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23-554: Bylas ( Western Apache : Hago'teełe ) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Graham County , Arizona , United States, located within the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation . As of the 2010 census , its population was 1,962. The community has a medical clinic, a police substation, and a market. Bylas is an Apache settlement divided into two communities, one of

46-432: A fundamental aspect of Western Apache communication, allowing for what Basso describes as an appropriation of "mythic significance" for "specialized social ends" via the practice of "speaking with names." Place names can be descriptive or commemorative or a means of identifying clans. Social groups will often use place names as a way to communicate. For example, they use place names to explain what happened to them: If there

69-428: A prominent Western Apache linguist, writes that the ancestors frequently traveled for food, and the need to remember specific places was "facilitated by the invention of hundreds of descriptive placenames that were intended to depict their referents in close and exact detail." Basso also writes that place names provide descriptions of specific locations and also "positions for viewing these locations." The place names are

92-431: A word, a phrase, or one or more sentences. An interesting feature of this writing system is that it includes symbols for nonverbal actions as well as verbal speech. Symbols can either be "compound" or "non-compound". Compound symbols consist of two symbols being combined in order to form a new symbol. Non-compound symbols are symbols that are not combination of two separate symbols. The "names" of non-compound symbols are

115-519: Is a story linked to the location, they can relate to it or use it as a warning. This use of place names is known in the culture as "shooting with stories," as they shoot one another with stories like arrows of information. There are 31 consonants in Western Apache: Western Apache utilizes unaffricated stops. Willem de Reuse explains, "Unaffricated stop consonants are produced in three locations: bilabial, alveolar, velar. At

138-418: Is a system of symbols created in 1904 by Silas John Edwards to record 62 prayers that he believed came to him from heaven. A Silas John prayer-text is a set of graphic symbols written on buckskin or paper. The symbols are arranged in horizontal lines which are read from left to right in descending order. Symbols are separated by a space, and each symbol corresponds to a single line of prayer, which may consist of

161-501: Is voiceless, as indicated by the absence of any energy in the spectrograms during the closure phase." There are 16 vowels in Western Apache: An acute accent /á/ represents a vowel with a high tone. Low-toned vowels are not marked. Phonetic Semantic signs are divided into two sub-parts: a logographs (denoting only one word) and phraseographs (denoting one or more words). The only writing system native to Western Apache

184-651: The Köppen Climate Classification system, Bylas has a semi-arid climate , abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. Western Apache language Goodwin (1938) claims that Western Apache can be divided into five dialect groupings: Other researchers do not find any linguistic evidence for five groups but rather three main varieties with several subgroupings: Western Apache is most closely related to other Southern Athabaskan languages like Navajo , Chiricahua Apache , Mescalero Apache , Lipan Apache , Plains Apache , and Jicarilla Apache . In 2011,

207-575: The San Carlos Apache Tribe's Language Preservation Program in Peridot, Arizona , began its outreach to the "14,000 tribal members residing within the districts of Bylas , Gilson Wash , Peridot and Seven Mile Wash", only 20% of whom still speak the language fluently. The geographic locations of events are crucial components to any Western Apache story or narrative. All Western Apache narratives are spatially anchored to points upon

230-793: The Western Apache . The work was also the 1996 Western States Book Award Winner in Creative Nonfiction. In this ethnography, Basso expressed his hope that anthropologists will spend more time investigating how places and spaces are perceived and experienced; for human relationships to geographical places are rich, deeply felt, and profoundly telling. Basso was married to Gayle Potter. In his 1988 article 'Speaking with Names', he acknowledged her as 'partner in fieldwork as in everything else, whose steady encouragement, graceful acumen, and sheer good sense helped immeasurably in moving things.' Basso died from cancer on August 4, 2013, at

253-569: The White Mountain Apache, the other of San Carlos and Southern Tonto Apache. It is named for Bylas (a.k.a. Bailish ) a chief of the Eastern White Mountain Apache band. Bylas' population in 1960 was estimated as 500. Bylas appeared on the 1970 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. In 1980, it was made a census-designated place (CDP). In 2000, it did not initially appear on the census returns, but

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276-479: The alveolar and velar places of articulation, there are three possibilities: aspirated, ejective, and unaspirated. The voiceless unaspirated alveolars are characteristically realized as taps in intervocalic environments other than stem-initial position. The bilabial stops are more restricted. Ejective bilabial stops do not occur, and aspirated bilabial stops are rarely attested, surfacing primarily, if not exclusively, in borrowed words. The closure for three alveolar stops

299-523: The census viewer page later returned a population of 1,147. It appeared normally again as a CDP on the 2010 returns. The road is served by U.S. Route 70 . San Carlos Apache Nnee Bich'o Nii Transit provides transportation on the reservation and to Safford and Globe . Greyhound Lines serves Bylas on its Phoenix - El Paso via Globe route. Bylas is served by the Fort Thomas Unified School District . According to

322-420: The following actions: Basso also claims the practice of "speaking with names" can occur only between those with shared "knowledge of the same traditional narratives." He notes that though many elders in Western Apache communities, such as Cibecue, share this knowledge, younger generations of Western Apache "are ignorant of both placenames and traditional narratives in increasing numbers," which makes engaging in

345-407: The land, with precise depictions of specific locations, which is characteristic of many Native American languages. Basso called the practice of focusing on places in the language "speaking with names." According to Basso, the Western Apache practice of "speaking with names" expresses functional range and versatility. Basso claims that "a description of a place may be understood to accomplish all of

368-439: The phrases nato sentii and nato sen’a both of which may be translated broadly as "hand (me) the tobacco." The difference in meaning between the two verb forms is signaled by their stems: In short, the referent of the noun nato ("tobacco") is made more precise according to the stem with which it is coupled." The use of classificatory verbs is similar to that of nouns: the speaker must select an expression that corresponds to

391-672: The practice of "speaking with names" incredibly difficult. Western Apache is an endangered language, and there are efforts to increase the number of speakers. One method of teaching Western Apache is the Total Physical Response (TPR) Method, which focuses, especially in early instruction, on commands. That method is best for teaching the straightforward aspects of grammar, such as yes-and-no questions, and can be enhanced with further grammatical exercises. Many Western Apache place names that are currently in use are believed to be creations of Apache ancestors. Keith Basso ,

414-738: The rest of his time living and working on his ranch in Heber-Overgaard, Arizona . He retired at UNM in 2006. A classic contribution to ethnopoetics and the ethnography of speaking , Basso's 1979 book Portraits of the Whiteman examines complex cultural and political significance of jokes as a form of verbal art. Basso was awarded the Victor Turner Prize for Ethnographic Writing in 1997 for his ethnography , Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language Among

437-567: The same as the line of text that the symbols elicit. Because of this, the linguistic referent of a non-compound symbol is always the same as the meaning of the element that forms it and can be learned in a single operation. Western Apache uses a modified version of the Latin alphabet: Western Apache uses a classificatory verb system comparable to both the Jicarilla and Mescalero Apaches. Basso gives this example: "the stems –tii and –'a are used in

460-1136: The situation in the world he wishes to refer to. The speaker must place specific objects into categories and use the appropriate verb form in accordance with the particular category. Basso gives these examples of classifications for the Western Apache verb system: There are two features on this dimension: "animal" and "non-animal." There are two features on this dimension. There are three features on this dimension: "solid" (c1), "plastic" (c2), and "liquid" (c3). The second feature refers to moist, plastic substances such as mud, wet clay, etc., and might also have been defined as "neither solid nor liquid." There are three features on this dimension: "one" (d1), "two" (d2), and "more than two" (d3). There are two features on this dimension: "rigid" (e1), and "non-rigid" (e2). The Apache consider an object to be rigid ( nkliz ) if, when held at its edge or end, it does not bend. There are two features on this dimension: There are two features on this dimension: "portable" (g1) and "non-portable" (g2). Keith H. Basso Keith Hamilton Basso (March 15, 1940 – August 4, 2013)

483-613: The summer of 1959 in Arizona and began his 'passion for horses, history, and the language and lives of White Mountain Apaches '. He received his PhD in anthropology from Stanford University in 1967. In 1967, he started teaching at University of Arizona . Thereafter, in 1982, he moved to Yale University . He joined University of New Mexico (UNM) in 1988, and served as Regents Professor, followed by Distinguished Professor of Anthropology. At UNM, he taught one semester each year and spent

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506-615: Was a cultural and linguistic anthropologist noted for his study of the Western Apaches , specifically those from the community of Cibecue, Arizona . Basso was professor emeritus of anthropology at the University of New Mexico and earlier taught at the University of Arizona and Yale University . On 15 March 1940, Keith was born in Asheville, North Carolina to Etolia Simmons and Hamilton Basso . His mother, Etolia

529-779: Was a teacher. His father, Hamilton was a novelist, essayist, and editor, notably of The New Yorker . They both had roots in New Orleans. He moved with his parents to Connecticut when his father took a position as a staff writer for the New Yorker. At Connecticut, he engaged in fly fishing during the day and moved around his father's literary circle in the evenings. Early on, Keith was interested in reading literature and writing. His early inclination to anthropology started with Clyde Kluckhohn 's classes at Harvard University where he completed his undergraduate studies in 1962 with magna cum laude honours. During these years, he spent

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