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31-522: Though archaeological evidence of the time is very scant, contrasting data from the First and Third Dynasties indicates important institutional and economic developments during the Second Dynasty. For the first three pharaohs, sources are fairly close in agreement and the order is supported by an inscription on the statuette of Hetepdief, who served in the mortuary cults of these three kings. But

62-595: A broader window of 3104 to 2913. Information about this dynasty is derived from a few monuments and other objects bearing royal names, the most important being the Narmer Palette and Narmer Macehead , as well as Den and Qa'a king lists. No detailed records of the first two dynasties have survived, except for the terse lists on the Palermo Stone . The account in Manetho 's Aegyptiaca contradicts both

93-559: A free tenon eventually became one of the most important features in Mediterranean and Egyptian shipbuilding. It creates a union between two planks or other components by inserting a separate tenon into a cavity (mortise) of the corresponding size cut into each component." A study on First Dynasty crania from the royal tombs in Abydos generally demonstrated greater affinity with Kerma Kushites , and Upper Nile Valley groups. Moreover,

124-494: A significant invasive plant species . In other areas, the plants form dense monocultures that alter the natural environment and compete with native species already stressed by human activity. Recent scientific investigations have generally concluded that the primary human-caused impact to desert riparian ecosystems within the Colorado River Basin is the alteration of the flood regime by dams; Tamarix ramosissima

155-481: A small capsule usually adorned with a tuft of hair that aids in wind dispersal. Seeds can also be dispersed by water. Seedlings require extended periods of soil saturation for establishment. Tamarisk trees are most often propagated by cuttings . These trees grow in disturbed and undisturbed streams, waterways, bottom lands, banks, and drainage washes of natural or artificial water bodies, moist rangelands and pastures. Whether Tamarix species are fire-adapted or not

186-404: A small soil sample from areas where Tamarix trees grew was mixed in with the potting soil, as opposed to samples without these plants. This was thought to indicate the presence of beneficial mycorrhizae . The presence of Tamarix plants has also been shown to boost soil fertility in a number of studies, and it also increases soil salinity. Two studies found that Tamarix plants are able to limit

217-529: A unified Egypt. It immediately follows the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt , by Menes , or Narmer , and marks the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period , when power was centered at Thinis . The date of this period is subject to scholarly debate about the Egyptian chronology . It falls within the early Bronze Age and is variously estimated to have begun anywhere between the 34th and

248-518: Is an evergreen tree that can grow to 18 m (59 ft) tall. They usually grow on saline soils , tolerating up to 15,000 ppm soluble salt , and can also tolerate alkaline conditions. Tamarisks are characterized by slender branches and grey-green foliage. The bark of young branches is smooth and reddish brown. As the plants age, the bark becomes gray-brown, ridged and furrowed. The leaves are scale-like, almost like that of junipers, 1–2 mm (1/20" to 1/10") long, and overlap each other along

279-470: Is clearly demonstrated as existing during this dynasty by retainers being buried near each pharaoh's tomb as well as animals sacrificed for the burial. The tomb of Djer is associated with the burials of 338 individuals. The people and animals sacrificed, such as donkeys , were expected to assist the pharaoh in the afterlife . For unknown reasons, this practice ended with the conclusion of the dynasty. According to historian and linguist Christopher Ehret ,

310-783: Is of the same scale as the tombs of the (other) kings of that period. Tamarix See text The genus Tamarix ( tamarisk , salt cedar , taray ) is composed of about 50–60 species of flowering plants in the family Tamaricaceae , native to drier areas of Eurasia and Africa . The generic name originated in Latin and may refer to the Tamaris River in Hispania Tarraconensis ( Spain ). They are evergreen or deciduous shrubs or trees growing to 1–18 m ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 –59 ft) in height and forming dense thickets. The largest, Tamarix aphylla ,

341-411: Is relatively tolerant of this hydrologic alteration compared to flood-dependent native woody riparian species such as willow , cottonwood , and box elder . Research on competition between tamarisk seedlings and co-occurring native trees has found that Tamarix seedlings are not competitive over a range of environments, but stands of mature trees effectively prevent native species' establishment in

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372-476: Is unclear, but in many cases a large proportion of the trees are able to resprout from the stump after fires, although not notably more so than other riverine species. They likely cannot resprout from root suckers. In some habitats where they are native, wildfire appears to favour the establishment of riverine trees such as Populus , to the detriment of Tamarix . Conversely, they do appear to be more flammable, with more dead wood produced and debris held aloft. In

403-539: The Palermo stone only survive to the end of the reign of Nebra and for parts of Nynetjer 's. One important event, the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt , might have occurred during the reign of Khasekhemwy as many Egyptologists read his name as "the Two Powers arise". First Dynasty of Egypt The First Dynasty of ancient Egypt ( Dynasty I ) covers the first series of Egyptian kings to rule over

434-522: The germination of a number of native plants. However, a study involving more than a thousand soil samples across gradients of both flood frequency and Tamarix density concluded that "flooding may be the most important factor for assessing floodplain salinity" and "soils under Tamarix canopies had lower surface soil salinity than open areas deprived of flooding suggesting that surface evaporation may contribute more to surface soil salinity than Tamarix ". Tamarix species are commonly believed to disrupt

465-587: The understory , due to low light, elevated salinity, and possibly changes to the soil biota . Box elder ( Acer negundo , a native riparian tree) seedlings survive and grow under higher-shade conditions than Tamarix seedlings, and mature Tamarix specimens die after 1–2 years of 98% shade, indicating a pathway for successional replacement of Tamarix by box elder. Anthropogenic activities that preferentially favor tamarisk (such as changes to flooding regimens) are associated with infestation. To date, Tamarix has taken over large sections of riparian ecosystems in

496-544: The 30th centuries   BC. In a 2013 study based on radiocarbon dates , the accession of Hor-Aha , the second king of the First Dynasty, was placed between 3111 and 3045 BC with 68% confidence, and between 3218 and 3035 with 95% confidence. The same study placed the accession of Den , the sixth king of the dynasty, between 2928 and 2911 BC with 68% confidence, although a 2023 radiocarbon analysis placed Den's accession potentially earlier, between 3011 and 2921, within

527-412: The analysis too found clear change from earlier craniometric trends, as "lower Egyptian, Maghrebian, and European patterns are observed also, thus making for great diversity". The gene flow and movement of northern officials to the important southern city may explain the findings. Human sacrifice was practiced as part of the funerary rituals associated with all of the pharaohs of the first dynasty. It

558-604: The archeological evidence and the other historical records: Manetho names nine rulers of the First Dynasty, only one of whose names matches the other sources, and offers information for only four of them. Egyptian hieroglyphs were fully developed by then, and their shapes would be used with little change for more than three thousand years. Alena Buis noted: "Large tombs of pharaohs at Abydos and Naqada , in addition to cemeteries at Saqqara and Helwan near Memphis , reveal structures built largely of wood and mud bricks, with some small use of stone for walls and floors. Stone

589-425: The habitat is altered by controlling flood regimes and disturbance of water sources. Because the trees are able to concentrate salts on the outside of their leaves, dense stands of the tree will form a layer of high salinity on the topsoil as the leaves are shed. Although this layer is easily washed off during flooding events, in areas where the rivers are channelled and floods are controlled, this salty layer inhibits

620-529: The identity of the next few rulers is unclear. Surviving sources might be giving the Horus name or the Nebty name and the birth names of these rulers. They may also be entirely different individuals, or could be legendary names. This might never be resolved. It has been theorised that following the reign of Nynetjer , the country was split and ruled by two successors due to the overly complex state administration of

651-561: The national park system. Various attempts to control tamarisk have been implemented on federal lands including Dinosaur National Monument , San Andres National Wildlife Refuge , and White Sands Missile Range . After years of study, the USDA Agricultural Research Service found that the introduced tamarisk beetles ( Diorhabda elongata ) eat only the tamarisk, and starve when no more is available, not eating any plants native to North America. The tamarisk

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682-427: The recruitment of Salix and Populus tree species, in the latter case possibly due to interfering with the trees ability to form symbiotic relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in contrast to the grass and legume species studied in 2013. Because it is much more efficient at both obtaining water from drying soil and conserving water during drought, it can outcompete many native species, especially after

713-601: The ritual practice of retainer sacrifice originated from the southern region in the Middle Nile. Ehret also stated that this cultural practice was shared with the Kerma kingdom of the Upper Nubian Nile region. Known rulers in the history of Egypt for the First Dynasty are as follows: (or ruled as regent to her son Den or ruled as both king/queen and regent). Merneith was buried close to Djet and Den. Her tomb

744-533: The southwestern USA, most stands studied appear to be burning at faster intervals than they can fully mature and die of natural causes. Tamarix species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora asthenella which feeds exclusively on T. africana . In some specific riparian habitats in the Southwestern United States and California , Tamarix ramosissima has naturalized and become

775-518: The stem. They are often encrusted with salt secretions. The pink to white flowers appear in dense masses on 5–10 cm (2" to 4") long spikes at branch tips from March to September, though some species (e.g., T. aphylla ) tend to flower in the summer until as late as November. Tamarix aphylla can spread both vegetatively , by submerged stems producing adventitious roots, and sexually, by seeds . Each flower can produce thousands of tiny (1 mm; 1/20" diameter) seeds that are contained in

806-534: The structure and stability of North American native plant communities and degrade native wildlife habitat, by outcompeting and replacing native plant species, salinizing soils, monopolizing limited sources of moisture, and increasing the frequency, intensity, and effect of fires and floods . While individual plants may not consume larger quantities of water than native species, large, dense stands of tamarisk do consume more water than equivalent stands of native cottonwoods . An active and ongoing debate exists as to when

837-540: The tamarisk can out-compete native plants, and if it is actively displacing native plants or it just taking advantage of disturbance by removal of natives by humans and changes in flood regimens. Pest populations of tamarisk in the United States can be dealt with in several ways. The National Park Service has used the methods of physically removing the plants, spraying them with herbicides , and introducing northern tamarisk beetles ( Diorhabda carinulata ) in

868-421: The western United States that were once home to native cottonwoods and willows, and are projected by some to spread well beyond the current range. In a 2013 study which examined if native plant growth was hindered by the microbiota associated with the presence of Tamarix , a relatively new invasive plant to the northern United States, Elymus lanceolatus and other native plants in fact grew better when

899-419: The whole of Egypt. The following list contains various king names from different sources: With the last ruler, the sources return to an agreement: Manetho states Thinis was the capital, as in the First Dynasty, but the first three kings were buried at Saqqara , suggesting the center of power had moved to Memphis . Beyond this, little can be said about the events during this period as the annual records on

930-736: Was introduced to the United States as an ornamental shrub, a windbreak , and a shade tree in the early 19th century. In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, tree-planting was used as a tool to fight soil erosion on the Great Plains, and different trees were planted by the millions in the Great Plains Shelterbelt , including salt cedars. Eight species are found in North America. They can be divided into two subgroups: Tamarix aphylla (Athel tree),

961-491: Was used in quantity for the manufacture of ornaments, vessels, and occasionally, for statues. Tamarix ("tamarisk" or "salt cedar") was used to build boats such as the Abydos boats . One of the most important indigenous woodworking techniques was the fixed mortise and tenon joint. A fixed tenon was made by shaping the end of one timber to fit into a mortise (hole) that is cut into a second timber. A variation of this joint using

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