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33-526: The Buenos Aires Convention (Third Pan-American Convention ) is an international copyright treaty signed in Buenos Aires , Argentina, on 11 August 1910, providing mutual recognition of copyrights where the work carries a notice containing a statement of reservation of rights (Art. 3). This was commonly done with the phrase " All rights reserved " ( Spanish : Todos los derechos reservados ; Portuguese : Todos os direitos reservados ) next to

66-559: Is an aspect that the other countries soon realized, and through the conferences, attempted to prevent this from occurring. However, when President Garfield was assassinated , Blaine was removed from his post and the process for creating the Pan-American Conference was slowed down. Eventually, through the lobbying of Congress, Blaine was able to schedule the first Pan-American Conference in January 1889. First used in

99-637: The New York Evening Post in 1888, the term " Pan-Americanism " was coined. Pan-Americanism refers to the movement toward commercial, social, economic, military, and political cooperation among the nations of North, Central, and South America. The term was largely used the following year at the First International Conference of American States in Washington D.C. 1889-90. International summits have been held in

132-588: The Paraguayan War (1865–1870) to defeat Paraguay , and Chile defeated Peru and Bolivia in the War of the Pacific (1879–1883). However, during that period, Pan-Americanism existed in the form of a series of Inter-American Conferences— Panama (1826), Lima (1847), Santiago (1856), and Lima (1864). The meetings' main objective was to provide for a common defense. The first modern Pan-American gathering

165-687: The Roosevelt Corollary . Under this new interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine, opposition to European expansion continued, but in the event of "bad behavior" on the part of Latin American countries, "is was [now] the obligation of the United States to intervene in order to prevent European action." Meanwhile, U.S. diplomats were also pursuing a contrasting policy of Pan-Americanism—a political movement that sought to promote

198-469: The copyright notice . This implementation varied as US law only required the author and year of publishing. Copyright protection under the convention is granted for the shorter of the terms of the protecting country and the source country of the work (" rule of the shorter term ", Arts. 6, 7). The rather vague nature of the requirement for a statement of reservation led to the development of longer and more legalistic wordings, which have persisted despite

231-564: The invasion of the Dominican Republic , 1965), and human rights ( Inter-American Court of Human Rights , 1979). The American states also adopted a series of diplomatic and political rules, which were not always respected or fulfilled, governing relations between the countries like arbitration of disputes, peaceful resolution of conflicts, military non-intervention, equality among the member states of each organism, and in their mutual relations, decisions through resolutions approved by

264-425: The "Western Hemisphere", Secretary of State James. G. Blaine determined that if the United States were to be the country that put forward the idea of a Union of America, the United States would hold the upper hand and would be able to guide the agenda as well as carry heavy weight in major decision-makings. Another reason for this union was for the United States to be financially benefited from the other countries – this

297-571: The ' Monroe Doctrine ' which would eventually influence Secretary of State James G. Blaine to push for the creation of the Pan-American Conferences. In this speech, President Monroe stated that any further attempts by the Europeans to colonize the American continent (North, Central and South) would be seen as an act of aggression and would risk intervention by the United States. This doctrine was set in place in order to ensure that

330-537: The 1800s, United States President James Monroe announced in 1823 the establishment of the Monroe Doctrine , which implied that any further imperial actions into the Western Hemisphere by European countries would be unilaterally opposed by the United States. Subjugation under former imperial and colonial rule was a shared experience for most American nations, and this formed an important pillar of

363-755: The 20th century, US President Franklin Roosevelt embraced a robust formulation of Pan-Americanism during World War II through the establishment of the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs . Following his Good Neighbor Policy , Roosevelt endeavored to foster the development of peaceful commercial and cultural relations between the American Republics through the skillful use of cultural diplomacy . The intended liberalization of commercial intercourse did not occur, but collaboration

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396-701: The Berne Convention. It remains in force, notably for determining the source country of a work and hence the term of protection which is applicable in countries which apply the "rule of the shorter term": when a work is simultaneously published in a Convention State and a non-Convention State, the Convention State will be taken to be the source country regardless of the term of protection in the non-Convention State. Sources : U.S. Copyright Office , UNESCO , WIPO Pan-American Convention On 2 December 1823, President James Monroe delivered

429-760: The Corollary and viewed U.S. foreign policy regarding national sovereignty as hypocritical, Washington continued to push back against any formal attempts by countries in Latin America to establish a standard interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine and its Corollary—that is, any attempt to "Pan-Americanize" the Monroe Doctrine and apply national sovereignty rights equally to all countries in the Americas. In 2019, 15.1 and 14.6 percent of all US imports were exchanged with Canada and Mexico, respectively. A significant portion of these imports involved food products. At 76%,

462-414: The Monroe Doctrine and consequently Pan-Americanism, where there was relatively unified opposition toward further inward imperial conquest by European nations. Although the Monroe Doctrine originally declared U.S. opposition to new European expansion in the Americas, the United States used its increased influence in the region to promote its own strategic interests. Throughout the 1800s, the Monroe Doctrine

495-527: The U.S. government countered attempts by Latin Americans to enshrine the principles behind the Monroe Doctrine and Corollary in international law, instead favoring a form of American (United States) exceptionalism that allowed continued intervention by the United States in Latin American affairs to protect U.S. interests. While many Latin American countries and intellectuals immediately criticized

528-607: The U.S. incursion into Mexico. Although the United States were in the middle of a war with Mexico at the time of the conference, the United States was permitted to send a representative to serve as a symbol of unity to the forces present outside of the Americas (mainly Europe). The Third Latin American Conference in September 1856 in Santiago Although this conference only consisted of two meetings, it

561-560: The U.S. representatives failed to attend the conference. Titled the Panama Congress, the countries agreed to unite, convene with each other on a regular basis and provide financial and military backing to the treaty. The Second Latin American Conference, December 1847 – March 1, 1848 in Lima, Peru The Latin American Conference in Lima, Peru was in response to two threats: the fear of Spanish designs upon South America's west coast and

594-677: The UCC (which only Honduras never did). As of 23 August 2000  ( 2000-08-23 ) , all parties to the Buenos Aires Convention are also parties to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works , which provides for mutual recognition of copyright without any formalities (Art. 5.2 Berne). The Buenos Aires Convention became a "special agreement" in the terms of Article 20 of

627-639: The United States and the Dominican Republic in 1884 was never ratified by the United States, leading the Dominican to state they were not at liberty to enter a new discussion. Treaties for arbitration of disputes and adjustment of tariffs were adopted, and the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics , which later became the Pan-American Union , was established. Subsequent meetings were held in various South American cities. In

660-407: The colonies that were currently in place (and independent) would remain that way and to ensure that America would be able to remain independent of each other and yet bond each other together at the same time. This unofficial union of the countries that comprised North, Central and South America would allow for relationships to slowly develop between the countries. In an attempt to solidify the idea of

693-531: The developments in international copyright law . The convention is specifically retained by the Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) of 6 September 1952 (Art. 18 Geneva Act), with the most recent formulation taking precedence in case of conflict. As the Buenos Aires Convention was not modified, the presence of a simple copyright notice was sufficient to ensure mutual recognition of copyright between countries which became parties to

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726-590: The early 19th century, and soon, the United States declared through the Monroe Doctrine a new policy concerning interference by Europe in the affairs of the Americas . In the 19th century, South American military nationalism came to the fore. Venezuela and Ecuador withdrew in 1830 from Gran Colombia , the Central American Federation collapsed in 1838, Argentina and Brazil fought continually over Uruguay , all three combined in

759-587: The first Latin American Conference took place in Panama. Bolivar wanted to unite all of Latin America together in order to prevent invasion by the United States as well as other major powers at that time. The United States was permitted to send representatives, and President John Quincy Adams supported the initiative, but the United States Congress was slow to provide funding for the delegation and

792-643: The following cities: Pan-American Conferences trace their origins back to earlier Pan-American summits. The four Latin American Conferences took place prior to the Pan-American Conferences but were highly influential in the campaign to create the Pan-American Union. They are as follows: Congress of Panama on June 22, 1826 in Panama City Initiated by general Simon Bolivar (a Venezuelan political and military leader),

825-586: The intervention that had taken place by mostly European powers. At this time, there had been an increased amount of interaction between Latin America and the United States through the actions that the European powers took regarding the Dominican Republic, Mexico and the Chincha Islands . Pan-Americanism Pan-Americanism is a movement that seeks to create, encourage, and organize relationships, an association (a Union), and cooperation among

858-615: The majority, the recognition of diplomatic asylum, the Private International Law Code ( Bustamante Code , 1928), the inter-American system of human rights ( American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man , 1948; Inter-American Commission on Human Rights , 1959; and the 2001 Inter-American Democratic Charter of the Organization of American States ). Serving as a core principle of U.S. foreign policy in

891-423: The respect of national sovereignty, continental cooperation and further integration. These conflicting foreign policy objectives launched by the U.S. government created intense discourse among U.S. and Latin American leaders regarding hemispheric anti-interventionist policies and doctrines at future Pan-American Conferences . Despite the push by U.S. diplomats for further integrated and unified American continents,

924-487: The south, there were co-operative efforts. Francisco Morazán briefly headed a Federal Republic of Central America . Early South American Pan-Americanists were also inspired by the American Revolutionary War, in which a suppressed and colonized society struggled, united, and gained independence. In the United States, Henry Clay and Thomas Jefferson set forth the principles of Pan-Americanism in

957-468: The states of the Americas , through diplomatic, political, economic, and social means. Following the independence of the United States of America in 1776 and the independence of Haiti in 1804, the struggle for independence after 1810 by the nations of Hispanic America evoked a sense of unity, especially in South America , where, under Simón Bolívar in the north and José de San Martín in

990-537: Was called due to the worry that the Latin Americans had towards the United States regarding their want of more territory and this time the United States was not invited. There was an attempt at signing a Continental Treaty but it fell through due to disagreements between the delegates. The fourth Latin American Conference in November 1864 in Lima, Peru Failed in its attempts to make any agreements regarding

1023-827: Was extended to a series of areas, such as health ( Pan-American Health Organization , established 1902), geography and history ( Pan-American Institute of Geography and History , 1928), child protection and children's rights (International American Institute for the Protection of Children, 1927), rights of the woman ( Inter-American Commission of Women , 1928), indigenous policies (Inter-American Indigenist Institute, 1940), agriculture (Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences), collective continental defense ( Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance , 1947), economic aid ( Inter-American Development Bank , 1959), infrastructure works ( Pan-American Highway ) and peacekeeping (the Inter-American Peace Force after

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1056-555: Was invoked multiple times in the Americas, including during the annexation of Texas (1845), the Mexican-U.S. War (1845–1848), and the 1861 Spanish Invasion of Santo Domingo. In almost all cases, U.S. influence increased in the region and the U.S. government's policy toward Latin America became more expansionist in nature. In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt added a "Corollary" to the Doctrine, which would later become known as

1089-593: Was the or First International Conference of American States held in 1889-90 at Washington D.C ., with the New York Evening Post first using the term in 1882 and creating traction for support of the term with its continuous usage, leading to other newspapers to use the term after the conference. All countries invited joined the conference, except for the Dominican Republic because a treaty of arbitration and commercial reciprocity between

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