Misplaced Pages

#293706

32-611: Today, it is called Tell El Fara'in ("Hill of the Pharaohs"), near the villages of Ibtu (or Abtu ), Kom Butu , and the city of Desouk ( Arabic : دسوق ). Buto was a sacred site in dedication to the goddess Wadjet . It was an important cultural site during prehistoric Egypt (before 3100 BCE). The Buto-Maadi culture was the most important Lower Egyptian prehistoric culture, dating from 4000–3500, and contemporary with Naqada I and II phases in Upper Egypt . The culture

64-534: A basin)" and its nominal form daysaq "bassin full of water" which in turn has its origin in Ancient Greek : δίσκος , lit.   'disk, salver', but it is considered implausible. Another improbable etymology is a Copto-Arabic word combining the Coptic feminine definite article ti- ( Coptic : ϯ- ) with Arabic : سوق , romanized :  suq , lit.   'market'. Desouk

96-424: A limestone painting with the representation of a bird’s head wearing a white crown surrounded by feathers. Desouk 31°8′32″N 30°38′42″E  /  31.14222°N 30.64500°E  / 31.14222; 30.64500 Desouk ( Arabic : دسوق , Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [dɪˈsuːʔ] pronunciation ) is a city in northern Egypt . Located 80 km east of Alexandria , in

128-457: A politician in the city. Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh), the same as the rest of Egypt . Desouk is renowned for the presence of Ibrahim El Desouki Mosque , which attracts over a million visitors annually on average. The mosque is the final resting place of the last Sufi pole, Imam Ibrahim El Desouki, established around the year 1277. It currently covers an area of 6400 square meters, and

160-495: A site linked to the Biblical city of Zoan . Petrie focussed much of his work on the ordinary dwellings of the site. This presented a new array of discoveries for the society. Petrie was among the first to understand that there was more than æsthetically appealing objects. Rather, he understood that many objects could provide information about the society of that time. He developed many techniques in which he could excavate and record

192-607: A statuette from Sais dating to the Third Intermediate Period , through Coptic : * ⲧⲉⲥⲟⲩⲭⲓ , or from Ancient Egyptian : tꜣ-ı͗ꜣ.t-sbk , attested in Greek as Thasoukhios ( Ancient Greek : Θασουχιος ) and Tasoukis ( Ancient Greek : Τασουκις ). The cult of Sobek had presence to the west of Disuq, on the other side of the Nile . Other proposal derives it from the rare Arabic verb dasaqa "to overflow (about

224-690: Is a member of the Organization of Islamic Capitals and Cities due to the location of important Islamic shrines in the city, such as the tomb of Egyptian Sufi Saint Ibrahim El Desouki , which is located in the main mosque in the center of Desouk. Desouk lies on the Nile, on the eastern banks of the Rosetta branch, where there are only two bridges entering the city. Many important Egyptians hail from Desouk: Youssef El-Mansy, Ahmed Zewail , Mohammed Roshdy, Evelyn Ashamallah , and Abdel-Salam Mohammed Nasar,

256-609: Is considered one of the most important discoveries within Buto. Archaeological excavations were undertaken at Buto by the Egypt Exploration Society from 1964–1969, under the direction of Veronica Seton-Williams and later, by Dorothy Charlesworth . The German Archaeological Institute, Cairo has been excavating at Buto since the early 1980s. Six Greek bathhouses also were excavated by different missions in Buto. In 2022, excavations over an area of 6.5m x 4.5m uncovered

288-531: Is held in late April or early May each year, lasting for a week as well. There are numerous Pharaonic artifacts in the ancient city of Buto , which served as the political capital of the Lower Egypt . Its construction dates back to the Predynastic period , and it is located northeast of Desouk, about 12 km away. Buto was a significant religious center where every king or prince, upon ascending to rule,

320-753: The Kafr El Sheikh Governorate and had a population of 137,660 inhabitants as of 2011. It is bordered to the west by the Beheira Governorate . Desouk dates back to at least c. 3200 BC and was part of the ancient city of Buto before the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. From 1250 to 1517, the city of Desouk was part of the Gharbia province. From 1798 to 1801, it was part of the now-defunct Rosetta province. The city's name could be derived from Ancient Egyptian : tꜣ-sbk , lit.   'land of Sobek ', attested on

352-559: The Delta, there was a considerable transitional phase. The unification of Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt into one entity is now considered to be a more complex process than previously thought. In the earliest records about the region, it contained two cities, Pe and Dep . Eventually, they merged into one city that the Ancient Egyptians named Per-Wadjet . The goddess Wadjet was the patron deity of Lower Egypt and her oracle

SECTION 10

#1732765244294

384-585: The Delta. Herodotus styled it the Chemmite nome , Ptolemy knew it as the Phthenothite nome ( Φθενότης ), and Pliny the Elder as Ptenetha. Greek historians recorded that Buto was celebrated for its monolithic temple and the oracle of the goddess Wadjet (Buto), and a yearly festival was held there in honour of the goddess. While writing about Egyptian culture, the classical Greeks attempted to associate

416-841: The Department of Coins and Medals at the British Museum , decided to create the Egypt Exploration Fund as a way to raise funds for more excavations in the Nile Delta , which had been noted as being rarely visited. After announcing their intentions in The Times , they started off being funded by individuals such as the Archbishop of Canterbury , the poet Robert Browning , and Sir Erasmus Wilson . Wilson, in particular, showed enough interest to pledge £500 to

448-653: The Egypt Exploration Fund. This marked the start of the Egypt Exploration Society. The first excavator of the Egypt Exploration Fund was Édouard Naville , a Swiss Egyptologist and Biblical scholar. In January 1883, Naville set out for Tell el-Maskhuta . His goal was to find the route of the Biblical exodus as the Fund had decided to broaden its interests in order to appeal to a wider audience. Naville's work attracted much interest from

480-644: The Egypt Exploration Society. Today, the EES continues to publish its annual organ, the Journal of Egyptian Archaeology , which details the society's findings, for all of its members to read. They also publish a newsletter bi-annually called Egyptian Archaeology . The Egypt Exploration Society has been based in Doughty Mews, London WC1N since 1969. In October 2019 officials from the Egypt Exploration Society alleged that Oxford professor, Dirk Obbink , engaged in

512-523: The Greeks associated with Artemis . Writing during that Graeco-Roman period, Plutarch reported that Isis had entrusted the baby Horus to "Leto" (Wadjet) to raise at Buto while Isis searched for the body of her murdered husband Osiris . According to these same late sources, the shrew (sometimes associated with Horus) was worshiped at Buto as well. A palace building dating to the Second Dynasty

544-572: The Ladies' Mosque occupies 600 square meters, making it one of the largest mosques in the Islamic world in terms of area. It houses a university Islamic library as well. In Desouk, an annual celebration is held for the birth of Ibrahim El-Desouki in October, lasting a week with strict security measures. The celebration honors the memory of 77 Sufi orders from various parts of the world. During this time,

576-537: The Nile in 1876. The book became renowned for its description of 19th-century Egypt and the largely un-excavated antiques that she encountered. Edwards' descriptions changed the world's perspective on both modern and ancient Egypt . This attracted the attention of both scholarly society and the rest of the world. It ended up becoming a bestseller due to this increased interest, which prompted Edwards to think about continuing her studies of ancient Egypt. In 1882, Amelia Edwards and Reginald Stuart Poole , an employee from

608-536: The city attracts more than a million visitors from various provinces of Egypt and some countries worldwide, making it one of the largest religious celebrations in Egypt. Among the festivities, the custodian of the Ibrahim El-Desouki shrine rides a horse and is paraded through the streets of Desouk after the afternoon prayer on the final day of the celebration. Additionally, an annual celebration of Ragabiya

640-404: The more ancient Egyptian deities with their own, a process called the interpretatio graeca . They wrote about them as essentially the same deities but with different names in Greek culture. For Wadjet, the parallel identification was made with Leto or Latona . They also noted that at Buto, there was a sanctuary of Horus , whom the Greeks associated with Apollo , and a sanctuary of Bastet , who

672-402: The objects he found and his overall findings. At the end of his excavation, Petrie was able to bring back many valuable findings and items that he donated to the British Museum . The society became one of the first to provide scientifically excavated objects around Britain as well as overseas. By the time of the third excavation, and the third year since the Fund was established, the society

SECTION 20

#1732765244294

704-482: The patrons of unified Egypt throughout the remainder of its ancient history. The image of Nekhbet joined Wadjet on the uraeus encircling the crown of the kings who ruled Egypt after that. During the Ptolemaic Kingdom , a Greek-speaking dynasty that ruled from 305 to 30 BCE, the Greeks coined the toponym Buto for the city. It served as the capital, or according to Herodian, merely the principal village of

736-417: The public and at the first General Meeting of the Fund, which happened on 3 July 1883, the society was seen to have a good amount of funds in its accounts. A copy of Naville's work was distributed to the subscribers of the Fund. Eventually the Fund decided to have the subscribers become members instead. During the second excavation, the Fund sent Flinders Petrie , an English Egyptologist, who went to Tanis ,

768-420: The region is known as "Tall Al-Fara'in," named after the founding pharaohs. It spans an area of 175 acres (0.7 km²). Egypt Exploration Society The Egypt Exploration Society ( EES ) is a British non-profit organization. The society was founded in 1882 by Amelia Edwards and Reginald Stuart Poole in order to examine and excavate in the areas of Egypt and Sudan . The intent was to study and analyze

800-507: The remains of an ancient hall lined with pillars within the larger temple structure. The hall contained the remains of three surviving columns, aligned on a north-south axis at the southwestern end of the temple. A number of stone fragments decorated with engravings where found, as well as numerous ceramics and pottery associated with ritual activity. In a press release issued by the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities , archaeologists also found

832-423: The results of the excavations and publish the information for the scholarly world. The organization has worked at many major Egyptian excavation and sites. Their discoveries include the discovery of a shrine for the goddess Hathor , a statue of a cow from Deir el-Bahri , the mortuary temple of Queen Hatshepsut , and the sculpted model of Nefertiti from Amarna . The organization has made major contributions to

864-665: The study of the ancient Egyptian world. It is based in London and is a registered charity under English law. In 1873, the English writer Amelia Edwards was led to the sites of Egypt while encountering cold, wet climates in Europe. She and several friends ended up travelling up the Nile River from Cairo to Abu Simbel . She recorded the events and discoveries of this journey and eventually published it as A Thousand Miles up

896-433: Was able to send Edouard Naville , Flinders Petrie and Francis Llewellyn Griffith to Egypt. During this time and for the next few years, the Fund was able to bring back many findings, which resulted in the advancement of knowledge on ancient Egypt . Some of the sites included the fortified camp and Tell Dafana and the temple of Bastet . In 1919, at the end of World War I , the Egypt Exploration Fund changed its name to

928-656: Was best known from the site Maadi near Cairo, but was also attested in many other places in the Delta to the Faiyum region. This culture was marked by development in architecture and technology. Archaeological evidence shows that the Upper Egyptian Naqada culture replaced the Buto-Maadi culture (also known as the "Lower Egyptian Cultural Complex"), perhaps after a conquest. More recently, scholars have expressed reservations about this; they pointed out that, in

960-433: Was located in her renowned temple in this area. An annual festival was held there that celebrated Wadjet. The area also contained sanctuaries of Horus and Bast , and much later, the city became associated with Isis . Due to similarities, many deities had parallel identities and roles and merged into a unified pantheon of deities. That was not the case with patron deities, however. The patron deity of Lower Egypt, Wadjet ,

992-485: Was represented as a cobra . The patron deity of Upper Egypt, Nekhbet , was depicted as a white vulture . Their separate cultural statures were such essential features that they never merged when the two cultures unified. There were so many deities with similar roles or natures from the religious beliefs of the two unified regions. The two goddesses became known euphemistically as the Two Ladies , who together, remained

Buto - Misplaced Pages Continue

1024-749: Was required to go to Buto to legitimize their rule by the priests. This was done for worship and to draw closer to the goddess Wadjet , the Lady of the City, a central figure in the Egyptian myth of Isis and Osiris . The area is characterized by several artifacts, some dating back to the Predynastic period, such as the Wadjet Temple, Horus Statue, and the double statue of the goddess Sekhmet and King Ramesses II , among many other artifacts. Locally,

#293706