69-634: Vrindavan ( pronunciation ; IAST : Vṛndāvana ), also spelt Vrindaban and Brindaban , is a historical city in the Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh , India . It is located in the Braj Bhoomi region and holds religious importance for Hindus who believe that Krishna , one of the main Gods in Hinduism , spent most of his childhood in this city. Vrindavan has about 5,500 temples dedicated to
138-399: A dance lila by dressing himself as a peacock to please Radha, Gopadevi lila (Krishna took form of female to meet Radha) and Lilahava in which Radha Krishna dressed in each other clothes. Radha and Krishna share two kinds of relationships, Parakiya (Love without any social limitation) and Svakiya (married relationship). Radha asked Krishna why he can't marry her, the reply came "Marriage
207-405: A dark diaphanous veil over her head. The famous Bani Thani portrait by artist Nihâl Chand was inspired by Radha's physical features which includes sharp eyebrows, lotus-like elongated eyes, thin lips and a pointed nose and chin. In religious art forms, Radha also appears as Ardhanari with Krishna, that is an iconography where half of the image is Radha and the other half is Krishna forming
276-433: A font, etc. It can be enabled in the input menu in the menu bar under System Preferences → International → Input Menu (or System Preferences → Language and Text → Input Sources) or can be viewed under Edit → Emoji & Symbols in many programs. Equivalent tools – such as gucharmap ( GNOME ) or kcharselect ( KDE ) – exist on most Linux desktop environments. Users of SCIM on Linux based platforms can also have
345-707: A modifier key to type letters with diacritical marks. For example, alt + a = ā. How this is set up varies by operating system. Linux/Unix and BSD desktop environments allow one to set up custom keyboard layouts and switch them by clicking a flag icon in the menu bar. macOS One can use the pre-installed US International keyboard, or install Toshiya Unebe's Easy Unicode keyboard layout. Microsoft Windows Windows also allows one to change keyboard layouts and set up additional custom keyboard mappings for IAST. This Pali keyboard installer made by Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator (MSKLC) supports IAST (works on Microsoft Windows up to at least version 10, can use Alt button on
414-527: A number of festivals. The common salutation or greetings used in Braj region by its residents is Radhe Radhe which is associated with the Goddess Radha or Hare Krishna which is associated with Krishna. Devotees of Krishna believe that he visits the town each night to adore Radha. Vrindavan, the land of Radha Krishna has about 5500 temples dedicated to them to showcase their divine pastimes. Some of
483-475: A place as a deity. Prior to Gita Govinda, Radha was also mentioned in text Gatha Saptasati which is a collection of 700 verses composed in Prakrit language by King Hāla . The text was written around first or second century AD. Gatha Saptasati mentioned Radha explicitly in its verse: Mukhamarutena tvam krsna gorajo radhikaya apanayan | Etasam ballavinam anyasam api gauravam harasi || "O Krishna, by
552-747: A poem of Bhakti, depicts Radha and Krishna as divine, but in human love. Though not named in the Bhagavata Purana , Visvanatha Chakravarti (c. 1626–1708) interprets an unnamed favourite gopi in the scripture as Radha. She makes appearances in Venisamhara by Bhatta Narayana (c. 800 CE), Dhvanyaloka by Anandavardhana (c. 820–890 CE) and its commentary Dhvanyalokalocana by Abhinavagupta (c. 950 – 1016 CE), Rajasekhara's (late ninth-early tenth century) Kāvyamīmāṃsā, Dashavatara-charita (1066 CE) by Kshemendra and Siddhahemasabdanusana by Hemachandra (c. 1088–1172). In most of these, Radha
621-536: Is 71.3 km away and New Delhi International Airport is 150 km away. Is under-construction Airport Noida International Airport Located in Jewar is expected to be open in his Phase 1 in 2024. [REDACTED] Vrindavan travel guide from Wikivoyage IAST The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration ( IAST ) is a transliteration scheme that allows the lossless romanisation of Indic scripts as employed by Sanskrit and related Indic languages. It
690-523: Is Raval which is a small town near Gokul in Uttar pradesh , but is often said to be Barsana where she grew up. According to popular legend, Radha was discovered by Vrishbhanu on an effulgent lotus floating in Yamuna river. Radha was nine months older than Krishna. She didn't open her eyes until Krishna himself in his child form appeared in front of her. " Ashtasakhis " (translated to eight friends) are
759-519: Is a Hindu goddess and the chief consort of the god Krishna . She is the goddess of love, tenderness, compassion, and devotion. In scriptures, Radha is mentioned as the avatar of Lakshmi and also as the Mūlaprakriti , the Supreme goddess, who is the feminine counterpart and internal potency ( hladini shakti ) of Krishna. Radha accompanies Krishna in all his incarnations. Radha's birthday
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#1732791556433828-790: Is a common word and name found in various contexts in the ancient and medieval texts of India. The word appears in the Vedic literature as well as the Hindu epics , but is elusive. The name also appears for a figure in the epic Mahabharata . Rādhikā refers to an endearing form of Radha. In chapter 15th, Goloka khanda of Garga Samhita , Sage Garga elaborates the complete meaning of Radha. In Radha, 'R' signifies Rama , goddess Lakshmi , 'a' means Gopis , "dh" signifies dhara , goddess Bhudevi and last 'a' symbolises River Virājā (also called Yamuna ). The fifth chapter, Fifth night of Narada Pancharatra mentioned 1008 names of Radha under
897-570: Is a power potency of Krishna, who is a playful adventurer. Radha and Sita offer two templates within the Hindu tradition. If "Sita is a queen, aware of her social responsibilities", states Pauwels, then "Radha is exclusively focused on her romantic relationship with her lover", giving two contrasting role models from two ends of the moral universe. Yet they share common elements as well. Both face life challenges and are committed to their true love. They are both influential, adored and beloved goddesses in
966-527: Is a union of two souls. You and I are one soul, how can I marry myself?" Several Hindu texts allude to these circumstances. The Sanskrit texts, Brahma Vaivarta Purana and the Garga Samhita mention that Krishna secretly married Radha in the presence of Brahma in the Bhandirvan forest before leaving Vrindavan . The place where Radha Krishna 's marriage was conducted is still present in
1035-435: Is actually glottal , not velar . Some letters are modified with diacritics : Long vowels are marked with an overline (often called a macron ). Vocalic (syllabic) consonants, retroflexes and ṣ ( / ʂ ~ ɕ ~ʃ/ ) have an underdot . One letter has an overdot: ṅ ( /ŋ/ ). One has an acute accent : ś ( /ʃ/ ). One letter has a line below: ḻ ( / ɭ / ) (Vedic). Unlike ASCII -only romanisations such as ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto ,
1104-684: Is based on a scheme that emerged during the 19th century from suggestions by Charles Trevelyan , William Jones , Monier Monier-Williams and other scholars, and formalised by the Transliteration Committee of the Geneva Oriental Congress , in September 1894. IAST makes it possible for the reader to read the Indic text unambiguously, exactly as if it were in the original Indic script. It is this faithfulness to
1173-739: Is because she is the secret treasure hidden within the sacred scriptures. During the Bhakti movement era in the sixteenth century, she became more well known as her extraordinary love for Krishna was highlighted. Radha's first major appearance in the 12th-century Gita Govinda in Sanskrit by Jayadeva , as well as Nimbarkacharya 's philosophical works. Thus in the Gita Govinda Krishna speaks to Radha: O woman with desire, place on this patch of flower-strewn floor your lotus foot, And let your foot through beauty win, To me who am
1242-403: Is believed that Krishna spent part of his childhood in this city. The other prominent areas surrounding Vrindavan are Govardhana , Gokul , Nandgaon , Barsana , Mathura and Bhandirvan . Along with Vrindavan, all these places are considered to be the center of Radha and Krishna worship. Millions of devotees of Radha Krishna visit Vrindavan and its nearby areas every year to participate in
1311-451: Is celebrated every year on the occasion of Radhashtami . In relation with Krishna, Radha has dual representation—the lover consort as well as his married consort. Traditions like Nimbarka Sampradaya worship Radha as the eternal consort and wedded wife of Krishna. In contrast, traditions like Gaudiya Vaishnavism revere her as Krishna's lover and the divine consort. In Radha Vallabh Sampradaya and Haridasi Sampradaya, only Radha
1380-550: Is depicted as someone who is deeply in love with Krishna and is deeply saddened when Krishna leaves her. But, on contrary, Radha of the Rādhātantram is portrayed as audacious, sassy, confident, omniscient and divine personality who is in full control at all times. In Rādhātantram, Radha is not merely the consort but is treated as the independent goddess. Here, Krishna is portrayed as her disciple and Radha as his guru. Charlotte Vaudeville theorizes that Radha may have inspired by
1449-581: Is frustrated with the past, obligations to social expectations, and the ideas she inherited, who then longs for real meaning, the true love, the divine (Krishna). This metaphoric Radha (soul) finds new liberation in learning more about Krishna, bonding in devotion, and with passion. An image of Radha has inspired numerous literary works. For modern instance, the Shri Radhacharita Mahakavyam —the 1980s epic poem of Dr. Kalika Prasad Shukla that focuses on Radha's devotion to Krishna as
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#17327915564331518-429: Is just her most intimate subordinate. As a precursor to this view can be understand Jayadeva , in whose Gita Govinda (10.9) Krishna is beneath Radha. Radha is also considered as the personification of Krishna's love. According to doctrines attributed to Vaishnavite saint Chaitanya Mahaprabhu , It is said that, Krishna has three powers: the internal which is intelligence, the external which generates appearances and
1587-502: Is mentioned in Brahma Vaivarta Purana ( Krishnajanma Khanda, Chapter 96 ) and Garga Samhita ( Ashvamedha Khanda, Chapter 41 ) that after the curse of 100 years of separation ran out, Krishna revisited Braj and met Radha and gopis. After performing the divine pastimes for sometime, Krishna summoned a huge divine chariot which took the residents of Braj along with Radha and gopis back to their celestial abode Goloka where
1656-445: Is said to have come out from primordial body of Krishna, forming his left side, and is eternally associated with him in his amorous sports in this world as well as the world of cows ( Goloka ). Radha is often identified with the "sweet" aspect of goddess Lakshmi 's essence and thus also worshiped as an avatara of Lakshmi. In Shri Daivakrita Lakshmi Strotam , Lakshmi is praised and glorified in her form of Radha In Goloka, you are
1725-439: Is sometimes referred to as Ardharadhavenudhara murti , and it symbolizes the complete union and inseparability of Radha and Krishna. D.M. Wulff demonstrates through a close study of her Sanskrit and Bengali sources that Radha is both the "consort" and "conqueror" of Krishna and that "metaphysically Radha is understood as co-substantial and co-eternal with Krishna." Indeed, the more popular vernacular traditions prefer to worship
1794-814: Is worshipped as the Supreme being . Elsewhere, she is venerated with Krishna as his principal consort in Nimbarka Sampradaya, Pushtimarg , Mahanam Sampradaya , Swaminarayan Sampradaya , Vaishnava-Sahajiya , Manipuri Vaishnavism , and Gaudiya Vaishnavism movements linked to Chaitanya Mahaprabhu . Radha is described as the chief of Braj Gopis (milkmaids of Braj) and queen of Goloka and Braj including Vrindavan and Barsana . She has inspired numerous literary works, and her Raslila dance with Krishna has inspired many types of performance arts. The Sanskrit term Rādhā ( Sanskrit : राधा ) means "prosperity, success, perfection and wealth". It
1863-689: The Varaha Purana (as consort of Krishna), the Narada Purana (as goddess of love), the Skanda Purana and the Shiva Purana . The 15th and 16th century Krishnaite Bhakti poet-saints Vidyapati , Chandidas , Meera Bai , Surdas , Swami Haridas , as well as Narsinh Mehta (1350–1450), who preceded all of them, wrote about the romance of Krishna and Radha too. Thus, Chandidas in his Bengali-language Shri Krishna Kirtana ,
1932-544: The Goloka , which is a world of cows and cowherds far above the Vishnu 's Vaikuntha . In this divine world, Krishna and Radha relate to one another in the way body relates to the soul. (4.6.216) According to Krishnaism , Radha is the chief female deity and is associated with Krishna's maya (material energy) and prakriti (feminine energy). At highest level Goloka, Radha is said to be united with Krishna and abiding with him in
2001-763: The ISO 15919 standard for transliterating Indic scripts emerged in 2001 from the standards and library worlds. For the most part, ISO 15919 follows the IAST scheme, departing from it only in minor ways (e.g., ṃ/ṁ and ṛ/r̥)—see comparison below. The Indian National Library at Kolkata romanization , intended for the romanisation of all Indic scripts , is an extension of IAST. The IAST letters are listed with their Devanagari equivalents and phonetic values in IPA , valid for Sanskrit , Hindi and other modern languages that use Devanagari script, but some phonological changes have occurred: * H
2070-431: The Hindu culture. In worship of Rama, Sita is represented as a dutiful and loving wife, holding a position entirely subordinate to Rama. However, in the worship of Radha Krishna , Radha is often preferred over to Krishna, and in certain traditions, her name is elevated to a higher position compared to Krishna's. Radha in Hinduism , is revered as the goddess of love. She is mostly depicted along with Krishna or gopis in
2139-529: The Indian temples. Through her image, her divine character and her amorous and passionate relations with Krishna, Radha is the constant meditation of practitioners. According to William Archer and David Kinsley, a professor of Religious Studies known for his studies on Hindu goddesses, the Radha-Krishna love story is a metaphor for a divine-human relationship, where Radha is the human devotee or soul who
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2208-537: The Lord of All, O be attached, now always yours. O follow me, my little Radha. However, the source of Jayadeva's heroine in his poem remains a puzzle of the Sanskrit literature. A possible explanation is Jayadeva's friendship with Nimbarkacharya, the first acharya to establish the worship of Radha-Krishna. Nimbarka, in accordance with the Sahitya Akademi 's Encyclopaedia, more than any other acharyas gave Radha
2277-619: The Primordial Divine Mother. While the poetry of Jayadeva and Vidyapati from Bengal treat Radha as Krishna's "mistress", the Gaudiya poetry elevates her to a divine consort. In Western India, Vallabhacharya 's Krishna-centric sampradaya Pushtimarg , Radha is revered as the Swamini of Krishna, who is worthy of devotion. According to Jaya Chemburkar, there are at least two significant and different aspects of Radha in
2346-611: The area of Sanskrit studies make use of free OpenType fonts such as FreeSerif or Gentium , both of which have complete support for the full repertoire of conjoined diacritics in the IAST character set. Released under the GNU FreeFont or SIL Open Font License , respectively, such fonts may be freely shared and do not require the person reading or editing a document to purchase proprietary software to make use of its associated fonts. Radha Traditional Radha ( Sanskrit : राधा , IAST : Rādhā ), also called Radhika ,
2415-616: The body of the Supreme Lord is Srimati Radha, seated blissfully, as beautiful as the Lord Himself; who is served by thousands of gopis: we meditate on the Supreme Goddess, the fulfiller of all desires. In the hymnal Hita-Caurasi of Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu , the 16th-century bhakti poet-saint, founder of Radha Vallabh Sampradaya , Radharani is exalted to the status of the only ultimate deity, while her consort Krishna
2484-473: The city. As of 2011 Indian Census , Vrindavan had a total population of 63,005, of which 34,769 were males and 28,236 were females. The population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 7,818. The total number of literates in Vrindavan was 42,917, which constituted 68.11% of the population with male literacy of 73.7% and female literacy of 61.2%. The effective literacy rate of the 7+ population of Vrindavan
2553-427: The combined masculine and feminine form of Ardhanarishvara . In Radha Krishna temples, Radha stands on the left of Krishna, with a garland in her hand. She is often dressed in traditional sari or ghagra-choli along with a veil. Her jewelry from top to bottom is either made of metals, pearls or flowers. The Sanskrit scripture Brahma Vaivarta Purana describes Radha as the beautiful and youthful goddess having
2622-536: The consumer edition since XP. This is limited to characters in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP). Characters are searchable by Unicode character name, and the table can be limited to a particular code block. More advanced third-party tools of the same type are also available (a notable freeware example is BabelMap ). macOS provides a "character palette" with much the same functionality, along with searching by related characters, glyph tables in
2691-475: The couple and often tilt the balance of power towards Radha. Graham M. Schweig in his work " The divine feminine theology of Krishna " in context with Radha Krishna stated that, "The divine couple, Radha and Krishna, comprise the essence of godhead. Radha is therefore acknowledged by Chaitanyaite Vaishnavas to be part of very center of their theological doctrine. Sacred images of the forms of Radha Krishna, standing together side by side, are elaborately worshiped in
2760-528: The diacritics used for IAST allow capitalisation of proper names. The capital variants of letters never occurring word-initially ( Ṇ Ṅ Ñ Ṝ Ḹ ) are useful only when writing in all-caps and in Pāṇini contexts for which the convention is to typeset the IT sounds as capital letters. For the most part, IAST is a subset of ISO 15919 that merges the retroflex (underdotted) liquids with the vocalic ones ( ringed below ) and
2829-404: The differentiated which forms the individual soul. His chief power is that which creates dilatation of the heart or joy. This appears to be the power of love. When this love becomes settled in the heart of the devotee, it constitutes Mahabhava , or the best feeling. When love attains to the highest pitch, it constitutes itself into Radha, who is the most lovable of all and full of all qualities. She
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2898-538: The famous cuisines popular in this religious city. Vrindavan is well connected by roads and is connected to Delhi by National Highway (NH) 44 of the Golden Quadrilateral network. Earlier it was NH 2. 129 km from New Delhi 117 km from Gurgaon 54 km from Agra 9 km from Mathura While in Vrindavan, battery-powered e-rickshaw are available for commuting within city limits. The nearest Airports are Agra Airport which
2967-511: The final reunion of Radha Krishna took place. In Brahma Vaivarta Purana , Radha (or Rādhikā), who is inseparable from Krishna, appears as the main goddess. She is mentioned as the personification of the Mūlaprakriti, the "Root nature", that original seed from which all material forms evolved. In the company of the Purusha ("Man", "Spirit", "Universal soul") Krishna, she is said to inhabit
3036-428: The goddess Primordial prakriti (Mūlaprakriti) who is called the "Maker of Universe" or "Mother of All" (Narada Purana, Purva-Khanda, 83.10-11, 83.44, 82.214). In Nimbarkacharya 's Vedanta Kamadhenu Dashashloki (verse 6), it is clearly stated that: Ange tu vaame vrishabhaanujaam mudaa viraajamaanaam anuruupasaubhagaam | Sakhiisahasraih parisevitaam sadaa smarema deviim sakalestakaamadaam || The left portion of
3105-521: The goddess more dear to Krishna than life itself, His own Radhika. Deep in the Vrinda forest, you are the mistress of mesmerizing rasa dance. According to the Garga Samhita (Canto 2, chapter 22, verses 26–29), during the rasa pastime, on the request of gopis , Radha and Krishna showed them their eight armed forms and turned into their Lakshmi Narayan forms. (2.22.26) In Skanda Purana (Vaishnava Khand, chapter 128), Yamuna describes Radha as
3174-447: The important pilgrimage sites are - Vrindavan is also known as the "city of widows" due to the large number of widows who move into the town and surrounding area after losing their husbands. There are an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 widows. Many live in extreme poverty and spend time singing bhajan hymns at bhajanashrams , as documented in historian William Dalrymple 's The Age of Kali (1998). An organisation called Guild of Service
3243-497: The integral part of Radha's childhood and youth. It is believed that all the Ashtasakhis are the intimate friends of Radha Krishna and also have descended from Goloka in Braj region. Out of all the eight sakhis, Lalita and Vishakha are the prominent ones. According to Chaitanya Charitamrita 's Antya lila (2:6:116), Radha also received a boon from sage Durvasa in her childhood that whatever she cooks would be better than
3312-450: The land of Braj . Various art forms based on Radha Krishna are majorly inspired by Gita Govinda and Rasikapriya . In Rajput paintings , Radha represents an ideal of beauty, wearing the traditional sari decorated extensively with patterns and ornamented in jewelry with lighter skin tone and emphasized facial features. In Kishangarh paintings, Radha is represented as beautifully dressed woman in ghagra choli with pearl jewelry and
3381-634: The last 250 years, the extensive forests of Vrindavan have been subjected to urbanisation, first by local Rajas and in recent decades by apartment developers. The forest cover has been whittled away to only a few remaining spots, and the local wildlife, including peacocks , cows , monkeys and a variety of bird species has been virtually eliminated. Situated on the west bank of the Yamuna River, about 15 kilometres north of Mathura and 125 km from Delhi , Vrindavan has an average elevation of 170 metres (557 feet). The Yamuna river flows through
3450-575: The literature associated with her, such as Sri Radhika namasahasram . One aspect is she is a milkmaid (gopi), another as a female deity similar to those found in the Hindu goddess traditions. She also appears in Hindu arts as Ardhanari with Krishna, that is an iconography where half of the image is Radha and the other half is Krishna. This is found in sculpture such as those discovered in Maharashtra , and in texts such as Shiva Purana and Brahma Vaivarta Purana . In these texts, this Ardha Nari
3519-510: The molten golden complexion and wearing the garlands of gems and flowers. Radha in her human form is revered as the milkmaid ( gopi ) of Vrindavan who became the beloved of Krishna. One of the basic traits of Radha is her unconditional love for Krishna and her sufferings that forms the basis for Radha's exaltation as a model of devotion. Radha was born to Vrishbhanu , who was the Yadava ruler of Barsana and his wife Kirtida. Her birthplace
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#17327915564333588-481: The nectar. Stories of Radha's youth are filled with her divine pastimes with Krishna. Some of the popular pastimes of Radha Krishna include: Raslila , pastimes of Radha Kund , Gopashtami lila , Lathmar Holi , Seva Kunj lila in which Krishna did sringara of Radha, Maan lila ( A special stage in divine love in which the devotee develops so much love for God as to even attain the right of getting angry with him), Mor Kutir lila in which Krishna performed
3657-749: The opportunity to install and use the sa-itrans-iast input handler which provides complete support for the ISO 15919 standard for the romanization of Indic languages as part of the m17n library. Or user can use some Unicode characters in Latin-1 Supplement, Latin Extended-A, Latin Extended Additional and Combining Diarcritical Marks block to write IAST. Only certain fonts support all the Latin Unicode characters essential for
3726-456: The original scripts that accounts for its continuing popularity amongst scholars. Scholars commonly use IAST in publications that cite textual material in Sanskrit, Pāḷi and other classical Indian languages. IAST is also used for major e-text repositories such as SARIT, Muktabodha, GRETIL, and sanskritdocuments.org. The IAST scheme represents more than a century of scholarly usage in books and journals on classical Indian studies. By contrast,
3795-749: The outskirts of Vrindavan, called Radha Krishna Vivah Sthali, Bhandirvan . The story mentioned in Brahma Vaivarta Purana indicates that Radha has always been Krishna's divine consort. But to give importance to Parakiya relationship (love without any social foundation) over Svakiya's (married relationship), Radha Krishna's marriage was kept hidden. According to Garga Samhita and Brahma Vaivarta Purana , Radha also left her home post Krishna's departure and went to Kadli vann (forest) leaving behind her illusionary form (also called Chaya Radha, her shadow) in Barsana. Radha with Ashtasakhi also met Uddhava in this forest who delivered them Krishna's message. It
3864-548: The pairing of the goddess Ekanamsha (associated with Durga ) with Jagannatha (who is identified with Krishna) of Puri in Eastern India. Though Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (15th century, the founder of Gaudiya Vaishnavism ) is not known to have worshiped the deity couple of Radha-Krishna, his disciples around the Vrindavan region, affirmed Radha as the hladini shakti ("energy of bliss") of Krishna, associating her with
3933-413: The places of pilgrimage. Yet, he stayed in Vrindavan for four months each year. Vrindavan thus heavily influenced his formation of Pushtimarg . The essence of Vrindavan was lost over time until the 16th century when it was rediscovered by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu . In the year 1515, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu visited Vrindavan, with the purpose of locating the lost holy places associated with Krishna's life. In
4002-802: The puff of breath from your mouth, as you blow the dust from Radha's face, you take away the glories of other milkmaids." Radha also appears in the Puranas namely the Padma Purana (as an avatar of Lakshmi ), the Devi-Bhagavata Purana (as a form of Mahadevi ), the Brahma Vaivarta Purana (as Radha-Krishna supreme deity), the Matsya Purana (as form of Devi ), the Linga Purana (as form of Lakshmi),
4071-471: The right side of the keyboard instead of Ctrl+Alt combination). Many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Microsoft Windows has provided a Unicode version of the Character Map program (find it by hitting ⊞ Win + R then type charmap then hit ↵ Enter ) since version NT 4.0 – appearing in
4140-491: The same body. The relationship between Radha Krishna is that of substance and attribute: they are as inseparable as Milk and its whiteness or Earth and its smell. This level of Radha's identity transcends her material nature as prakriti and exits in the form of pure consciousness ( Narada Purana , Uttara Khana - 59.8). While Radha is identical to Krishna at this highest level, this merger of identities seems to end when she separates from him. After separation she manifest herself as
4209-400: The short close-mid vowels with the long ones. The following seven exceptions are from the ISO standard accommodating an extended repertoire of symbols to allow transliteration of Devanāgarī and other Indic scripts , as used for languages other than Sanskrit. The most convenient method of inputting romanized Sanskrit is by setting up an alternative keyboard layout . This allows one to hold
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#17327915564334278-518: The title Shri Radha Saharsnama Strotam . The 68th chapter, Tritiya paad of Narada Purana also listed 500 names of Radha. Some of the common names and epithets are: Radha is an important goddess in the Vaishnavite traditions of Hinduism. Her traits, manifestations, descriptions, and roles vary by region. Radha is intrinsic with Krishna. In early Indian literature, mentions of her are elusive. The traditions that venerate her explain this
4347-487: The transliteration of Indic scripts according to the IAST and ISO 15919 standards. For example, the Arial , Tahoma and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later versions also support precomposed Unicode characters like ī . Many other text fonts commonly used for book production may be lacking in support for one or more characters from this block. Accordingly, many academics working in
4416-428: The universal lover—"one of the rare, high-quality works in Sanskrit in the twentieth century." The Radha-Krishna and Sita - Rama pairs represent two different personality sets, two perspectives on dharma and lifestyles, both cherished in the way of life called Hinduism . Sita is traditionally wedded: the dedicated and virtuous wife of Rama, an introspective temperate paragon of a serious, virtuous man. Radha
4485-637: The worship of Krishna and his chief consort, Radha . It is one of the most sacred places for Vaishnava traditions. Vrindavan forms a part of the "Krishna pilgrimage circuit" under development by the Indian Ministry of Tourism. The circuit also includes Mathura , Barsana , Gokul , Govardhan , Kurukshetra , Dwarka and Puri . The ancient Sanskrit name of the city, वृन्दावन ( Vṛndāvana ), comes from its groves of vṛndā ( holy basil ) and vana ( grove , forest). Vrindavan has an ancient past, associated with Hindu culture and history, and
4554-408: Was 77.8%, of which the male literacy rate was 83.7% and the female literacy rate was 70.3%. The sex ratio is 812 females per 1000 males. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 6,294 and 18, respectively. Vrindavan had 11,637 households in 2011. Vrindavan lies in the cultural region of Braj . Vrindavan is considered to be a sacred place for Vaisnavism tradition of Hinduism . It
4623-428: Was established in the 16th and 17th centuries as a result of an explicit treaty between Muslims and Hindu Emperors, and is an important Hindu pilgrimage site since long. In contemporary times, Vallabha Charya, aged eleven visited Vrindavan. Later on, he performed three pilgrimages of India , barefoot giving discourses on Bhagavad Gita at 84 places. These 84 places are known as Pushtimarg Baithak and since then have
4692-432: Was formed to assist these deprived women and children. According to a survey report prepared by the government, several homes run by the government and different NGOs for widows. Vrindavan and Mathura , the twin cities which are associated with Krishna are main centers of Braj Cuisine . Vrindavan Peda , Vrindavan Dahi Arbi jhor, Vrindavan khichdi, Bedmi puri , Dubki Aloo jhor, Moong Dal cheela, Heeng Kachori are some of
4761-420: Was the object of the highest love of Krishna and being idealized as love, some of the agreeable feelings of the heart are considered her ornaments. In Narada Pancharatra Samhita , Radha is mentioned as the feminine form of Krishna. It is described that, the one single lord is represented to have become two—one a woman and the other a man. Krishna retained his form of man while the female form became Radha. Radha
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