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39-722: Its creation was inspired by the founding of the World's Congress of Representative Women meeting on the occasion of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Several women from Germany attended this event: Anna Simson, Hanna Bieber-Böhm, Auguste Förster, Käthe Schirmacher . They took the example of the American National Council of Women as a model for the BDF. The International Council of Women also played

78-647: A lecturer in education at Peoria College, and in this capacity played a role in setting up the Illinois state school system. Bonney moved to Chicago in 1860. In 1866, he became a judge of the Supreme Court of Illinois . He participated in the foundation of the International Law and Order League in Toronto in 1880, and later served as that organization's president from 1885 to 1893. Bonney

117-684: A role in strengthening the co-operation between the NCW and the BDF. The first board was composed of: In 1896 they were joined by: Among others, the Reifensteiner Association was among the members. The Nazi rise to power, in 1933, led to their with the assertion of control over women's associations. Such groups involving communists or socialists were forbidden, and members were arrested or even assassinated in rare cases. All associations were asked to turn in Jewish members, including

156-695: A variety of political, social and technical agendas; the women's branch held just one congress. Of all the congresses at the World's Columbian Exposition, the World's Congress of Representative Women was the most highly attended. The inception of the World's Congress of Representative Women may be traced back to February, 1891, when the National Council of Women of the United States , then in session in Washington, D.C. , decided to recommend to

195-486: A wider circle were Henriette Schrader-Breymann , Anna Von Helmholtz , Hedwig Heyl , Elisabet Kaselowsky , Lina Morgenstern , Helene Lange , Lucie Crain , Dr. Henriette Hirschfeld-Tiburtius , Frau Direktor Iessen, Claire Schubert-Feder. , Ph.D.; Ulrike Henschke , Fräulein von Hobe, and Hanna Bieber-Böhm . Sewall supplemented her work in Berlin by a visit to Hamburg , where she was granted an extended interview with

234-587: The Union of Protestant Women , the Association for Home and Countryside , the Union of German Colonial Women , and the Union of Queen Louise . But soon, the majority of the organizations disbanded or chose among themselves to disappear, like the BDF which dissolved in 1933 to avoid being controlled. Some of the affiliated associations joined the Deutsches Frauenwerk . Membership steadily grew in

273-1042: The Vaterländischer Frauenverein , the Edelweiss Verein, the Victoria Haus, the Victoria Lyceum, the Pestalossi Froebel-Verein, the Künstlerinnen- und Schriftstellerinnen-Verein, the Mädchen Realschule-Verein, and the Volksküchen. Many of these enjoy the protection of the Empress Frederick. Among the women who were most responsive to her appeals and most influential in spreading a knowledge of the movement among

312-774: The "Department of Woman's Progress" in the general programme of the World's Congress Auxiliary, was under the direct supervision of the Woman's Branch of the Auxiliary, of which Bertha Palmer was president and Ellen Martin Henrotin, vice-president. The work of organization was committed, under the supervision of those officers, to a general committee composed of the following women: May Wright Sewall, chair; Rachel Foster Avery, secretary; Frances Willard , Dr. Sarah Hackett Stevenson , Dr. Julia Holmes Smith , Lydia Avery Coonley , Elizabeth Boynton Harbert , and Mary Spalding Brown. Women at

351-565: The Board of Lady Managers, the World's Congress Auxiliary, with its Woman's Branch, and the National and International Councils of Women, these bodies being naturally confounded continually, and almost hopelessly, by those who heard of them only through the vague paragraphs of the foreign press; second, to impart a clear understanding of the magnitude of the proposed congress, both as a whole and in its infinite details and subdivisions; third, to show

390-503: The Empress Frederick, who showed herself deeply interested in the plan of the proposed congress, and declared herself ready to aid by every means in her power in securing an adequate representation of German women in its deliberations. In Brussels , Sewall addressed the Ligue belge du droit des femmes ("Belgian Woman's Rights League"), an influential organization, whose leaders were Marie Popelin and Louis Frank . Popelin and Frank advanced

429-420: The National and International Councils of Women, the essential features of which were already well known abroad, and served to divest the idea of a World's Congress of Women of much of the strangeness it would otherwise have assumed in the minds of foreign women. The main objects to be accomplished in this foreign work were as follows: First, to make clear the distinction between the World's Columbian Exposition,

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468-636: The U.S. and other countries, and especially with the executive officers of every national body of women at home and abroad, preparing the way for the selection and appointment of prominent women from every nation on the Advisory Councils, for the selection of persons to prepare papers for the General Congress and reports for the Report Congresses, and for the formal enrollment of all national organizations of women as members of

507-548: The Woman's Branch of the World's Congress Auxiliary. This invitation was supplemented by a similar one from Ellen Martin Henrotin (Mrs. Charles Henrotin), vice-president of the Woman's Branch of the World's Congress Auxiliary, who also was in attendance at the Council sessions. In pursuance of the plan thus initiated, the U.S. officers of the International Council obtained the consent of the foreign officers to

546-428: The Woman's Building on Monday morning, May 15, 1893, immediately after the general opening of the World's Congress series, and adjourned Sunday evening, May 21, 1893. There were 76 sessions and over 600 participants. The greatest interest was manifested by participants from all parts of the world, and the aggregate attendance for the week was over 150,000. While the officers of the World's Congress Auxiliary provided for

585-503: The World's Congress Auxiliary Building and listened to speeches given by almost 500 women from 27 countries. The World's Congress of Representative Women was arranged, sponsored and promoted by the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Congress Auxiliary, under the guidance of President Bertha Palmer , the wife of prominent Chicagoan Potter Palmer . The men of the Auxiliary formed seventeen departments and held more than 100 congresses with

624-523: The World's Congress achieved the goals they sought. They had come from each state in the Union to staff and run offices, gather and spend resources, pay their workers, sign contracts; all without going into debt as had many of the men's subcommittees. Germany Charles C. Bonney Charles Carroll Bonney (1831–1903) was an American lawyer, judge, teacher, author, and orator based in Chicago . He

663-401: The World's Congress of Representative Women, entitled to send delegates thereto and to hold department congresses in connection therewith. The responses to the appeals thus made by the secretary were so prompt and so generally sympathetic that it became immediately evident that a wide-spread interest was aroused, and that the success of the congress was assured. Every precaution was taken to place

702-498: The World's Religions , held in conjunction with the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. Over 200 "World's Congresses" or "World's Parliaments" were held in conjunction with the World's Columbian Exposition (besides the Parliament of the World's Religions, there were also congresses of anthropology, labor, medicine, temperance, commerce and finance, literature, history, art, philosophy, and science). Bonney served as president of

741-661: The cause of women in Belgium. In Paris , Sewall spoke in the Hall of the Mairie St. Sulpice to a large audience, and devoted the following fourteen days to conferences with the leaders among the women of Paris, singly and in groups. In addition to the interest aroused in these influential groups of German, Belgian, and French women by the visit and personal solicitations of the chairman of the Committee of Arrangements, wide publicity

780-469: The combined World Congresses. Bonney published several books in his lifetime, the most notable of which were his Handbook of the Law of Railway Carriers , Summary of the Law of Insurance , The World's Parliament of Religions , and The World's Congress Addresses . Bonney took ill in 1900, and, after three years' sickness, died of paralysis on August 23, 1903 in Chicago. His daughter, Callie Bonney Marble ,

819-480: The convening of the congress. The series of World's Congresses which convened in Chicago during the World's Columbian Exposition under the auspices of the World's Congress Auxiliary were opened by a "Congress of the Representative Women of all Lands". This Congress was, without doubt, the largest and most representative gathering of women ever convened in the U.S. or any other country. It assembled in

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858-418: The exact nature of the papers and reports desired from European delegates, and the character of the subjects to be treated ; fourth, to stimulate the foreign women to appoint delegates from organizations already existing, and to form new organizations to be represented in like manner; fifth, to encourage individuals to come to Chicago whether connected with organized bodies or not; sixth, to endeavor to reach

897-412: The first twenty years: World%27s Congress of Representative Women The World's Congress of Representative Women was a week-long convention for the voicing of women's concerns, held within the World's Congress Auxiliary Building in conjunction with the World's Columbian Exposition ( Chicago , May 1893). At 81 meetings, organized by women from each of the United States, 150,000 people came to

936-468: The general European public through reports, interviews, and articles published in the European press; and, seventh, to combat unceasingly not only the general apathy in regard to a project so remote in time and place, but also the specific objections everywhere encountered, based upon the date chosen for the congress, which did not fall within the foreign vacation period, upon the length, hazard, and cost of

975-526: The home and foreign press, and through private and official correspondence, in the early summer of 1891, the documents bearing date May 31, 1891. In due time, as the plan of the World's Congress Auxiliary developed, the officers of the National Council of Women of the United States entered into correspondence with the Hon. Charles C. Bonney , president of the World's Congress Auxiliary, requesting that

1014-545: The interests of the council in Europe during the summer of 1892, with a view to increase foreign interest in the proposed meeting of the International Council of Women in Chicago in May 1893. After this proposed meeting of the International Council of Women had been merged into the greater project of a World's Congress of Representative Women under the auspices of the World's Congress Auxiliary, Sewall naturally devoted herself, during

1053-604: The journey, and upon the grossly exaggerated reports of the expense of living in Chicago, and the heat of Chicago summers. In Berlin, Sewall devoted a month to personal interviews with women prominent in philanthropy and education, and to informal conferences with groups of ladies representing, among other organizations, the following: the Scheppeler- Lette Verein , the Frauenwohl , the Jugendschutz,

1092-402: The liberal participation of women in other departments of thought, like Education, Science, Music, Religion, Moral and Social Reform, Government, they also decided to give a full week to a Woman's Congress for the purpose of presenting to the people of the world the wonderful progress of women throughout the world in the many departments of intellectual activity. This Congress, which represented

1131-490: The movement on the broadest possible plane, and thus to allay any apprehensions of unfair treatment that might arise on the part of weaker or younger organizations. After the simple facts regarding the inception of the plan had been stated, all organizations were placed upon exactly the same level, and all official documents issued reiterated in appropriate terms the assurance that all organizations, whether large or small in membership and influence, stood upon an equal footing in

1170-529: The officers of the International Council of Women that the first quinquennial session of the International Council should be held in Chicago in the summer of 1893 instead of in London as originally intended. This decision was reinforced by the very cordial invitation of Mrs. Palmer, who attended the sessions of the National Council as the delegate of the Board of Lady Managers, and as president of

1209-412: The opportunities granted to each by the committee charged with the preparations for the programme of the great congress. The spirit of fairness was so manifest in all the preliminary work of the committee that organization after organization gave in its formal adhesion to the congress, until scarcely a national woman's organization in the United States or in Europe stood aloof. The most important document

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1248-487: The proposed change from London to Chicago. The Executive Committee of the National Council of Women of the United States pledged the National Council to entertain free of expense all foreign delegates while in attendance upon the proposed meeting of the International Council. The call for the meeting of the International Council in Chicago was promptly issued, accompanied by the pledge of entertainment above referred to, and both call and pledge were given wide publicity through

1287-406: The quinquennial meeting of the International Council of Women, announced for the summer of 1893, should be adopted as one of the series of congresses organized by the Auxiliary, with the understanding that its scope should be enlarged to the greatest possible extent; that it should take the name of “The World's Congress of Representative Women;" and that it should be subject to the same rules and enjoy

1326-438: The same privileges as the other congresses in the series. This formal application from the officers of the National Council of Women of the United States was made by its president, May Wright Sewall , of Indianapolis , under date of May 29, 1892. The executive committee of the National Council of Women, at a meeting held in Chicago on May 9 and 10, had authorized the president of the council, Mrs. May Wright Sewall, to represent

1365-471: The three months spent in Germany, Belgium, and France, in the ensuing summer, to awakening among the prominent women with whom she came in contact an interest in the proposed World's Congress of Representative Women. While invested with no official authority to represent the Auxiliary, Sewall was greatly aided in her efforts by her position as chairman of the Committee of Arrangements, and by her connection with

1404-527: Was best known for serving as president of the World's Congresses at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. Charles C. Bonney was born in Hamilton, New York on September 4, 1831. He was schooled in Hamilton, and attended Colgate University , eventually receiving his LL.D. After a brief stint as a teacher in Hamilton, Bonney moved to Peoria, Illinois , where he founded a school. In 1852, he became

1443-527: Was given to her addresses by the press of France, Russia, Belgium, England, and Italy, and thus the scope of the great congress was made known to many thousands of European women of influence in their respective localities. Sewall returned to the U.S. early in September. Meanwhile, Rachel Foster Avery , in her office at Somerton, Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , was planning and carrying out a voluminous and searching correspondence with prominent individuals in

1482-700: Was president of the Illinois State Bar Association in 1882. He was also active in the American Bar Association , serving as Vice President in 1887, and in that capacity gaining notoriety in the press, with many journalists calling for Bonney to be appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States . A member of the New Jerusalem Church , Bonney played an active role in organizing the Parliament of

1521-608: Was the Preliminary Address, issued in September, 1892. It was distributed in French and in English versions by tens of thousands--not at random, but to carefully selected addresses in every country. It was reprinted from time to time substantially without change, either alone or as a part of more comprehensive statements, as the needs of the work required, the last edition bearing date April 12, 1893, about four weeks before

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