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89-488: BBC Brown Boveri was established in 1891. The company was one of only a few multinational corporations to operate subsidiaries that were larger than the parent company. Because of the limitations of the Swiss domestic market, Brown Boveri established subsidiaries throughout Europe relatively early in its history, and at times had difficulty maintaining managerial control over some of its larger operating units. The merger with ASEA,

178-440: A MOSFET chip for use by its engineers. In 1967 Rockwell set up its own manufacturing plant to produce them, starting North American Rockwell MicroElectronics Corp. (called NARMEC). This would later become Rockwell Semiconductor . One of its major successes came in the early 1990s when it introduced the first low-cost 14.4 kbit/s modem chipset , which was used in a huge number of modems. Collins radios were fitted to 80% of

267-399: A ferromagnetic core. Electric current passing through the wire causes the magnetic field to exert a force ( Lorentz force ) on it, turning the rotor. Windings are coiled wires, wrapped around a laminated, soft, iron, ferromagnetic core so as to form magnetic poles when energized with current. Electric machines come in salient- and nonsalient-pole configurations. In a salient-pole motor

356-430: A magnetic field that passes through the rotor armature, exerting force on the rotor windings. The stator core is made up of many thin metal sheets that are insulated from each other, called laminations. These laminations are made of electrical steel , which has a specified magnetic permeability, hysteresis, and saturation. Laminations reduce losses that would result from induced circulating eddy currents that would flow if

445-404: A 100- horsepower induction motor currently has the same mounting dimensions as a 7.5-horsepower motor in 1897. In 2022, electric motor sales were estimated to be 800 million units, increasing by 10% annually. Electric motors consume ≈50% of the world's electricity. Since the 1980s, the market share of DC motors has declined in favor of AC motors. An electric motor has two mechanical parts:

534-431: A 20-hp squirrel cage and a 100-hp wound rotor with a starting rheostat. These were the first three-phase asynchronous motors suitable for practical operation. Since 1889, similar developments of three-phase machinery were started Wenström. At the 1891 Frankfurt International Electrotechnical Exhibition, the first long distance three-phase system was successfully presented. It was rated 15 kV and extended over 175 km from

623-470: A commutator-type direct-current electric motor was built by American inventors Thomas Davenport and Emily Davenport , which he patented in 1837. The motors ran at up to 600 revolutions per minute, and powered machine tools and a printing press. Due to the high cost of primary battery power , the motors were commercially unsuccessful and bankrupted the Davenports. Several inventors followed Sturgeon in

712-403: A company which was praised for its strong management, was expected to help Brown Boveri reorganize and reassert control over its vast international network. Brown Boveri's early activities included manufacturing electrical components such as electric motors for locomotives and power-generating equipment for Europe's railway systems. In 1919 the company entered into a licensing agreement with

801-463: A comparatively small air gap. The St. Louis motor, long used in classrooms to illustrate motor principles, is inefficient for the same reason, as well as appearing nothing like a modern motor. Electric motors revolutionized industry. Industrial processes were no longer limited by power transmission using line shafts, belts, compressed air or hydraulic pressure. Instead, every machine could be equipped with its own power source, providing easy control at

890-616: A domestic company in the country in which it operated, and broad geographic coverage helped insulate the parent from severe crises when a certain region experienced economic difficulties. Expansion continued during WWII. A BBC subsidiary in Mannheim, Germany used slave labor to expand operations. After World War II , the Cold War presented a variety of business opportunities for defense -related electrical contractors, but Brown Boveri's subsidiaries were seen as foreign companies in many of

979-422: A generator and the other as motor. The drum rotor was introduced by Friedrich von Hefner-Alteneck of Siemens & Halske to replace Pacinotti's ring armature in 1872, thus improving the machine efficiency. The laminated rotor was introduced by Siemens & Halske the following year, achieving reduced iron losses and increased induced voltages. In 1880, Jonas Wenström provided the rotor with slots for housing

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1068-513: A group of Colorado homeowners filed a lawsuit against Rockwell and the Dow Chemical Company , accusing the operators of reducing the value of their properties as a result of plutonium releases from the plant. A $ 375 million settlement was reached in 2016. Rockwell built heavy-duty truck axles and drive-trains in the U.S., along with power windows, seats, and locks. The Rockwell Tripmaster trip recording system for commercial vehicles

1157-536: A handful of major U.S. customers as its clients, among them large utilities such as the Tennessee Valley Authority and American Electric Power's Nuclear Plant in southwest Michigan DC Cook Unit 2 steam turbine. Brown Boveri's American market share was low considering the company's international standing ( North American sales accounted for only 3.5% of total sales in 1974 and 1975), and the company continued to seek entry into U.S. markets. During

1246-437: A model electric vehicle that same year. A major turning point came in 1864, when Antonio Pacinotti first described the ring armature (although initially conceived in a DC generator, i.e. a dynamo). This featured symmetrically grouped coils closed upon themselves and connected to the bars of a commutator, the brushes of which delivered practically non-fluctuating current. The first commercially successful DC motors followed

1335-683: A more extensive list, see Rocketdyne engines . Rockwell International had a major research laboratory complex in Thousand Oaks , Ventura County, California. It was founded and built by North American Aviation in 1962, as the North American Science Center. In 1973 it became the Rockwell International Science Center. The laboratory did independent contract research for the U.S. Government, and also provided research services for

1424-520: A new model leveraging assets of the profitable seven manufacturing divisions of Rockwell Manufacturing Company into a new business model of a dominant government-serving (NASA, Defense Dept. ) aerospace company, named Rockwell International, which included North American Aviation, of products such as the Space Shuttle . By the end of the 1980s, Rockwell International began to sell-off its prior industrial product manufacturing divisions, starting with

1513-1037: A power grid, inverters or electrical generators. Electric motors may be classified by considerations such as power source type, construction, application and type of motion output. They can be brushed or brushless , single-phase , two-phase , or three-phase , axial or radial flux , and may be air-cooled or liquid-cooled. Standardized motors provide power for industrial use. The largest are used for ship propulsion, pipeline compression and pumped-storage applications, with output exceeding 100 megawatts . Applications include industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, vehicles, and disk drives. Small motors may be found in electric watches. In certain applications, such as in regenerative braking with traction motors , electric motors can be used in reverse as generators to recover energy that might otherwise be lost as heat and friction. Electric motors produce linear or rotary force ( torque ) intended to propel some external mechanism. This makes them

1602-425: A rotating bar winding rotor. Steadfast in his promotion of three-phase development, Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky invented the three-phase induction motor in 1889, of both types cage-rotor and wound rotor with a starting rheostat, and the three-limb transformer in 1890. After an agreement between AEG and Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon , Doliwo-Dobrowolski and Charles Eugene Lancelot Brown developed larger models, namely

1691-398: A solid core were used. Mains powered AC motors typically immobilize the wires within the windings by impregnating them with varnish in a vacuum. This prevents the wires in the winding from vibrating against each other which would abrade the wire insulation and cause premature failures. Resin-packed motors, used in deep well submersible pumps, washing machines, and air conditioners, encapsulate

1780-584: A type of actuator . They are generally designed for continuous rotation, or for linear movement over a significant distance compared to its size. Solenoids also convert electrical power to mechanical motion, but over only a limited distance. Before modern electromagnetic motors, experimental motors that worked by electrostatic force were investigated. The first electric motors were simple electrostatic devices described in experiments by Scottish monk Andrew Gordon and American experimenter Benjamin Franklin in

1869-493: A world record, which Jacobi improved four years later in September 1838. His second motor was powerful enough to drive a boat with 14 people across a wide river. It was also in 1839/40 that other developers managed to build motors with similar and then higher performance. In 1827–1828, Jedlik built a device using similar principles to those used in his electromagnetic self-rotors that was capable of useful work. He built

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1958-592: A wound rotor forming a self-starting induction motor , and the third a true synchronous motor with separately excited DC supply to rotor winding. One of the patents Tesla filed in 1887, however, also described a shorted-winding-rotor induction motor. George Westinghouse , who had already acquired rights from Ferraris (US$ 1,000), promptly bought Tesla's patents (US$ 60,000 plus US$ 2.50 per sold hp, paid until 1897), employed Tesla to develop his motors, and assigned C.F. Scott to help Tesla; however, Tesla left for other pursuits in 1889. The constant speed AC induction motor

2047-584: Is a machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy . Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric current in a wire winding to generate force in the form of torque applied on the motor's shaft. An electric generator is mechanically identical to an electric motor, but operates in reverse, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. Electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries or rectifiers , or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as

2136-437: Is now known as Meritor, Inc. In 1996, Rockwell International sold Graphic Systems (formerly Miehle-Goss-Dexter), an Illinois-based newspaper and commercial printing press manufacturer, to its internal management team Stonington Partners as part of a new corporation for US$ 600 million. In 2001, what remained of Rockwell International was split into two publicly traded companies, Rockwell Automation and Rockwell Collins , ending

2225-885: The Delta Power Tool Division of Rockwell Manufacturing Company and continued to manufacture in Milwaukee. In 1966, Rockwell invented the world's first power miter saw. In 1981, Rockwell's power tool group was acquired by Pentair and re-branded Delta Machinery . Pentair's Tools group was acquired by Black & Decker in 2005. Since 2011, Delta has been a subsidiary of Chang Type Industrial Co., Ltd. of China. In 1956, Rockwell Manufacturing Co. bought Walker-Turner from Kearney and Trecker . In 1957, Walker-Turner operations were closed down in Plainfield, New Jersey and moved to Bellefontaine, Ohio and Tupelo, Mississippi . Timken-Detroit merged in 1953 with

2314-483: The South Side Elevated Railroad , where it became popularly known as the " L ". Sprague's motor and related inventions led to an explosion of interest and use in electric motors for industry. The development of electric motors of acceptable efficiency was delayed for several decades by failure to recognize the extreme importance of an air gap between the rotor and stator. Efficient designs have

2403-595: The United States Army Research Laboratory 's Advanced Displays Federated Laboratory Consortium in the late 1990s. In 2000, the infrared imaging division of the laboratory moved into a new building in Camarillo, California . After Rockwell International's breakup in 2001, the laboratory was spun off as a semi-autonomous company called Rockwell Scientific, half owned by Rockwell Collins and half owned by Rockwell Automation . In 2006,

2492-439: The armature . Two or more electrical contacts called brushes made of a soft conductive material like carbon press against the commutator. The brushes make sliding contact with successive commutator segments as the rotator turns, supplying current to the rotor. The windings on the rotor are connected to the commutator segments. The commutator reverses the current direction in the rotor windings with each half turn (180°), so

2581-1027: The "peace dividend" perceived after the fall of the Soviet bloc , led the company to sell its defense and aerospace business, including what was once North American Aviation , the Defense Electronics Division and Rocketdyne , to Boeing in December 1996. In the 1990s, the company spun off its semiconductor products as Conexant Technologies (CNXT), later bought by Synaptics in 2017. Rockwell International also spun off its two automotive divisions (light vehicles division and heavy vehicles division) as one publicly traded company, Meritor Automotive, based in Troy, Michigan , which then merged with Arvin Industries to form Arvin Meritor . That company

2670-416: The 1740s. The theoretical principle behind them, Coulomb's law , was discovered but not published, by Henry Cavendish in 1771. This law was discovered independently by Charles-Augustin de Coulomb in 1785, who published it so that it is now known by his name. Due to the difficulty of generating the high voltages they required, electrostatic motors were never used for practical purposes. The invention of

2759-550: The British manufacturing firm Vickers which gave the British firm the right to manufacture and sell Brown Boveri products throughout the British Empire and in some parts of Europe . The agreement gave Brown Boveri a significant amount of money and the promise of substantial annual revenue, and also helped the company expand into foreign markets at a time when protectionist policies inhibited international expansion. In

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2848-934: The Gas Products Division of meters and regulators in Dubois, Pennsylvania , the Municipal Water Meter Division in Uniontown, Pennsylvania , the Power Tool Division in Syracuse, New York , Jackson, Tennessee , Tupelo, Mississippi, and Columbia, South Carolina , the Transportation Division in Atchison, Kansas with a large steel foundry of products for the automotive, railway and rapid-transit industry,

2937-582: The Lauffen waterfall on the Neckar river. The Lauffen power station included a 240 kW 86 V 40 Hz alternator and a step-up transformer while at the exhibition a step-down transformer fed a 100-hp three-phase induction motor that powered an artificial waterfall, representing the transfer of the original power source. The three-phase induction is now used for the vast majority of commercial applications. Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky claimed that Tesla's motor

3026-711: The Standard Steel Spring Company, forming the Rockwell Spring and Axle Company. After various mergers with automotive suppliers, it comprised about 10 to 20 factories in the Upper Midwestern U.S. and southern Ontario , and in 1958 renamed itself Rockwell-Standard Corporation. Pittsburgh -based Rockwell-Standard Corp. then acquired and merged with Los Angeles -based North American Aviation to form North American Rockwell in September 1967. It then purchased Miehle-Goss-Dexter,

3115-714: The Sterling Faucet Division in Reedsville, West Virginia , and the Engine Division in Pinneberg, Germany (previously ILO-Motorenwerke , founded 1911 and acquired by Rockwell in 1959), manufacturing 2-cycle gas-driven motors for developing nation products including motor tillers , water pumps, sprayers, cement mixers, tampers and mopeds as well as snowmobile and all-terrain vehicle engines for North America. A significantly different direction

3204-523: The Valve Division, leading to the sale of all divisions and the end of the Rockwell names > Rockwell Manufacturing Company, North American Rockwell, and Rockwell International In 1973, North American Rockwell merged with Rockwell Manufacturing, run by Willard Rockwell Jr., to form Rockwell International. In the same year, the company acquired Admiral Radio and TV for US$ 500 million. In 1979,

3293-837: The World War II-era P-51 Mustang fighter and B-25 Mitchell bomber, the Korean War-era F-86 Sabre fighter jet, America's first truly supersonic fighter, the F-100 Super Sabre , and the B-1 Lancer bomber, as well as the Apollo spacecraft , the Space Shuttle orbiter , and most of the Navstar Global Positioning System satellites. Rocketdyne , which had been spun off by North American in 1955,

3382-719: The airliners which were based in first-world countries. Collins designed and built the radios that communicated the Apollo Moon landings and the high-frequency radio network that allows worldwide communication with U.S. military aircraft. Rockwell's Rocketdyne division designed and built the third stage of the Minuteman intercontinental ballistic missile , and the Advanced Inertial Reference Sphere inertial navigation system that provided its navigation. It also built inertial navigation systems for

3471-519: The alternative of being bought by General Electric Company . The newly acquired company was renamed Brown Boveri Kent. In the mid-1970s growing demand in the Middle East for large power-generating facilities distracted the company from its push into North America. Oil-rich African nations, like Nigeria , attempting to diversify their manufacturing capabilities also created new markets for Brown Boveri's heavy electrical engineering expertise. In

3560-471: The appliance division was sold to Magic Chef . In 1978, Rockwell released AIM-65 , a one board microprocessor development board based on the MOS Technology 6502 . With the death of company founder and first CEO Willard F. Rockwell in 1978, and the stepping down of his son Willard Rockwell Jr. in 1979 as the second CEO, Bob Anderson became CEO and led the company through the 1980s when it became

3649-417: The company moved its headquarters four times: from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania where it had been for decades to El Segundo, California to Seal Beach, California to Costa Mesa, California to Milwaukee, Wisconsin . At the end of the 1980s, the company sold its valve and meter division, formerly Rockwell Manufacturing, to British Tyre & Rubber . Although Rockwell was the #1 Defense and NASA contractor,

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3738-448: The company to president Donald R. Beall. The completion of the Space Shuttle program and the completion of the B-1 bomber program had led to a decline in revenues, and Beall sought to diversify the company away from government contracts. The end of the Cold War and the perceived " peace dividend ", however, prompted accelerated divestitures and sweeping management reforms. From 1988 to 2001

3827-549: The company's business units. It was famous for its research in: advanced materials, particularly ceramics; for its infrared imagers ; for its research in liquid-crystal displays ; and for its high-speed electronics. The laboratory invented Metalorganic vapour-phase epitaxy (MOVPE), also commonly known as Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD). It also achieved fame in selected areas of information science, notably human-computer interaction, augmented reality, multimedia systems, and diagnostics. Rockwell Science Center led

3916-439: The company's heavy electrical equipment. Italy's burgeoning railroad industry provided a particularly strong boost to Brown Boveri's Italian subsidiary, and the company's German facility actually did considerably more business than the Swiss parent. For the next few decades Brown Boveri grew as fast as technological developments in electrical engineering. Each of the company's subsidiaries tended to develop individually, as if it were

4005-847: The countries in which they operated, sometimes making it difficult for the company to win lucrative contracts involving sensitive technology and other government contracts. The company, nevertheless, excelled at power generation, including nuclear power generators, and prospered in this field. Electrification in the Third World also provided Brown Boveri with substantial profits. In 1970 Brown Boveri began an extensive reorganization. The company's subsidiaries were divided into five groups: German, French, Swiss, "medium-sized" (seven manufacturing bases in Europe and Latin America ), and Brown Boveri International (the remaining facilities). Each of these groups

4094-523: The development of DC motors, but all encountered the same battery cost issues. As no electricity distribution system was available at the time, no practical commercial market emerged for these motors. After many other more or less successful attempts with relatively weak rotating and reciprocating apparatus Prussian/Russian Moritz von Jacobi created the first real rotating electric motor in May 1834. It developed remarkable mechanical output power. His motor set

4183-478: The developments by Zénobe Gramme who, in 1871, reinvented Pacinotti's design and adopted some solutions by Werner Siemens . A benefit to DC machines came from the discovery of the reversibility of the electric machine, which was announced by Siemens in 1867 and observed by Pacinotti in 1869. Gramme accidentally demonstrated it on the occasion of the 1873 Vienna World's Fair , when he connected two such DC devices up to 2 km from each other, using one of them as

4272-688: The early 1920s, Brown Boveri, which was already a geographically diversified company with successful operating subsidiaries in Italy , Germany , Norway , Austria , and the Balkans , suffered losses due to the devaluation of the French franc and the German mark . At the same time, in the Swiss domestic market, production costs increased while sales remained static, causing the company further losses. In 1924 Brown Boveri devalued its capital by 30 percent to cover

4361-483: The early 1980s Brown Boveri's sales flattened out and the company's earnings declined. In 1983 Brown Boveri's German subsidiary in Mannheim , West Germany, which accounted for nearly half of the entire parent company's sales, rebounded. In spite of an increase in orders, the company's cost structure kept earnings down. In 1985 the subsidiary's performance improved as a result of cost-cutting measures but price decreases in

4450-508: The electric energy produced in the US. In 1824, French physicist François Arago formulated the existence of rotating magnetic fields , termed Arago's rotations , which, by manually turning switches on and off, Walter Baily demonstrated in 1879 as in effect the first primitive induction motor . In the 1880s many inventors were trying to develop workable AC motors because AC's advantages in long-distance high-voltage transmission were offset by

4539-576: The electric grid, provided for electric distribution to trolleys via overhead wires and the trolley pole, and provided control systems for electric operations. This allowed Sprague to use electric motors to invent the first electric trolley system in 1887–88 in Richmond, Virginia , the electric elevator and control system in 1892, and the electric subway with independently powered centrally-controlled cars. The latter were first installed in 1892 in Chicago by

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4628-571: The electrification of the British West Coast Main Line in the early 1970s, Brown Boveri traction insulators were used. In 1974 Brown Boveri acquired the British controls and instrument manufacturer, George Kent Group . The deal at first raised concern in Britain over foreign ownership of such highly sensitive technology, but Brown Boveri prevailed with the encouragement of George Kent's rank-and-file employees, who feared

4717-474: The electrochemical battery by Alessandro Volta in 1799 made possible the production of persistent electric currents. Hans Christian Ørsted discovered in 1820 that an electric current creates a magnetic field, which can exert a force on a magnet. It only took a few weeks for André-Marie Ampère to develop the first formulation of the electromagnetic interaction and present the Ampère's force law , that described

4806-472: The first device to contain the three main components of practical DC motors: the stator , rotor and commutator. The device employed no permanent magnets, as the magnetic fields of both the stationary and revolving components were produced solely by the currents flowing through their windings. The first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by English scientist William Sturgeon in 1832. Following Sturgeon's work,

4895-536: The fleet of ballistic missile submarines. In addition to the manufacture of nuclear missiles and bombers, Rockwell also produced key components of the bombs they carried, including plutonium triggers at the Rocky Flats Plant in Colorado. Rockwell ran the weapons plant from 1975 to 1990, and was one of the subjects of the investigation of Special Grand Jury 89-2 into mismanagement of the plant. In 1990,

4984-586: The inability to operate motors on AC. The first alternating-current commutatorless induction motor was invented by Galileo Ferraris in 1885. Ferraris was able to improve his first design by producing more advanced setups in 1886. In 1888, the Royal Academy of Science of Turin published Ferraris's research detailing the foundations of motor operation, while concluding at that time that "the apparatus based on that principle could not be of any commercial importance as motor." Possible industrial development

5073-478: The international market and unfavorable shifts in currency exchanges rates largely offset these gains. In 1986 the parent company acquired a significant block of shares in the Mannheim subsidiary, bringing its total stake to 75 percent. In the later 1980s Brown Boveri took steps to reduce duplication of research and development among its various groups. While each subsidiary continued to do some product-development research for its individual market, theoretical research

5162-574: The invention and successful launch of a new bearing system for truck axles in 1919. He merged his Oshkosh, Wisconsin -based operation with the Timken-Detroit Axle Company (current Meritor Inc. ) in 1928, rising to become chairman of its board in 1940. Rockwell also drew on the strengths of several of George Westinghouse 's concerns, and Westinghouse is considered a co-founder of the company. In 1945, Rockwell Manufacturing Company acquired Delta Machinery and renamed it

5251-675: The largest U.S. defense contractor and largest NASA contractor. Rockwell acquired the privately held Allen-Bradley Company for US$ 1.6 billion in February 1985 – US$ 1 billion of which was cash – and became a producer of industrial automation hardware and software. During the 1980s, Anderson, his CFO Bob dePalma, and the Rockwell management team built the company to #27 on the Fortune 500 list. It boasted sales of US$ 12 billion, roughly US$ 32 billion in 2019, and assets of over US$ 8 billion, roughly US$ 21 billion in 2019. Its workforce of over 115,000

5340-581: The largest supplier of printing presses , and in 1973, acquired Collins Radio , a major avionics supplier. In 1968, Sterling Faucet Company was bought by Rockwell Manufacturing Co. and it became a subsidiary of the company. Michael W. Hodges (who had also served as Corporate Director Manufacturing and later as CEO and 'Geschäftsführer' (Managing Director) of the German-based Engine Division) joined Rockwell Manufacturing Company in 1968 as Corporate Director Quality Assurance. He

5429-644: The load are exerted beyond the outermost bearing, the load is said to be overhung. The rotor is supported by bearings , which allow the rotor to turn on its axis by transferring the force of axial and radial loads from the shaft to the motor housing. A DC motor is usually supplied through a split ring commutator as described above. AC motors' commutation can be achieved using either a slip ring commutator or external commutation. It can be fixed-speed or variable-speed control type, and can be synchronous or asynchronous. Universal motors can run on either AC or DC. DC motors can be operated at variable speeds by adjusting

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5518-541: The losses it had incurred. In 1927 the agreement with Vickers ran out and was not renewed. Besides the arrangement Brown Boveri had had with this British firm, it also had a similar relationship with Netherlands-based Heemaf  [ nl ] which lasted well into the early 1960s when the Heemaf led the creation of Holec (Holland Electric). During the same time, Brown Boveri's various subsidiaries grew rapidly. Industrialization throughout Europe created strong demand for

5607-546: The magnet, showing that the current gave rise to a close circular magnetic field around the wire. Faraday published the results of his discovery in the Quarterly Journal of Science , and sent copies of his paper along with pocket-sized models of his device to colleagues around the world so they could also witness the phenomenon of electromagnetic rotations. This motor is often demonstrated in physics experiments, substituting brine for (toxic) mercury. Barlow's wheel

5696-485: The point of use, and improving power transmission efficiency. Electric motors applied in agriculture eliminated human and animal muscle power from such tasks as handling grain or pumping water. Household uses (like in washing machines, dishwashers, fans, air conditioners and refrigerators (replacing ice boxes ) of electric motors reduced heavy labor in the home and made higher standards of convenience, comfort and safety possible. Today, electric motors consume more than half of

5785-485: The production of mechanical force by the interaction of an electric current and a magnetic field. Michael Faraday gave the first demonstration of the effect with a rotary motion on 3 September 1821 in the basement of the Royal Institution . A free-hanging wire was dipped into a pool of mercury, on which a permanent magnet (PM) was placed. When a current was passed through the wire, the wire rotated around

5874-428: The rotor and stator ferromagnetic cores have projections called poles that face each other. Wire is wound around each pole below the pole face, which become north or south poles when current flows through the wire. In a nonsalient-pole (distributed field or round-rotor) motor, the ferromagnetic core is a smooth cylinder, with the windings distributed evenly in slots around the circumference. Supplying alternating current in

5963-465: The rotor and the stator. The product between these two fields gives rise to a force and thus a torque on the motor shaft. One or both of these fields changes as the rotor turns. This is done by switching the poles on and off at the right time, or varying the strength of the pole. Motors can be designed to operate on DC current, on AC current, or some types can work on either. AC motors can be either asynchronous or synchronous. Synchronous motors require

6052-498: The rotor to turn at the same speed as the stator's rotating field. Asynchronous rotors relax this constraint. A fractional-horsepower motor either has a rating below about 1 horsepower (0.746 kW), or is manufactured with a frame size smaller than a standard 1 HP motor. Many household and industrial motors are in the fractional-horsepower class. excited: PM Ferromagnetic rotor: Two-phase (condenser) Single-phase: Rockwell International Rockwell International

6141-402: The rotor, which moves, and the stator, which does not. Electrically, the motor consists of two parts, the field magnets and the armature, one of which is attached to the rotor and the other to the stator. Together they form a magnetic circuit . The magnets create a magnetic field that passes through the armature. These can be electromagnets or permanent magnets . The field magnet is usually on

6230-457: The run of what had once been a massive and diverse conglomerate. The split was structured so that Rockwell Automation was the legal successor of the old Rockwell International, while Rockwell Collins was the spin-off. In the end, the result had been four spin-offs and three sales combined from Rockwell's nine divisions. The various Rockwell companies list a large number of technological firsts and historic developments in their histories, including

6319-454: The stator and the armature on the rotor, but these may be reversed. The rotor is the moving part that delivers the mechanical power. The rotor typically holds conductors that carry currents, on which the magnetic field of the stator exerts force to turn the shaft. The stator surrounds the rotor, and usually holds field magnets, which are either electromagnets (wire windings around a ferromagnetic iron core) or permanent magnets . These create

6408-435: The stator in plastic resin to prevent corrosion and/or reduce conducted noise. An air gap between the stator and rotor allows it to turn. The width of the gap has a significant effect on the motor's electrical characteristics. It is generally made as small as possible, as a large gap weakens performance. Conversely, gaps that are too small may create friction in addition to noise. The armature consists of wire windings on

6497-406: The torque applied to the rotor is always in the same direction. Without this reversal, the direction of torque on each rotor winding would reverse with each half turn, stopping the rotor. Commutated motors have been mostly replaced by brushless motors , permanent magnet motors , and induction motors . The motor shaft extends outside of the motor, where it satisfies the load. Because the forces of

6586-663: The voltage applied to the terminals or by using pulse-width modulation (PWM). AC motors operated at a fixed speed are generally powered directly from the grid or through motor soft starters . AC motors operated at variable speeds are powered with various power inverter , variable-frequency drive or electronic commutator technologies. The term electronic commutator is usually associated with self-commutated brushless DC motor and switched reluctance motor applications. Electric motors operate on one of three physical principles: magnetism , electrostatics and piezoelectricity . In magnetic motors, magnetic fields are formed in both

6675-406: The winding, further increasing the efficiency. In 1886, Frank Julian Sprague invented the first practical DC motor, a non-sparking device that maintained relatively constant speed under variable loads. Other Sprague electric inventions about this time greatly improved grid electric distribution (prior work done while employed by Thomas Edison ), allowed power from electric motors to be returned to

6764-431: The windings creates poles in the core that rotate continuously. A shaded-pole motor has a winding around part of the pole that delays the phase of the magnetic field for that pole. A commutator is a rotary electrical switch that supplies current to the rotor. It periodically reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings as the shaft rotates. It consists of a cylinder composed of multiple metal contact segments on

6853-545: Was Rockwell Manufacturing Company , founded in 1919 by Willard Rockwell . In 1968, Rockwell Manufacturing Company included seven operating divisions manufacturing industrial valves, German 2-cycle motors, power tools, gas and water meters. In 1973, it was combined with the aerospace products and renamed Rockwell International. It was split into various companies beginning in the 1980s, including its final split in 2001 into Rockwell Automation and Rockwell Collins . Boston-born Willard Rockwell (1888–1978) made his fortune with

6942-433: Was a major American manufacturing conglomerate . It was involved in aircraft, the space industry, defense and commercial electronics, components in the automotive industry , printing presses, avionics and industrial products. At its peak, Rockwell International was No. 27 on the Fortune 500 list, with assets of over $ 8 billion, sales of $ 27 billion and 115,000 employees. Rockwell International's predecessor

7031-508: Was an early refinement to this Faraday demonstration, although these and similar homopolar motors remained unsuited to practical application until late in the century. In 1827, Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic coils . After Jedlik solved the technical problems of continuous rotation with the invention of the commutator , he called his early devices "electromagnetic self-rotors". Although they were used only for teaching, in 1828 Jedlik demonstrated

7120-699: Was appointed member of the Board of Directors of Rockwell GmbH Germany and Dikkers Valve Products LLC Netherlands. Prior to Rockwell, Michael Hodges was a physicist with NASA and aerospace management with Martin-Marietta Corp. in Orlando, Florida . During Hodges' seven years with Rockwell there were approximately 90,000 employees in seven divisions: the Valve Division with products for the gas and oil industry with plants located in Barberton, Ohio , Raleigh, North Carolina , Sulphur Springs, Texas , and Kearney, Nebraska ,

7209-449: Was envisioned by Nikola Tesla , who invented independently his induction motor in 1887 and obtained a patent in May 1888. In the same year, Tesla presented his paper A New System of Alternate Current Motors and Transformers to the AIEE that described three patented two-phase four-stator-pole motor types: one with a four-pole rotor forming a non-self-starting reluctance motor , another with

7298-458: Was found not to be suitable for street cars, but Westinghouse engineers successfully adapted it to power a mining operation in Telluride, Colorado in 1891. Westinghouse achieved its first practical induction motor in 1892 and developed a line of polyphase 60 hertz induction motors in 1893, but these early Westinghouse motors were two-phase motors with wound rotors. B.G. Lamme later developed

7387-521: Was further broken down into five product divisions: power generation, electronics , power distribution , traction equipment , and industrial equipment. Throughout the 1970s, Brown Boveri struggled to expand into the US market. The company negotiated a joint venture with Rockwell , the American manufacturer of high-tech military and aerospace applications, but the deal collapsed when the two companies could not agree on financial terms. Brown Boveri had

7476-438: Was not practical because of two-phase pulsations, which prompted him to persist in his three-phase work. The General Electric Company began developing three-phase induction motors in 1891. By 1896, General Electric and Westinghouse signed a cross-licensing agreement for the bar-winding-rotor design, later called the squirrel-cage rotor . Induction motor improvements flowing from these inventions and innovations were such that

7565-490: Was organized into nine major divisions – Space, Aircraft, Defense Electronics, Commercial Electronics, Light Duty Automotive Components, Heavy Duty Automotive Components, Printing Presses, Valves and Meters, and Industrial Automation. Rockwell International was a major employer in southern California , northern Ohio, northern Georgia, eastern Oklahoma, Michigan, western Texas, Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin and western Pennsylvania. Anderson stepped down as CEO in February 1988, leaving

7654-403: Was planned starting in 1973 away from the business model developed since 1945 by the founder Willard Rockwell (1888–1978). The founder's son, Willard Rockwell Jr., appeared taking the company in a new direction, replacing the founder's model of strong medium-size manufacturing companies with diverse industrial products with strong industrial engineering and quality control in multiple locations – to

7743-595: Was re-merged into Rockwell, and by that time produced most of the rocket engines used in the United States. Rockwell also purchased the Aero Design and Engineering Company from William and Rufus Travis Amis . Rockwell redesigned the company's Aero Commander aircraft , introducing its new design as the Rockwell Commander 112 and Commander 114. The company developed a desktop calculator based on

7832-683: Was released along with the Logtrak module for DOT log recording for fleets who successfully petitioned the DOT for paper logbook exemptions. Rockwell also built yachts and business jets and owned large amounts of real estate. It was also involved in providing custom electronic intelligence equipment to the Imperial Iranian Air Force as part of Project Ibex and paid bribes to the Shah of Iran in order to secure contracts there. For

7921-520: Was unified under the parent company, making more efficient use of research funding. In 1987 the company introduced a supercharging system for diesel engines called Comprex . This system was capable of increasing an engine's horsepower by 35% and delivering up to 50% more torque at lower speeds. Japanese automaker Mazda planned to use the supercharger in its diesel passenger models. In January 1988, Brown Boveri merged with ASEA to form Asea Brown Boveri . Electric motor An electric motor

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