68-766: Bravi (sing. bravo ; sometimes translated as 'bravoes') were coarse soldiers or hired assassins employed by the rural lords (or dons ) of northern Italy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to protect their interests. The word derives, probably, from the Latin pravus (bad, wicked, evil) via the Spanish bravo , in the sense of violent, aggressive, savage, and impulsive. Their fame—and their reputation as frightening and domineering bullies—rests in part on their striking presence in Alessandro Manzoni 's historical novel The Betrothed (1827), which became one of
136-557: A form using the last name (e.g. "Don de la Vega") is not considered correct and rarely would be used by Spanish speakers ("señor de la Vega" would be used instead). Historically, don was used to address members of the nobility, e.g. hidalgos , as well as members of the secular clergy . The treatment gradually came to be reserved for persons of the blood royal , e.g. Don John of Austria , and those of such acknowledged high or ancient aristocratic birth as to be noble de Juro e Herdade , that is, "by right and heredity" rather than by
204-642: A generic honorific, similar to Sir and Madam in the United States. In Spanish, don and doña convey a higher degree of reverence. Unlike The Honourable in English (but like the English Sir for a knight or baronet ), Don may be used when speaking directly to a person, and unlike Lord it must be used with a given name. For example, "Don Diego de la Vega" or simply "Don Diego" (the secret identity of Zorro ) are typical forms. But
272-563: A mark of esteem for an individual of personal, social or official distinction, such as a community leader of long-standing, a person of significant wealth, a noble , or the member of an order of merit . As a style , rather than a title or rank , it is used with, rather than in place of, a person's name. The feminine equivalents are Doña ( Spanish: [ˈdoɲa] ), Donna ( Italian: [ˈdɔnna] ), Doamnă (Romanian) and Dona ( Portuguese: [ˈdonɐ] ) abbreviated 'D.ª', 'Da.', or simply 'D.' It
340-582: A member of the Chamber of Deputies . Former members of parliament can maintain the style. All members of the unicameral Parliament of Malta are entitled to this prefix. An extensive system of honorifics used to be in place in the Netherlands. In a more formal setting it still is. De weledele heer/vrouwe 'the honourable lord/lady' is used for the genteel bourgeoisie. The middle classes are instead addressed with De heer/mevrouw 'sir/madam', which
408-462: A minimum refer to each other as the honourable member or my honourable friend out of courtesy, but they are not entitled to the style in writing. Members who are 'senior' barristers may be called the honourable and learnèd member , serving or ex-serving members of the military the honourable and gallant member , and ordained clergy in the House the honourable and reverend member ; a practice which
476-532: A woman who does not hold an academic title. It is commonly used to refer to First Ladies , although it is less common for female politicians. Within the Catholic Church, the prefix Don is usually used for the diocesan priests with their first name, as well as velečasni ( The Reverend ). Dom is used as a title in English for certain Benedictine (including some communities which follow
544-575: Is Hon. [Last Name], [First Name] or Honourable [Last Name] or Honourable [Position] (e.g. Honourable Speaker ). Recipients of the rank of Grand Officer or above of the Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean and persons knighted by Queen Elizabeth II are automatically entitled to prefix The Hon , Hons or The Honourable to their name. Commanders and Officers may request permission from
612-583: Is " Dame " (e.g. Dame Laurentia McLachlan , late Abbess of Stanbrook , or Dame Felicitas Corrigan , author). In the United States , Don has also been made popular by films depicting the Italian mafia , such as The Godfather trilogy, where the crime boss is given by his associates the same signs of respect that were traditionally granted in Italy to nobility. However, the honorific followed by
680-486: Is a common honorific reserved for women, especially mature women. In Portuguese Dona tends to be less restricted in use to women than Dom is to men. Today in the Spanish language, Doña is used to respectfully refer to a mature woman. In present-day Hispanic America, the title Don or Doña is sometimes used in honorific form when addressing a senior citizen. In some countries, Don or Doña may be used as
748-479: Is an M.D. Additionally the honorific is usually used with people of older age. The same happens in other Hispanic American countries. For example, despite having a doctoral degree in theology , the Paraguayan dictator José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia was usually styled as "Don". Likewise, despite being a respected military commander with the rank of Brigade General , Argentine Ruler Juan Manuel de Rosas
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#1732783963696816-487: Is an honorific style that is used as a prefix before the names or titles of certain people, usually with official governmental or diplomatic positions. In international diplomatic relations, representatives of foreign states are often styled as The Honourable . Deputy chiefs of mission, chargés d'affaires , consuls-general, consuls and honorary consuls are always given the style. All heads of consular posts, whether they are honorary or career postholders, are accorded
884-598: Is most commonly used for the President-elect, governors , judges, and members of Congress when formally addressing them. The style may be conferred pursuant to federal government service, according to federal rules, or by state government service, where the rules may be different. Modifiers such as the Right Honorable or the Most Honorable are not used. The 't' in 'the' is not capitalized in
952-489: Is never properly used to refer to oneself. A spouse of someone with the style of The Honorable receives no additional style. In Australia, the style is allowed to be used by past and present: The abbreviation in Australia is ' The Hon' (without a full stop). In May 2013, the title was given approval by Queen Elizabeth II to be granted to past, present, and future Governors-General of Australia , to be used in
1020-651: Is no longer a right under Italian law. In practice, however, the style Don/Donna (or Latin Dominus/Domina) was used more loosely in church, civil and notarial records. The honorific was often accorded to the untitled gentry (e.g., knights or younger sons of noblemen), priests, or other people of distinction. It was, over time, adopted by organized criminal societies in Southern Italy (including Naples, Sicily, and Calabria) to refer to members who held considerable sway within their hierarchies. In modern Italy,
1088-606: Is not clear whether Biondino and Carlotto are armed or unarmed retainers. Nibbio, who works for l'Innominato, has a multitude of bravi under his command but, like his master, they are nameless. Don (honorific)#Italy The term Don ( Spanish: [don] , literally ' Lord ') abbreviated as D. , is an honorific prefix primarily used in Spain and Hispanic America , and with different connotations also in Italy , Portugal and its former colonies, and formerly in
1156-583: Is not used for people who have died. Some estimate that in the United States there are nearly 100,000 people who are accorded the "Honorable" title, many in the Washington, D.C. region. Civilian officials, including service secretaries (e.g., Secretary of the Army ) of the Pentagon receive the title. The style The Honorable is used on envelopes when referring to an individual in the third person. It
1224-574: Is only a courtesy , however, and on legal documents they may be described as, for instance, John Smith, Esq., commonly called The Honourable John Smith . As the wives of sons of peers share the styles of their husbands, the wives of the sons of viscounts and barons and the younger sons of earls are styled, for example, The Hon. Mrs John Smith . Likewise, the married daughters of viscounts and barons, whose husbands hold no higher title or dignity, are styled, for example, The Hon. Mrs Smith . In 1912, King George V granted maids of honour (royal attendants)
1292-464: Is similar among Basque speakers in Spain using don and doña . The honorific is sometimes adapted as on as in the priest and scholar on Joxemiel Barandiaran ( Spanish : Don José Miguel Barandiarán ) or fictional knight On Kixote ( Don Quixote ). The honorific was also used among Ladino -speaking Sephardi Jews , as part of the Spanish culture which they took with them after
1360-736: Is still common in Southern Italy, mostly as an honorific form to address the elderly, but it is rarely, if ever, used in Central Italy or Northern Italy . It can be used satirically or ironically to lampoon a person's sense of self-importance. Don is prefixed either to the full name or to the person's given name . The form "Don Lastname" for crime bosses (as in Don Corleone ) is an American custom. In Southern Italy, mafia bosses are addressed as "Don Firstname" by other mafiosi and sometimes their victims as well, while
1428-443: Is the equivalent of Mr/Ms in English. Also typical is the use of De weledelgeboren heer/vrouwe 'the well-born lord/lady', for students at universities, traditionally children of the genteel bourgeoisie. The system adds honorifics based on prestige for military officers based on rank, barristers, prosecutors, judges, members of parliament, government ministers, nobles, clergy, and for academic degrees of master's and above. In
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#17327839636961496-567: Is the variant used in Portuguese, which in Brazil is reserved for bishops . The title is also used among Benedictine monks for those members of the community who have professed perpetual religious vows . The equivalent of Doña or Dame is used by nuns of the Order. In Spanish, although originally a title reserved for royalty, select nobles, and church hierarchs, it is now often used as
1564-534: Is used for certain higher members hierarchs , such as superiors , of the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. In Catholic religious orders , such as the Order of Saint Benedict , it is also associated with the status of Dom Frater . Dom is similarly used as an honorific for Benedictine monks within the Benedictine Order throughout France and the English speaking world, such as
1632-411: Is used to refer to a minister while holding office. In Canada, while not always enshrined in legislation, some people are commonly referred to as The Honourable (French: l'honorable ). Those who have the honorific for life include: People who have the honorific only while in office include: Derivatives include: In all cases, the governor general of Canada may grant permission to retain
1700-548: The Chilean television personality Don Francisco , and the Puerto Rican industrialist and politician Don Luis Ferré , among many other figures. Although Puerto Rican politician Pedro Albizu Campos had a doctoral degree, he has been titled Don . Likewise, Puerto Rican Governor Luis Muñoz Marín has often been called Don Luís Muñoz Marin instead of Governor Muñoz Marin. In the same manner, Don Miguel Ángel Ruiz
1768-542: The House of Commons of Canada and of provincial legislatures refer to each other during proceedings of the house with the courtesy style "honourable member" (or l'honorable député ), but their name is not otherwise prefixed with the Honourable (unless they are privy councillors or executive councillors). Current and former governors general , prime ministers , chief justices and certain other eminent persons use
1836-615: The Rule of St. Benedict ) and Carthusian monks , and for members of certain communities of canons regular . Examples include Benedictine monks of the English Benedictine Congregation (e.g. Dom John Chapman , late Abbot of Downside ). Since the Second Vatican Council , the title can be given to any monk ( lay or ordained ) who has made a solemn profession . The equivalent title for a nun
1904-581: The Senate are styled "Senator". Companions of Honour of the former Order of Barbados from the pre-republic era of Barbados, as well Members of the current Order of the Republic , are accorded the style The Honourable . In Jamaica , those awarded the Order of Jamaica (considered Jamaica's equivalent to a British knighthood ) and those awarded the Order of Merit are styled Honourable . In Trinidad and Tobago The Prime Minister , government ministers,
1972-698: The expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492. The honorific title Don was widely used in Crown documents throughout Hispanic America by those in nobility or landed gentry. It can be found in the many 'Padrones' and "Aguas y Tierras" records in Mexican archives. The honorific in modern times is also widely used throughout the Americas. This is the case of the Mexican New Age author Don Miguel Ángel Ruiz ,
2040-570: The Dutch language, Mr is a formal and academic title, for both men and women, protected by Dutch law. It stands for Meester 'master', and is strictly reserved for holders of a master's degree in law (LL.M.) who are qualified to practice law. Holders are addressed as De weledelgestrenge heer/vrouwe Mr 'the honourable strict lord/lady master', followed by their name. In the Spanish Autonomous Community of Catalonia
2108-677: The Modernisation Committee recommended abolished, but which use has continued. When anyone is entitled to be styled Right Honourable this is used instead of honourable . In the Falkland Islands , the style the honourable is given to any serving or former members of the Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council . In the Isle of Man , the style the honourable (often abbreviated to Hon. )
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2176-647: The Philippines . Don is derived from the Latin dominus : a master of a household, a title with background from the Roman Republic in classical antiquity . With the abbreviated form having emerged as such in the Middle Ages , traditionally it is reserved for Catholic clergy and nobles , in addition to certain educational authorities and persons of high distinction. The older form of Dom
2244-595: The President to use this prefix. Recipients of the order who are not Mauritian citizens may not use the prefix or post-nominals unless granted permission by the President. All 70 members of the National Assembly also use this prefix, including all Cabinet ministers. All members of the South African parliament and the nine provincial legislatures are entitled to this prefix. A rough equivalent of
2312-523: The United Kingdom, all sons and daughters of viscounts and barons (including the holders of life peerages ) and the younger sons of earls are styled with this prefix (the daughters and younger sons of dukes and marquesses and the daughters of earls have the higher style of Lord or Lady before their first names, and the eldest sons of dukes, marquesses and earls are known by one of their father's or mother's subsidiary titles). The style
2380-523: The appointment and tenure of mayors was at the pleasure of the president of the Philippines , pursuant to Commonwealth Act No. 158 amending Commonwealth Act No. 57., Section 8 of Commonwealth Act No. 158, as amended by Republic Act No. 276. The 1987 Constitution , meanwhile, explicitly prohibits recognition of titles of nobility, thus the terms Don and Doña are now courtesy titles with no requirements for their attainment other than common usage for socially prominent and rich persons. Officially, Don
2448-527: The best-known Italian works of fiction of the nineteenth century and which opens with an extended description of the phenomenon. They were not, however, a fictional invention: his research into local history enabled Manzoni to ascertain from the dates of publication of various proclamations against the bravi that they had been present in Italy from at least 1583 and until at least 1632. The bravi retained by Don Rodrigo include Grignapoco, Griso, Montanarolo, Sfregiato, Squinternotto, Tanabuso and Tira-dritto. It
2516-482: The community. In Spanish colonial Philippines , this honorific was reserved to the nobility , the prehispanic datu that became the principalía , whose right to rule was recognised by Philip II on 11 June 1594. Similar to Latin America, the title Don is considered highly honoured, more so than academic titles such as "Doctor", political titles such as "Governor", and even knights titled " Sir ". Usage
2584-468: The exceptions of priests and abbesses, who are Hochwürden ' reverend '. A subdeacon is Wohlehrwürden 'very honourable'; a deacon is Hochehrwürden ' right honourable '. In Ireland, all judges of the High Court, Court of Appeal and Supreme Court are referred to as The Honourable Mr/Ms Justice . In Italy, the style The Honourable (Italian: Onorevole ) is customarily used to refer to
2652-563: The famous Dom Pérignon . In France, it is also used within the male branch of the Carthusian Order. It is also employed for laymen who belong to the royal and imperial families (for example the House of Aviz in Portugal and the House of Braganza in Portugal and Brazil). It was also accorded to members of families of the titled Portuguese nobility . Unless ennobling letters patent specifically authorised its use, Dom
2720-581: The higher style of 'Venerable'. The style of Honourable is accorded members of parliament in Ghana . It is also extended to certain grades of Royal Orders awarded by Ghana's sub-national Kingdoms. The style Honourable is used to address members of the Kenyan parliament . Traditionally, members of Parliament are not allowed to call each other by name in the chambers, but rather use the terms "Honourable colleague" or "Honorable Member for ...". The written form
2788-472: The honorific Don / Doña prefixed to the names. Juan Carlos' successor is S. M. el Rey Felipe VI . Spanish citizens who are Knights and Dames of the Order of Civil Merit , the Order of Charles III , and the Order of Isabella the Catholic are addressed as Don (for Knights) or Doña (for Dames), in the same style as Sir or Dame for knighted British nationals. [2] [3] [4] The Spanish usage
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2856-462: The king's grace. However, there were rare exemptions to the rule, such as the mulatto Miguel Enríquez who received the distinction from Philip V due to his privateering work in the Caribbean . It is now often used as a more formal version of Señor , a term which itself was also once used to address someone with the quality of nobility (not necessarily holding a nobiliary title). During
2924-742: The last name (e.g. Don Corleone) would be used in Italy for priests only: the proper Italian respectful form is similar to the Spanish-language form in that it is applied only to the first name (e.g. "Don Vito "). This title has in turn been applied by the media to real-world mafia figures, such as the nickname "Teflon Don" for John Gotti . It is also used in American TV series Breaking bad and Better call Saul . The Honourable The Honourable ( Commonwealth English ) or The Honorable ( American English ; see spelling differences ) (abbreviation: Hon. , Hon'ble , or variations)
2992-483: The leader of the opposition and ministers within government ministries (junior ministers) are styled as The Honourable , senators serving as ministers are styled as Senator The Honourable , ministers with doctorates are styled as The Honourable Dr. or Dr. the Honourable (rare). In the United States, the prefix the Honorable has been used to formally address various officials at the federal and state levels, but it
3060-582: The middle of a sentence. Under the rules of etiquette, the President, Vice President, members of both houses of Congress, governors of states, members of state legislatures , and mayors are accorded the title. Persons appointed to office nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate are accorded the title; this rule includes members of the Cabinet and sub-Cabinet (such as deputies and undersecretaries), administrators, members, and commissioners of
3128-398: The press usually refers to them as "Firstname Lastname", without the honorific. Priests are the only ones to be referred as "Don" plus the last name (e.g. Don Marioni), although when talking directly to them they are usually addressed as "Don" plus the first name (e.g. Don Francesco), which is also the most common form used by parishioners when referring to their priest. The usage of Dom
3196-506: The reign of King Juan Carlos of Spain from 1975 until his abdication as monarch on 19 June 2014, he was titled Su Majestad [S. M.] el Rey Juan Carlos (His Majesty King Juan Carlos). Following the abdication, Juan Carlos and his wife are titled, according to the Royal Household website, S. M. el Rey Don Juan Carlos (H.M. King Juan Carlos) and S. M. la Reina Doña Sofía (H.M. Queen Sofía)—the same as during his reign, with
3264-554: The style Honorable . State court judges and justices of the peace , like federal judges, also are accorded the style Honorable . Practices vary on whether appointed state official, such as the heads of state cabinet-level departments are given the title. There is also no universal rule for whether county or city officials other than the mayor (such as city council , board of aldermen , board of selectmen , planning and zoning commission , and code enforcement board members, or city manager or police chief or fire chief ) are given
3332-433: The style Honourable would be Hochwohlgeboren 'high well-born', which was used until 1918 for all members of noble families not having any higher style. Its application to bourgeois dignitaries became common in the 19th century, though it has faded since and was always of doubtful correctness. Ehrwürdig or Ehrwürden , the literal translation of 'honourable', is used for Catholic clergy and religious —with
3400-530: The style The Honourable since 1968 but retain the ability to do so, and are often accorded the honorific in media and by the federal government. Members of the Order of the Caribbean Community are entitled to be styled The Honourable for life. In Barbados , members of the Parliament carry two main titles: members of the House of Assembly are styled The Honourable , while members of
3468-720: The style according to the State Department of the United States . However, the style Excellency instead of The Honourable is used for ambassadors and high commissioners only. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the prefix 'Honourable' or 'Hon.' is used for members of both chambers of the Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Informally, senators are sometimes given
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#17327839636963536-515: The style after they cease to hold office. Persons eligible to retain the style include the speaker of the House of Commons (who may already be eligible as a privy councillor), territorial commissioners, and judges of certain courts (e.g., the Supreme Court of Canada). The most recent former justice granted such privileges was Frank Iacobucci . It is usual for speakers of the House of Commons to be made privy councillors, in which case they keep
3604-468: The style by royal warrant , for example: The style The Honourable is usually used in addressing envelopes (where it is usually abbreviated to The Hon. ) and formally elsewhere, in which case Mr or Esquire are omitted. In speech, however, The Honourable John Smith is usually referred to simply as Mr John Smith. In the House of Commons of the United Kingdom , as in other traditionally lower houses of Parliament and other legislatures, members must as
3672-538: The style for life. By custom, the leader of the Official Opposition is appointed to the Privy Council, granting them the style (being the only non-government MP accorded such privilege). In the past, certain provincial premiers (e.g., Peter Lougheed , Bill Davis , Joey Smallwood and Tommy Douglas ) were elevated to the Privy Council and gained the style, but such practice is rare. Members of
3740-601: The style of Right Honourable for life (or le/la très honorable in French). This was originally subject to being summoned to the British Privy Council. Several early prime ministers were not summoned to the British Privy Council, and hence were styled The Honourable : Alexander Mackenzie , Sir John Abbott and Sir Mackenzie Bowell . Members of the Executive Council of Quebec have not used
3808-529: The style of the honourable for life, with precedence next after daughters of barons. The Honourable is also customarily used as a form of address for most foreign nobility that is not formally recognised by the sovereign (e.g. ambassadors) when in the UK. Some people are entitled to the prefix by virtue of their offices. Rules exist that allow certain individuals to keep the prefix The Honourable even after retirement. Several corporate entities have been awarded
3876-468: The term the Honorable is accorded for life. According to the protocols of the U.S. Department of State , all persons who have been in a position that entitled them to The Honorable continue to retain that honorific style for life. However, the State Department is not an authority on state and local officials such as mayors, members of state legislatures, and high state officials. The prefix
3944-430: The title is usually only given to Roman Catholic diocesan priests (never to prelates, who bear higher honorifics such as monsignore , eminenza , and so on). In Sardinia , until recently it was commonly used for nobility (whether titled or not), but it is being presently used mainly when the speaker wants to show that he knows the don 's condition of nobility. Outside of the priesthood or old nobility, usage
4012-444: The title itself had been granted. A well-known exception is the descent of Dom Vasco da Gama . There were many cases, both in Portugal and Brazil, in which the title of Dom (or Dona ) was conceded to, and even bought by, people who were not from royalty. In any case, when the title was officially recognized by the proper authority, it became part of the name. In Portugal and Brazil, Dom ( pronounced [ˈdõ] )
4080-520: The title; as these may be different state by state. Members of the White House staff at the rank of special assistant, deputy assistant, assistant to the president, and Counselor to the President are accorded the title. Officials nominated to high office but not yet confirmed (e.g., commissioner-designate) and interim or acting officials are generally not accorded the style Honorable , except for cabinet-level officials. Opinions vary on whether
4148-610: The various independent agencies , councils, commissions, and boards, federal judges , ambassadors of the United States , U.S. Attorneys , U.S. Marshals , the Architect of the Capitol , the Librarian of Congress and Public Printer of the United States , and presidentially appointed inspectors general . High state officials other than governor, such as lieutenant governor and state attorneys general are also accorded
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#17327839636964216-451: The word Honorable ( Catalan : Honorable ) is used for current and former members of the cabinet ( consellers ) of the President of the Catalan Government ( Generalitat de Catalunya ). Former and current Heads of Government or President of the Generalitat are given the name of Molt Honorable ("Very Honorable"). This also applies to former and current heads of government of the Autonomous Communities of Valencia and Balearic Islands . In
4284-416: Was a prerogative of princes of royal blood and also of other individuals to whom it had been granted by the sovereign. In most cases, the title was passed on through the male line. Strictly speaking, only females born of a nobleman bearing the title Dom would be addressed as Dona ('D.ª'), but the style was not heritable through daughters. The few exceptions depended solely on the conditions upon which
4352-429: Was formally and informally styled "Don" as a more important title. Prior to the American ownership of the Southwest, a number of Americans immigrated to California , where they often became Mexican citizens and changed their given names to Spanish equivalents, for example " Juan Temple " for Jonathan Temple. It was common for them to assume the honorific "don" once they had attained a significant degree of distinction in
4420-419: Was how the style was used in the Almanach de Gotha for extant families in its third section focused on the 200 non sovereign princely and ducal families of Europe. The last official Italian nobility law (abrogated 1948) stated that the style belonged to members of the following groups: Genealogical databases and dynastic works still reserve the title for this class of noble by tradition, although it
4488-421: Was not attributed to members of Portugal's untitled nobility: Since hereditary titles in Portugal descended according to primogeniture , the right to the style of Dom was the only apparent distinction between cadets of titled families and members of untitled noble families. In the Portuguese language, the feminine form, Dona (or, more politely, Senhora Dona ), has become common when referring to
4556-420: Was retained during the American period , although traditional official positions of the principalía (e.g., gobernadorcillo and cabeza de barangay ) were replaced by American political positions such as the municipal president. The practise slowly faded after World War II , as heirs of the principalía often did not inherit the title, and as civic leaders were chosen by popular election. Prior to 1954,
4624-400: Was the honorific title exclusively reserved for a member of a high noble family such a principe or a duca , excluding a marchese or a conte (and any legitimate, male-line descendant thereof). A reigning prince or duke would also be entitled to some form of the higher style of Altezza (eg Sua Altezza Serenissima , Sua Altezza Reale ) in addition to the Don. This
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