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69-914: The Haldimand Proclamation was a decree that granted land to the Mohawk (or Kanien'kehà:ka) ( Mohawk nation ) who had served on the British side during the American Revolution . The decree was issued by the Governor of the Province of Quebec , Frederick Haldimand , on October 25, 1784, three days after the Treaty of Fort Stanwix was signed between others of the Six Nations and the American government. The granted land had to be purchased from

138-460: A cruel and ruthless sociopath. Despite the strong fictionalisation of the namesake TV-show character, several biographical aspects of the latter's historical counterpart appear to have been adapted for and transferred onto the fictional character Edmund Hewlett. For instance, Hewlett's romantic ambitions regarding Anna Strong in the series resemble Simcoe's courtship of Sarah Townsend , sister of Culper Ring spy Robert Townsend , for whom he wrote

207-587: A decree is a law of a community or regional parliament , e.g. the Flemish Parliament . Jus novum ( c.  1140 -1563) Jus novissimum ( c.  1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of

276-807: A few months before, travelled to London, England, in November 1775, on the eve of the American Revolution , to obtain a promise from the Crown that if the Iroquois fought on the British side, they would obtain a land grant in Canada. During and after the American Revolution, American colonists confiscated land and property from those who were Loyalists during the war. The British government compensated both Indian and non-Indian Loyalists with cash payments for their losses. By early 1783, Brant had selected

345-522: A foraging expedition opposed by Patriot militia . Hancock was also killed, although he was not with the Americans. The attack took place at night and with bayonets. On 28 June of that year, Simcoe and his Queen's Rangers took part in the Battle of Monmouth , in and near Freehold , New Jersey. On 31 August 1778, Lieut. Col. Simcoe earned a victory over Daniel Nimham 's Native American force serving under

414-481: A general sense all documents promulgated by an ecumenical council can be called decrees, in a specific sense some of these documents, as at the Second Vatican Council , were called more precisely constitutions or declarations. Canon 29 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law defines general decrees: General decrees, by which a competent legislator makes common provisions for a community capable of receiving

483-525: A law, are true laws and are regulated by the provisions of the canons on laws. The Holy See uses decrees from the pope such as papal bull , papal brief or motu proprio as legislative acts. The word décret , literally "decree", is an old legal usage in France and is used to refer to executive orders issued by the French President or Prime Minister . Any such order must not violate

552-535: A poem that is thought to be the first verifiable valentine on the North American continent. It is presumed that Townsend, much like the fictionalised portrayal of Anna Strong on Turn , may have gathered and passed on intelligence gleaned from her unsuspecting suitor to the Culper Ring. Similarly, Hewlett's close bond with his horse Bucephalus (presumably named after Bucephalus , the horse of Alexander

621-840: A safe and comfortable retreat for them and others of the Five Nations, who have either lost their settlements within the Territory of the American States, or wish to retire from them to the British—I have at the earnest desire of many of these His Majesty's faithful Allies purchased a tract of land from the Indians situated between the Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron and I do hereby in His Majesty's name authorize and permit

690-520: A tract of land from the Mississaugas, which was referred to in the grant as generally "situated between the Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron". In fact, the head of the Grand River is located some thirty miles beyond the limits of land that the Crown maintained that it had previously purchased from the Mississaugas. In 1791, at the request of the Six Nations, an initial survey was completed. It

759-468: Is a decree inasmuch as these documents are legislative acts of the pope . In this sense, the term is quite ancient. The Roman Congregations were formerly empowered to issue decrees in matters which come under their particular jurisdiction but were forbidden from continuing to do so under Pope Benedict XV in 1917. Each ecclesiastical province and also each diocese may issue decrees in their periodical synods within their sphere of authority. While in

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828-520: Is a presidential decree. Such an ukaz has the force of law, but may not alter the Russian constitution or the regulations of existing laws, and may be superseded by laws passed by the Federal Assembly . The Government of Russia can also issue decrees formally called Decisions ( Постановления Postanovleniya or Orders ( Распоряжения Rasporyazheniya ) and may not contradict

897-534: Is called Deeds of Gift is to be entirely discontinued, for, by the King's instructions, no Private Person, Society, Corporation or colony is capable of acquiring any property in lands belonging to the Indians, either by purchase, or grant or conveyance from the Indians, excepting only where the lands lie within the limits of any colony the soil of which has been vested in Proprietaries or Corporations by grants from

966-810: Is known today as the Conference House , resulting in the burning of Patriot supplies inside a Dutch Reformed Church in Finderne , including hay and grain; the release of Loyalist prisoners from the Somerset County Courthouse ; and Simcoe's capture by Armand Tuffin de La Rouërie . Simcoe was released at the end of 1779 and rejoined his unit in Virginia . He participated in the Raid on Richmond with Benedict Arnold in January 1781 and

1035-830: The British Empire , including Upper Canada, in 1834. Simcoe's priority was the Northwest Indian War between the United States and the " Western Confederacy " of Native Americans west of the Appalachian Mountains and south of the Great Lakes (the Shawnee , Miami , Wyandot , and other tribes). This conflict had begun in 1785, and was still raging when Simcoe arrived in 1792. Simcoe had hoped to form an Indian barrier state between

1104-550: The French Constitution or Civil Code , and a party has the right to request an order be annulled in the French Council of State . Orders must be ratified by Parliament before they can be modified into legislative Acts. Special orders known as décret-loi , literally "decree-act" or "decree-law", usually considered an illegal practice under the 3rd and 4th Republic, were finally abolished and replaced by

1173-728: The French National Assembly , the calling of new legislative elections, and the grant of the title Marshal of France . Decrees are published in the Journal Officiel de la République Française ( French Gazette ). According to clause 77 of the Italian Constitution , The Government may not, without an enabling act from the Houses [of Parliament], issue decrees having the force of ordinary law. When in extraordinary cases of necessity and urgency

1242-721: The French Republic . An assault on the British-held town of Saint-Marc was repulsed, though Haitian forces captured Mirebalais and the Central Plateau. Simcoe was eventually replaced as leader of the expeditionary force in March. Simcoe was appointed colonel of the 81st Foot in 1798, but exchanged the position for the 22nd Foot less than six months later. Simcoe was buried in Wolford Chapel on

1311-719: The Mississauga and other First Nations to give the Loyalists land grants in partial compensation for property lost in the United States, and to help them set up new communities and develop this territory. Simcoe was appointed Lieutenant-Governor on 12 September 1791, and left for Canada with his wife Elizabeth and daughter Sophia, leaving three daughters behind in England with their aunt. They left England in September and arrived in Canada on 11 November. Due to severe weather,

1380-646: The Mississaugas of the Credit is also referred to as the "Between the Lakes Treaty." The text of the proclamation reads: Whereas His Majesty having been pleased to direct that in consideration of the early attachment to his cause manifested by the Mohawk Indians, and of the loss of their settlement which they thereby sustained—that a convenient tract of land under his protection should be chosen as

1449-556: The Mississaugas of the Credit whose traditional territory spans much of modern-day Southwestern Ontario. On May 22, 1784, Col. John Butler was sent to negotiate the sale of approximately 3,000,000 acres of land located between Lakes Huron, Ontario, and Erie for £1180.00 from the Mississaugas of the Credit. Of the land ceded, some 550,000 acres were granted to the Mohawk nation in the Haldimand Proclamation. The sale by

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1518-654: The Peninsular War in 1812. Son Henry Addington Simcoe became an English theologian. Simcoe entered politics in 1790. He was elected Member of Parliament for St Mawes in Cornwall, as a supporter of the government (led by William Pitt the Younger ). As MP, he proposed raising a militia force like the Queen's Rangers. He also proposed to lead an invasion of Spain. But instead he was to be made lieutenant governor of

1587-536: The Queen's Rangers began cutting the road in August 1793, reaching Holland Landing in 1796. Dundas Street (named for Colonial Secretary Henry Dundas ) ran east–west, between York and London. The Northwest Indian War ended after the United States defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers . They made peace under the Treaty of Greenville . While still at war with France, Britain could not afford to antagonise

1656-818: The Roman Catholic Church established when Britain took over the area after its defeat of the French in the Seven Years' War . Upper Canada was the western area, newly settled after the American Revolutionary War . The settlers were mostly English speakers, including Loyalists from the Thirteen Colonies , and also the Six Nations of the Iroquois , who had been British allies during the war. The Crown had purchased land from

1725-668: The constitution , the Supreme Leader delineates the general policies of the Islamic Republic. After the Russian Revolution , a government proclamation of wide meaning was called a "decree" ( декрет dekret ); a more specific proclamation was called an указ ukaz . Both terms are usually translated as 'decree'. According to the Russian Federation's 1993 constitution , an ukaz

1794-569: The grenadier company of the 40th Foot in the New York and New Jersey campaign and the Philadelphia campaign . Simcoe commanded the 40th's Grenadiers at the Battle of Brandywine on 11 September 1777, where he was wounded. Legend has it that Simcoe ordered his men at Brandywine not to fire upon three fleeing rebels, among whom was George Washington . In 1777, Simcoe sought to form a Loyalist regiment of free blacks from Boston but instead

1863-472: The siege of Quebec , and was buried at sea. The family then moved to his mother's parental home in Exeter . His paternal grandparents were William and Mary (née Hutchinson) Simcoe. He was educated at Exeter Grammar School and Eton College . He spent a year at Merton College, Oxford ; he was then admitted to Lincoln's Inn , but decided to follow the military career for which his father had intended him. He

1932-511: The "irregular and high-handed proceeding of Mr. Simcoe." While Dorchester planned for a defensive war, Simcoe urged London to declare war: "Upper Canada is not to be defended by remaining within the boundary line." Dorchester was officially reprimanded by the Crown for his strong speech against the Americans in 1794. Simcoe realised that Newark made an unsuitable capital because it was on the Canada–US border and subject to attack. He proposed moving

2001-551: The 1791 survey, the resulting documentation in the form of a map signed by the Land Board and the Six Nation chiefs was subsequently "believed lost or destroyed". The Crown's position was that the extent of the land was as determined in the subsequent Thomas Ridout survey of 1821, drawing a northern boundary near the present location of Elora, Ontario , referred to at the time of the survey as " The Falls ". In this survey,

2070-712: The Assembly passed the Act Against Slavery in 1793, the first legislation to limit slavery in the British Empire; the English colonists of Upper Canada took pride in this distinction with respect to the French-Canadian populace of Lower Canada. The Upper Canadians valued their common law legal system, as opposed to the civil law of Quebec, which had chafed them ever since 1763. This was one of

2139-628: The Castle of St Lewis at Quebec, this twenty-fifth day of October one thousand seven hundred and eighty-four and in the twenty-fifth year of the reign of Our Sovereign Lord George The Third by the Grace of God of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith and so forth. Fredk Haldimand By His Excellency's Command R. Mathews Mohawk Joseph Brant and Guy Johnson , who had been ejected from his post as Superintendent of Indian Affairs

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2208-621: The Constitutional Act, the provincial government consisted of the Lieutenant-Governor, an appointed Executive Council and Legislative Council, and an elected Legislative Assembly . The first meeting of the nine-member Legislative Council and sixteen-member Legislative Assembly took place at Newark (now Niagara-on-the-Lake ) on 17 September 1792. Following Simcoe's work precipitated by the Chloe Cooley incident,

2277-486: The Continental Army as the Stockbridge Militia in the Battle of Kingsbridge (also known as the “Stockbridge Massacre”). The skirmish had been planned by Simcoe for an earlier ambush by the same unit, and took place in what today is Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx, New York. The battlefield is recognized as the Indian Field there. On 26 October 1779, Simcoe and 80 men launched an attack on central New Jersey from southern Staten Island known as Simcoe's Raid, from what

2346-422: The Council of State. There exists a procedure for the Prime Minister to issue ordinances in such areas, but this procedure requires Parliament's express consent (see Art 38 of the 1958 Constitution). Orders issued by the Prime Minister take two forms: Sometimes, people refer to décrets en Conseil d'État improperly as décrets du Conseil d'État . This would imply that it is the Council of State that makes

2415-405: The Crown; in which cases such Proprietaries or Corporations only shall be capable of acquiring such property by purchase or grants from the Indians." Government officials originally interpreted the grant as prohibiting the Indians from leasing or selling the land to anyone but the government. Joseph Brant countered that Haldimand had promised the Indians freehold land tenure equal to that enjoyed by

2484-407: The French colonists that promised to restore the ancien regime , slavery and discrimination against mixed-race colonists, a move that drew criticism from abolitionists William Wilberforce and Thomas Clarkson . After assuming control of the British forces in Saint-Domingue, Simcoe was attacked by Haitian forces under the command of Toussaint Louverture , who at the time was fighting on behalf of

2553-510: The Government adopts provisional measures having the force of law, it must on the same day present said measures for confirmation to the Houses which, even if dissolved, shall be extraordinally summoned for this purpose and shall convene within five days. The decrees lose effect from their inception if they are not confirmed within sixty days from their publication. The Houses may however regulate by law legal relationships arising out of unconfirmed decrees. The effectiveness for sixty days produces

2622-399: The Great ) which overarches all four seasons, appears to have been inspired by history: in 1783, John Graves Simcoe sent a series of letters to New York in order to find the horse he had ridden on campaign, Salem. Salem was located and Simcoe subsequently paid the considerable sum of £40 to have him shipped to England and thus returned to him. Shortly before his departure to Upper Canada almost

2691-478: The Simcoe family estate near Honiton , Devon. The Ontario Heritage Foundation acquired title to the chapel in 1982. Many of Simcoe's personal effects including his sword, sabre, and walking cane, may be viewed by appointment at the Archives of Ontario in Toronto . Elizabeth Simcoe's personal effects and hundreds of her watercolour paintings are also available there. Many places in Canada were named in honour of Simcoe: Two places have been named for Simcoe with

2760-409: The Simcoes spent the winter in Quebec City . Simcoe finally reached Kingston, Upper Canada , on 24 June 1792. In a proclamation on 16 July 1792, he renamed several islands at the mouth of the archipelago at the head of the St. Lawrence river to commemorate the British generals of the Seven Years' War ( Amherst Island , Carleton Island , Gage Island , Wolfe Island , and Howe Island ). Under

2829-422: The US and Britain before the year was out. This encouraged the Indians in their war. Dorchester ordered Simcoe to rally the Indians and arm British vessels on the Great Lakes. He also built Fort Miami (present-day Maumee , Ohio) to supply the Indians. Simcoe expelled Americans from a settlement on the southern shore of Lake Erie which had threatened British control of the lake. US President Washington denounced

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2898-442: The US in the Jay Treaty of 1794, and agreed to withdraw north of the Great Lakes, as agreed in the Treaty of Paris . Simcoe evacuated the frontier forts. In 1794, Simcoe was appointed to the rank of major general . In July 1796, poor health ( gout and neuralgia ) forced him to return to Britain. He was unable to return to Upper Canada and resigned his office in 1798. From October 1796 until March 1797, Simcoe briefly served as

2967-419: The US reason to mistrust Britain but, at the same time, to keep the Natives on both sides of the border friendly to Britain. The Indians asked for British military support, which was initially refused, but in 1794 Britain supplied the Indians with rifles and ammunition. In February 1794, the governor general , Lord Dorchester , expecting the US to ally with France, said that war was likely to break out between

3036-507: The United States. His energetic efforts were only partially successful in establishing a local gentry , a thriving Church of England , and an anti-American coalition with select indigenous nations. He is seen by many Canadians as a founding figure in Canadian history, especially by those in Southern Ontario . He is commemorated in Toronto with Simcoe Day . Simcoe was the only surviving son of Cornishman John (1710–1759) and Katherine Simcoe (died 1767). His parents had four children, but he

3105-495: The capital to a more defensible position, in the middle of Upper Canada's southwestern peninsula between Lake Erie and Lake Huron . He named the new location London , and renamed the river there the Thames in anticipation of the change. Dorchester rejected this proposal, but accepted Simcoe's second choice, the present site of Toronto . Simcoe moved the capital there in 1793, and renamed the settlement York after Frederick, Duke of York , King George III 's second son. The town

3174-399: The colony's Loyalist settlers. As freeholders, the Indians could lease or sell land to the highest bidder. In 1793, Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe stated that the Indians could not lease their land since British subjects could lease land only from British subjects. Brant considered the right to lease or sell land as a litmus test for Indian sovereignty. The Crown said that the grant

3243-435: The commander of the British expeditionary force which was dispatched to captured the French colony of Saint-Domingue (modern-day Haiti ), which was in the midst of a slave rebellion . Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville , who was the Secretary of State for War for prime minister William Pitt the Younger , had instructed Sir Adam Williamson, the lieutenant-governor of Jamaica, to sign an agreement with representatives of

3312-399: The constitution/laws or presidential decrees. John Graves Simcoe Lieutenant-General John Graves Simcoe (25 February 1752 – 26 October 1806) was a British Army general and the first lieutenant governor of Upper Canada from 1791 until 1796 in southern Ontario and the watersheds of Georgian Bay and Lake Superior . He founded York , which is now known as Toronto , and

3381-417: The decree, whereas the power of decreeing is restricted to the president or prime minister; the role of the administrative sections of the council is purely advisory. Decrees may be classified into: Only the prime minister may issue regulatory or application decrees. Presidential decrees are generally nominations or exceptional measures where the law mandates a presidential decree, such as the dissolution of

3450-410: The effects immediately, giving rights or expectations whose legal basis was precarious, especially when the conversion law never intervened. In Portugal there are several types of decree ( Portuguese : decreto ) issued by the various bodies of sovereignty or by the bodies of local government of autonomous regions . As of 2022 , there are the following types of decree: According to article 110 of

3519-412: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life A decree ( Latin : decretum ) in the usage of the canon law of the Catholic Church has various meanings. Any papal bull , brief , or motu proprio

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3588-432: The new loyalist province of Upper Canada . He resigned from Parliament in 1792 on taking up his new post. The Constitutional Act 1791 divided Canada into the Provinces of Upper Canada (Ontario) and Lower Canada (Quebec). The Act established separate governments and legislative assemblies for each province. Lower Canada was the French-speaking eastern portion, which retained the French civil law and protections for

3657-562: The primary reasons for the partition of 1791. Simcoe collaborated extensively with his Attorney-General John White on the file. The principles of the British Constitution do not admit of that slavery which Christianity condemns . The moment I assume the Government of Upper Canada under no modification will I assent to a law that discriminates by dishonest policy between natives of Africa, America, or Europe. However, this Act did not free anybody directly, and slaves continued to be held across Upper Canada. The Crown abolished slavery throughout

3726-421: The regulations under the 1958 Constitution. Except for the reserve powers of the President (as stated in Art. 16 of the 1958 Constitution, exercised only once so far), the executive can issue decrees in areas that the Constitution grants as the responsibility of Parliament only if a law authorizes it to do so. In other cases, orders are illegal and, should anyone sue for the order's annulment, it would be voided by

3795-492: The said Mohawk Nation and such others of the Five Nation Indians as wish to settle in that quarter to take possession of and settle upon the Banks of the River commonly called Ours [Ouse] or Grand River, running into Lake Erie, allotting to them for that purpose six miles deep from each side of the river beginning at Lake Erie and extending in that proportion to the head of the said river, which them and their posterity are to enjoy for ever." Given under my hand and seal at arms, at

3864-487: The size of the grant was described as 674,910 acres (2,731.3 km) As early as July 4, 1819, Six Nations chief John Brant ( Tekarihoga ), son of Joseph Brant, in a speech at a council held near present-day Hamilton, Ontario , to deal with land issues, stated, "We are surprised to find that [the] Government says that we own the Lands to the Falls only as we have the Writings to prove otherwise. We have them here and are ready to produce them." Decree In Belgium ,

3933-409: The title Lord , even though Simcoe was never a Lord in his lifetime: Captain John Kennaway Simcoe, the last member of the Simcoe family, died without issue in 1891 and was survived by his widow beyond 1911. A fictionalised version of John Graves Simcoe is a primary antagonist in the 2014–2017 AMC drama Turn: Washington's Spies , portrayed by Samuel Roukin . He is portrayed in the series as

4002-417: The two countries, even though he distrusted Joseph Brant , the main Indian leader. Simcoe rejected the section of the Treaty of Paris (1783) which awarded that area to the US, on the grounds that American actions had nullified the treaty. However, the French Revolutionary Wars broke out in 1793. The government in London decided to seek good terms with the United States. Simcoe was instructed to avoid giving

4071-489: The valley of the Grand River as a place of settlement; in 1784 Frederick Haldimand agreed. The land was acquired from the Mississaugas in May 1784, with Lieutenant-Colonel John Butler acting as an agent of purchase on behalf of the government. Later, the Crown adopted the position that it had failed to obtain title to the entire valley at the time of its purchase from the Mississaugas. On April 26, 1784, Frederick Haldimand wrote: "The mode of acquiring lands by what

4140-401: Was agreed between Joseph Brant, Henry Tekarihoga, and other chiefs with the Nassau District land board that the middle of the grant should not follow the exact windings of the river, but that it should be drawn from an easterly bend near the river's mouth straight to the Mohawk village. Although the government alleges that the Six Nations agreed to the accuracy of the information gathered during

4209-493: Was for all members of the Six Nations, but Brant said the land should be only for members of the Six Nations who lived on the land. Although the overall limits of the lands mentioned in the proclamation were clearly defined, "extending in that proportion to the head of the said river", the Crown contended that the grant was limited by the extent of land they had previously purchased and that they could not grant land which they did not already own. In May 1784, Haldimand had purchased

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4278-414: Was initiated into Freemasonry in Union Lodge, Exeter on 2 November 1773. In 1770, Simcoe entered the British Army as an ensign in the 35th Regiment of Foot , and his unit was dispatched to the Thirteen Colonies . Later, he saw action in the American Revolutionary War during the siege of Boston . After the siege, in July 1776, he was promoted captain in the 40th Regiment of Foot . He saw action with

4347-409: Was instrumental in introducing institutions such as courts of law, trial by jury , English common law , freehold land tenure, and also in the abolition of slavery in Upper Canada . His long-term goal was the development of Upper Canada (Ontario) as a model community built on aristocratic and conservative principles, designed to demonstrate the superiority of those principles to the republicanism of

4416-415: Was involved in a skirmish near Williamsburg and was at the siege of Yorktown . He was invalided back to England in December of that year as a lieutenant-colonel, having been promoted in March 1782. Simcoe wrote a book on his experiences with the Queen's Rangers, titled A Journal of the Operations of the royal Queen's Rangers from the end of the year 1777 to the conclusion of the late American War , which

4485-489: Was offered the command of the Queen's Rangers formed on Staten Island on 15 October 1777. It was a well-trained light infantry unit comprising 11 companies of 30 men -- 1 grenadier , and 1 hussar , and the rest light infantry. The Queen's Rangers saw extensive action during the Philadelphia campaign, including a successful surprise attack (planned and executed by Simcoe) at the Battle of Crooked Billet . In 1778, Simcoe led an attack on Judge William Hancock's house during

4554-463: Was published in 1787. He served briefly as Inspector General of Recruitment for the British Army, from 1789 until his departure for Upper Canada two years later. Simcoe convalesced at the Devon home of his godfather, Admiral Samuel Graves . In 1782, Simcoe married Elizabeth Posthuma Gwillim , his godfather's ward. Elizabeth was a wealthy heiress, who acquired a 5,000-acre (2,000 ha) estate at Honiton in Devon and built Wolford Lodge. Wolford

4623-437: Was severely underdeveloped at the time of its founding so he brought with him politicians, builders, Nova Scotia timber men, and Englishmen skilled in whipsawing and cutting joists and rafters. Simcoe began construction of two roads through Upper Canada, for defence and to encourage settlement and trade. Yonge Street (named after British Minister of War Sir George Yonge ) ran north–south from York to Lake Simcoe . Soldiers of

4692-416: Was the Simcoe family seat until 1923. The Simcoes had five daughters before their posting in Canada. Son Francis was born in 1791. Their Canadian-born daughter, Katherine, died in infancy in York . She is buried in the Victoria Square Memorial Park on Portland Avenue, Toronto. Francis returned with his father to England when his tenure expired and joined the army. He was killed in an infantry charge during

4761-403: Was the only one to live past childhood; Percy drowned in 1764, while Paulet William and John William died as infants. His father was a captain in the Royal Navy who commanded the 60-gun HMS Pembroke during the siege of Louisbourg , with James Cook as his sailing master . He died of pneumonia on 15 May 1759 on board his ship in the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River a few months prior to

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