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59-793: The town of Kirkenes lies on the shore of the fjord. The large island of Skogerøya lies on the western side of the fjord. The Bøkfjord Lighthouse is located in the mouth of the Bøkfjorden. This article about a location in Finnmark is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a fjord in Norway is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kirkenes Kirkenes ( Norwegian ; pronounced [ˈçɪ̂rkəneːs] ) , Girkonjárga ( Northern Sami ; pronounced [ˈkir̥ː.ko.ˌɲaːrːka] , or Kirkkoniemi   ( Kven )

118-477: A State of Defense (Verteidigungsfall) or against soldiers abroad or at sea. The existence of military courts, naval courts and air courts is provided for in the Constitution of Greece, which in article 96 paragraph 4 states that: "Special laws define: a. Those related to military courts, naval courts and air courts, to the jurisdiction of which private individuals cannot be subject". The first chapter of

177-473: A court martial during WWI, which he receives at the end of the story for disobeying orders and cowardice in the face of the enemy. Several courts-martial occur in the British naval TV series Warship , including notably that of Lieutenant Palfrey, a Royal Marines officer accused of killing a foreign officer during a military exercise, and that of Fleet Air Arm pilot Edward Glenn, brother of Alan Glenn, one

236-625: A court martial. Courts martial are provided for in the Constitution of Ireland , which states in Article 38.4.1 that: "Military tribunals may be established for the trial of offences against military law alleged to have been committed by persons while subject to military law and also to deal with a state of war or armed rebellion." There are three classes of courts martial in the Irish Defence Forces: Outside of

295-462: A standard court-martial which convenes whenever a ship is lost; this does not presume that the captain is suspected of wrongdoing, but merely that the circumstances surrounding the loss of the ship be made part of the official record. Most military forces maintain a judicial system that tries defendants for breaches of military discipline. Some countries like France have no courts-martial in times of peace and use civilian courts instead. Court-martial

354-590: Is Andersgrotta , a vast underground bunker built during World War II that provided shelter to the town's residents. Tours of the bunker are available. A pride parade held in 2017 in Kirkenes attracted participants from neighbouring Russia, who were unwilling to participate in LGBT events in Russia due to hostility from the government and police. In addition, the parade saw participants from Amnesty International and

413-631: Is a town in Sør-Varanger Municipality in Finnmark county, in the far northeastern part of Norway . The town lies on a peninsula along the Bøkfjorden , an arm of the large Varangerfjorden , and is located just a few kilometres from the Norway–Russia border . The 2.29-square-kilometre (570-acre) town has a population (2023) of 3,404 and a population density of 1,486 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,850/sq mi). When

472-515: Is a military base that is home to the Garrison of Sør-Varanger at Høybuktmoen . Connected to this base are the six border stations along the Russian border. This base and these border stations are there to protect against illegal immigrants as well as other illegal activities across the border. The only public border crossing is at Storskog , southeast of Kirkenes. In the city centre of Kirkenes

531-511: Is also at a point further east than Saint Petersburg . Unlike the vast majority of Norway, Kirkenes is located east of the neighbouring country of Finland. Because of this, travelling directly west from Kirkenes actually changes the time zone forwards instead of backwards, as it usually does. Travelling directly east from Kirkenes (into Russia) changes the time zone forward by an hour in summer, but by two in winter. When Russia implemented permanent daylight saving time between 2011 and 2014, there

590-469: Is hyphenated in US usage, whether used as a noun or verb. However, in British usage, a hyphen is used to distinguish between the noun, "court martial", and the verb, "to court-martial". Usually, a court-martial takes the form of a trial with a presiding judge, a prosecutor and a defense attorney (all trained lawyers as well as officers). The precise format varies from one country to another and may also depend on

649-465: Is northern taiga , with forest of pine and birch. The average date for the last overnight freeze (low below 0 °C (32.0 °F)) in spring is 26 May and average date for first freeze in autumn is 22 September giving a frost-free season of 116 days (Kirkenes Airport, 1981-2010 average). Kirkenes Airport is situated 5 km outside the town and has been recording since 1940. Kirkenes is close to Norway's border with Russia, and this location influences

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708-532: Is one of the Military Courts of the United Kingdom . The Armed Forces Act 2006 establishes the court martial as a permanent standing court. Previously courts-martial were convened on an ad hoc basis with several traditions, including usage of swords . The court martial may try any offence against service law . The court is made up of a judge advocate, and between three and seven (depending on

767-519: Is situated about 400 kilometres (250 mi) north of the Arctic Circle , resulting in midnight sun and polar night both lasting for sustained lengths of time depending on season. Kirkenes is located just east of the 30th meridian east . As a result, it is further east than Istanbul , which marks one of the European borders with Asia. The easternmost point of Norway and the municipality

826-723: Is the highest level military court (High Military Court, a special people's court executing the authority of the High People's Court) established by the People's Republic of China within the Chinese People's Liberation Army with jurisdiction over the nation's armed forces (including the People's Liberation Army and the People's Armed Police ), organized as a unit under the dual leadership of the Supreme People's Court and

885-518: The Cold War . The main church for Kirkenes is Kirkenes Church , located in the Haganes area of the town. [REDACTED] Kirkenes travel guide from Wikivoyage Court-martial A court-martial (plural courts-martial or courts martial , as "martial" is a postpositive adjective ) is a military court or a trial conducted in such a court. A court-martial is empowered to determine

944-569: The Israeli settlements , the West Bank remains under direct Israeli military rule , and under the jurisdiction of martial law in the form of military courts . The international community maintains that Israel does not have sovereignty in the West Bank, and considers Israel's control of the area to be the longest military occupation in modern history. The military court system for

1003-652: The Kirkenes Church was built here in 1862. Kirkenes was a village until 1998 when it received town status. During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany , Kirkenes was one of the many bases for the German Kriegsmarine and the Luftwaffe 's Jagdgeschwader 5 , and apart from that, the area served as a main base for supplies to the Murmansk front (see Lapland War ). Reportedly, Kirkenes

1062-618: The Netherlands , members of the military are tried by a special military section of the civilian court in Arnhem . This section consists of a military member and two civilian judges. The decision whether or not to prosecute is primarily made by the (civilian) attorney general . Service members of the New Zealand Defence Force are tried under a court martial for offences pertaining to the most serious offences against

1121-628: The Norwegian Helsinki Committee . Kirkenes's location on the Northeast Passage and the effect of climate change on sea ice have led to expressions of interest to develop port and transport infrastructure in the town, including from state-owned enterprises of China . Public reception to such projects in Kirkenes is mixed. Kirkenes is one end of the route of the Hurtigruten , which cruises daily up and down

1180-655: The Political and Legal Committee of the Central Military Commission . In Finland, the military has jurisdiction over two types of crimes: those that can be committed only by military personnel and those normal crimes by military persons where both the defendant and the victim are military persons or organizations and the crime has been defined in law as falling under military jurisdiction. The former category includes military offences such as various types of disobedience and absence without leave , while

1239-871: The Queen's Regulations and Orders as well as the National Defence Act . For members of the United States Armed Forces offenses are covered under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). These offences, as well as their corresponding punishments and instructions on how to conduct a court-martial, are explained in detail based on each country and/or service. In Canada, there is a two-tier military trial system. Summary trials are presided over by superior officers, while more significant matters are heard by courts martial, which are presided over by independent military judges serving under

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1298-422: The occupied territories , modeled partially on the British military court system set up in 1937, was established in 1967. Sociology professor Lisa Hajjar argues that Israeli military courts criminalize not only Palestinian violence, but also certain forms of expression deemed to threaten Israeli security. She states the incarceration rate of Palestinians is high compared to other states, and that Palestinians in

1357-479: The post mortem and memorial service, the bodies were returned to their homesteads. The majority of the inhabitants of Kirkenes are of a Norwegian background, and a minority are Sami . Others are originally from Finland, either members of the Kven population or of a newer influx of more or less recent Finnish immigrants. Also, about 500 people are relatively recent Russian immigrants . For several months in 2015,

1416-550: The Armed Forces Discipline Act 1971. Offences such as mutiny, murder, sexual offences, serious assaults, drug offences, or offences where the maximum punishment exceeds a 7-year prison term will be heard by court martial. Below this 7-year threshold the accused is dealt with by their commanding officer in what is known as a summary trial. During court martial the appointed judge is either a New Zealand High Court or District Court judge and they preside over

1475-610: The General Court Martial (GCM), District Court Martial (DCM), Summary General Court Martial (SGCM) and Summary Court Martial (SCM). According to the Army Act, army courts can try personnel for all kinds of offenses, except for murder and rape of a civilian, which are primarily tried by a civilian court of law. The President of India can use the judicial power under Article 72 of the constitution to pardon, reprieve, respite or remission of punishment or sentence given by

1534-550: The NZDF, or being sent to military or civilian prison. In Poland, military courts are military garrison courts and military district courts. They are criminal courts with jurisdiction over offences committed by soldiers in active military service, as well as certain offences committed by civilian military personnel and soldiers of the armed forces of foreign countries (Article 647 of the Code of Criminal Procedure ). Garrison courts rule in

1593-575: The Norway coast to and from Bergen . Kirkenes is served by Kirkenes Airport, Høybuktmoen . There are non-stop flights to Oslo , Vadsø , Vardø , Alta and Tromsø . The European route E6 highway has its northern terminus at Kirkenes. The northern terminus of the European route E105 highway is located in Hesseng, just south of the town. Kirkenes is also the terminus of Kirkenes–Bjørnevatn Line ,

1652-462: The Rules for Courts-Martial, Military Rules of Evidence, and other guidance. There are three types: Special, Summary, and General. In Herman Melville 's novella Billy Budd (first published 1924), the title character is convicted at a drumhead court-martial of striking and killing his superior officer on board HMS Indomitable , is sentenced to death, and is hanged. The novella has been adapted for

1711-460: The U.S. military for violations of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), which is the U.S. military's criminal code. However, they can also be convened for other purposes, including military tribunals and the enforcement of martial law in an occupied territory . Courts-martial are governed by the rules of procedure and evidence laid out in the Manual for Courts-Martial , which contains

1770-411: The West Bank are being treated as "foreign civilians". In Indonesia, any criminal offense conducted by military personnel will be held in trial by military court. There are four levels of military jurisdiction: The judges will receive temporary rank the same as the defendant if the rank of the defendant is higher than the judges. In Luxembourg, there are three levels of military jurisdiction: In

1829-694: The adjudicatory supervision of the Supreme Court (which, by the way, follows from Article 183(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland ), and the Minister of Justice has superior organizational and administrative supervision. In 2005, ex-AFP Major General Carlos Garcia ( PMA Class of 1971, assigned comptroller of the AFP was court martialled for violating two articles of the Articles of War for

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1888-668: The alleged Php 303 million Peso Money Laundering/Plunder and direct Bribery against him. Under the Singapore Armed Forces Act, any commissioned officer is allowed to represent servicemen when they are tried for military offences in the military courts. The cases are heard at the Court-Martial Centre at Kranji Camp II. Some of the courts martial in Singapore include that of Capt. G. R. Wadsworth in 1946 due to use of insubordinate language and, in

1947-421: The case to the local district attorney who commences prosecution. The crimes with military jurisdiction are handled by the civilian district court which has a special composition. In military cases, the court consists of a civilian legally trained judge and two military members: an officer and a warrant officer, an NCO or a private soldier. The verdict and the sentence are decided by a majority of votes. However,

2006-677: The coast, Kirkenes exhibits a more continental subarctic climate ( Dfc ) than further west along the Northern Norwegian coast. This is due to less maritime air from the west reaching across the land east to Kirkenes. The all-time high 32.7 °C (91 °F) was recorded in July 1972 and the record low −41.8 °C (−43 °F) in January 1999. The coldest low after 2000 was −32.7 °C (−27 °F) in February 2003. The vegetation

2065-616: The court cannot give a more severe sentence than the learned member supports. The appeals can be made as in civilian trials. If a court of appeals handles a military matter, it will have an officer member with at least a major's rank. The Supreme Court of Finland has, in military cases, two general officers as members. Courts-martial proper are instituted only during a war, by decree of the government. Such courts-martial have jurisdiction over all crimes committed by military persons. In addition, they may handle criminal cases against civilians in areas where ordinary courts have ceased operation, if

2124-424: The defendant's own unit. The civilian police has always the right to take the case from the military. If the case does not warrant a punishment greater than a fine or a disciplinary punishment, the punishment is given summarily by the company, battalion or brigade commander, depending on severity of the crime. If the brigade commander feels that the crime warrants a punishment more severe than he can give, he refers

2183-469: The first instance, appeals against their decisions and orders are heard by district courts, which also have first-instance jurisdiction in the most serious cases. The Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Court then acts as the second instance; in addition, cassation appeals against judgments rendered in the second instance are heard in the Criminal Chamber. The military courts are therefore subject to

2242-551: The guilt of members of the armed forces subject to military law , and, if the defendant is found guilty, to decide upon punishment. In addition, courts-martial may be used to try prisoners of war for war crimes . The Geneva Conventions require that POWs who are on trial for war crimes be subject to the same procedures as would be the holding military 's own forces. Finally, courts-martial can be convened for other purposes, such as dealing with violations of martial law , and can involve civilian defendants. Most navies have

2301-630: The history of war and peace along the Norwegian–Russian border, Sami art exhibitions by the artist John Savio (1902–1938), and a history of the mining industry in the area. The museum has a small shop and café. Almost every last Thursday of each month the Russian Market takes place on the central square where traders from Murmansk sell their merchandise. Here you can find everything from matryoshkas , linen cloths, and handicrafts, to Russian crystal and porcelain dishes. Just outside Kirkenes

2360-608: The independent Office of the Chief Military Judge. Appeals are heard by the Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada . Capital punishment in Canada was abolished generally in 1976, and for military offences in 1998. Harold Pringle was the last Canadian soldier executed pursuant to a court martial, in 1945, having been convicted of murder. The Military Court of the Chinese People's Liberation Army

2419-412: The latter category includes civilian crimes such as murder, assault, theft, fraud and forgery. However, war crimes and sexual crimes are not under military jurisdiction. In crimes where the military has jurisdiction, the military conducts the investigation. In non-trivial cases, this is done by the investigative section of Defence Command or by civilian police, but trivial cases are investigated by

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2478-408: The local economy. The Norwegian Barents Secretariat , which works to promote Norwegian-Russian collaboration, is located in Kirkenes. In 2010, Norway's and Russia's Foreign Ministers signed an agreement that made it easier for 9,000 Norwegians and 45,000 Russians living near the common border to visit each other. Tourist attractions include Grenselandmuseet (The Border Area Museum), which shows

2537-568: The matter is urgent. Such courts-martial have a learned judge as a president and two military members: an officer and an NCO, warrant officer or a private soldier. The verdicts of a war-time court-martial can be appealed to a court of appeals. The Basic Law (Grundgesetz) (adopted after the Second World War in 1949) establishes in Art. 96 para. 2 that courts-martial can be established by federal law. Such courts-martial would take action in

2596-657: The modern day, misbehaviour by conscripted servicemen. The governing law in Thailand's military courts is the Military Court Organisation Act 1955 ( Thai : พระราชบัญญัติธรรมนูญศาลทหาร พ.ศ. ๒๔๙๘ ). The act allows the Judge Advocate General of Thailand ( Thai : เจ้ากรมพระธรรมนูญ ) to establish court regulations. In wartime or during the imposition of martial law , military courts may adopt special procedures. The court martial

2655-459: The neighbouring suburban villages of Hesseng , Skytterhusfjellet , Sandnes , and Bjørnevatn are all included with Kirkenes, the urban area reaches a total population of almost 8,000 people. Although Kirkenes is the Norwegian town closest to the Russian border, the town of Vardø to its north is located further east in Norway. Due to its close proximity to Russians, Finns, and Skolt Sami,

2714-459: The partisans collect information about the German occupation. In the summer of 1943, their activities were discovered and many of them were sent to a prisoner-of-war camp near Kirkenes. Following a court-martial the 11 were sentenced to death and were killed near the memorial spot on 18 August 1943. When the common grave was opened in 1946 it was found that the men had been beaten to death. Following

2773-594: The play on which it was based ) deals almost entirely with the court martial of two enlisted Marines. In the 2008 to 2014 sci-fiction animated TV show " Star Wars: The Clone Wars 's 2011 fourth season's episode "Plan of Dissent" clone troopers Fives and Jesse, both serving in the Grand Army of the Republic, act against orders from their acting superior in a war situation and in revenge are threatened with court-martial and consequent execution. They found themselves court-martialed and about to be executed by firing squad in

2832-568: The principal characters, charged with a range of offences relating to a dangerous flight manœuvre. In the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "The Battle" it was stated that, as the loss of a starship was a court martial offense, Picard was court-martialled for the loss of the Stargazer , zealously prosecuted by Phillipa Louvois. In the end, he was absolved of all charges. The 1992 movie A Few Good Men (and

2891-770: The procedural part of the Military Penal Code (MPC) regulates the matters related to the courts and judicial persons that make up the Military Justice. Specifically in article 167 of the MPC, it is defined that criminal justice in the Army is awarded by the military courts (military courts, air courts, naval courts, review court) and the Supreme Court . There are four kinds of courts-martial in India. These are

2950-485: The seriousness of the offence) officers and warrant officers. Rulings on matters of law are made by the judge advocate alone, whilst decisions on the facts are made by a majority of the members of the court, not including the judge advocate, and decisions on sentence by a majority of the court, this time including the judge advocate. Most commonly, courts-martial in the United States are convened to try members of

3009-616: The severity of the accusation. Courts-martial have the authority to try a wide range of military offences, many of which closely resemble civilian crimes like fraud, theft or perjury. Others, like cowardice, desertion, and insubordination, are purely military crimes. Military offences are defined in the Armed Forces Act 2006 for members of the British Military. Regulations for the Canadian Forces are found in

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3068-561: The stage, film and television; notably in Benjamin Britten 's 1951 opera Billy Budd . In C.S. Forester 's 1938 novel Flying Colours , Captain Horatio Hornblower is court-martialled for the loss of HMS Sutherland . He is "most honourably acquitted". In Michael Morpurgo 's novel Private Peaceful , the main character of "Tommo" reflects on the childhoods of himself and his brother, Charlie as Charlie awaits

3127-468: The three countries ( Muotkavaara ), where the three time zones meet. There are only a few such places in the world. It is forbidden, according to both Norwegian and Russian law, to circumambulate the border marker , as the only lawful route across the Norwegian–Russian border is at the border control at Storskog . The midnight sun shines from May 17 to July 21. The corresponding polar night extends from November 21 to January 21. Despite its location at

3186-403: The town is also known as Kirkkoniemi   ( Finnish ) , Киркенес   ( Russian ) , and Ǩeârkknjargg   ( Skolt Sami ) . The area around Kirkenes was a common Norwegian–Russian district until 1826, when the present border was settled. The original name of the peninsula was Piselvnes ("Pis River headland"), but this was changed to Kirkenes (meaning "church headland") after

3245-586: The town served as a border crossing point for Syrian refugees, with hundreds per week crossing the border on bicycles, traveling into Norway from Russia (via Murmansk and Nikel ). Kirkenes is located in the extreme northeastern part of Norway on the Bøkfjorden , a branch of the Varangerfjorden , which is a vast bay connected to the Barents Sea near the Russian–Norwegian border . The town

3304-450: The trial. Defendants are assigned legal counsel, and for the prosecution, a lawyer is assigned who generally comes from a military background. The judge advocate is usually made up of senior NZDF officers and warrant officers who hear the defence and prosecution evidence during court martial. Punishment on guilty findings of a defendant will see them face being charged with a punishment such as serious reprimand, loss of rank, dismissal from

3363-410: The world's second-most northerly railway line, used to transport iron ore from the mines at Bjørnevatn to the port at Kirkenes. The proposed Arctic Railway would see Kirkenes connected with northern Finland. The town of Kirkenes is also the starting point of EV13 The Iron Curtain Trail , a cycling route that runs along the historic border between the capitalist West and the communist East during

3422-416: Was a three-hour difference travelling forward from the eastern part of the municipality to westerly Russian areas during winter. Kirkenes shares time zone with areas much further west, e.g. Galicia in Spain which has a solar time difference of 2½ hours. One can drive 100 kilometres (62 mi) south, and walk 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), into the Øvre Pasvik National Park , reaching the border point of

3481-433: Was second after Malta on a list of European towns experiencing air-raid alarms and attacks, with more than 1,000 alarms and 320 air attacks. The town was occupied by the Red Army on 25 October 1944 when the German Wehrmacht was pushed out and fled the area after having destroyed most of the remaining infrastructure. Only 13 houses survived the war. Close to the town there is a memorial to 11 freedom fighters who helped

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