territory saw a decrease in population since 2016: Newfoundland and Labrador – a 1.8 per cent decrease, and the Northwest Territories — a 1.7 per cent decrease. The majority of Canadians identified as female at 50.73%, while 49.27% of the population identified as male. The median age overall was 41.6 years – 40.4 years for males and 42.8 years for females. 59,460 Canadians identify as transgender and 41,355 identify as non-binary. Mohawk Institute Residential School Operated by

3339-428: The students were awarded $ 400 for two of the claims and the principal was fined. Students frequently ran away from the Mohawk Institute, so the staff built a prison cell to hold captured runaways in the basement. It resembled a dark closet, and students were often left there for days at a time. One former student, Lorna, who attended the Mohawk Institute from 1940 to 1945, recalled being given shock treatment for wetting

3402-532: The telephone in Brantford; it is also one of the National Historic Sites of Canada . Some articles suggest that the telephone was invented in Boston , where Alexander Graham Bell did a great deal of work on the development of the device. However, Bell confirmed Brantford as the birthplace of the device in a 1906 speech: "the telephone problem was solved, and it was solved at my father's home". At

3465-543: The unveiling of the Bell Memorial on 24 October 1917, Bell reminded the attendees that "Brantford is right in claiming the invention of the telephone here... [which was] conceived in Brantford in 1874 and born in Boston in 1875" and that "the first transmission to a distance was made between Brantford and Paris " (on 3 August 1876). As well, the second successful voice transmission (over a distance of 6 km; 4 miles)

3528-480: The well-paying and steady employment that allowed Brantford to sustain economic growth through most of the 20th century. By the 1980s and 1990s, Brantford's economy was in steady decline due to changes in heavy industry and its restructuring. Numerous companies suffered bankruptcies, such as White Farm Equipment , Massey Ferguson (and its successor, Massey Combines Corporation), Koering-Waterous, Harding Carpets, and other manufacturers. The bankruptcies and closures of

3591-502: Was 4.21/km (10.90/sq mi). Canada's most- and least-populated provinces were Ontario and Prince Edward Island , respectively. Amongst the three territories, the Northwest Territories was the largest in terms of population, while Nunavut once again became the smallest territory after briefly overtaking Yukon in 2016. The population of Canada rose by 5.2 per cent federally since the 2016 census, which recorded

3654-516: Was added to the Greater Golden Horseshoe along with Haldimand and Northumberland counties. In February 2019, Brantford's unemployment rate stood at 4.6% – lower than Ontario's rate of 5.6%. Brantford has a humid continental climate ( Dfb ) with warm to hot summers and cold, moderately snowy winters, though not severe by Canadian standards. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Brantford had

3717-471: Was also made in the area, on 4 August 1876, between the telegraph office in Brantford, Ontario and Bell's father's homestead over makeshift wires. Canada's first telephone factory, created by James Cowherd , was located in Brantford and operated from about 1879 until Cowherd's death in 1881. The first telephone business office which opened in 1877, not far from the Bell Homestead, was located in what

3780-590: Was an important Loyalist leader during the American Revolutionary War and later, after the Haudenosaunee moved to the Brantford area in Upper Canada . Many of his descendants and other First Nations people live on the nearby Six Nations of the Grand River reserve south of Brantford; it is the most populous reserve in Canada. Brantford is known as the "Telephone City" because the city's famous resident, Alexander Graham Bell , invented

3843-456: Was being punished for not knowing or speaking English. Sally was also sexually abused. After one assault, she began to bleed and went to the nurse. When she told the nurse what happened, the nurse gave her a beating, told her she was lying, and that she should never say anything like that again. Male children at the Mohawk Institute were forced to get a circumcision and have their tonsils removed. The following individuals served as principals of

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3906-506: Was built on land purchased from the Six Nations in 1852. The structure housed courtrooms, county offices, a law library and a gaol. During additions in the 1880s, the Greek Revival style, with Doric columns, was retained. Among the most famed residents were Alexander Graham Bell and his family, who arrived in mid 1870 from Scotland while Bell was suffering from tuberculosis. They lived with Bell's father and mother, who had settled in

3969-414: Was opened and again in 1854 with the arrival of the railway to Brantford. Because of the ease of navigation from new roads and the Grand River, several manufacturing companies could be found in the town by 1869. Some of these factories included Brantford Engine Works, Victoria Foundry and Britannia Foundry. Several major farm implement manufacturers, starting with Cockshutt and Harris, opened for business in

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