65-460: The Bündner Nusstorte (Graubünden nut pastry), also known as Engadiner Nusstorte , is a traditional sweet, caramelised nut -filled pastry (generally walnut ) from canton Graubünden in Switzerland . The modern filled Nusstorte was first widely available in the 1960s though it was invented in the 1920s. While there are recipes for Nusstorte from the 19th century, they are different from
130-699: A culinary nut , are often served in similar ways in Western cuisines . World production of shelled peanuts in 2020 was 54 million tonnes , led by China with 34% of the total. The peanut is an annual herbaceous plant growing 30 to 50 centimetres (12 to 20 in) tall. As a legume, it belongs to the botanical family Fabaceae , also known as Leguminosae, and commonly known as the legume, bean, or pea family. Like most other legumes, peanuts harbor symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their root nodules . The leaves are opposite and pinnate with four leaflets (two opposite pairs; no terminal leaflet); each leaflet
195-571: A "peg". This peg grows into the soil, allowing the fruit to develop underground. These pods, technically called legumes, are 3 to 7 centimetres (1 to 3 in) long, normally containing one to four seeds . The shell of the peanut fruit consists primarily of a mesocarp with several large veins traversing its length. Parts of the peanut include: Peanuts contain polyphenols , polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats , phytosterols and dietary fiber in amounts similar to several tree nuts. Peanut skins contain resveratrol . The Arachis genus
260-548: A 22% reduction in all-cause mortality. Further reading Peanut The peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ), also known as the groundnut , goober (US), goober pea , pindar (US) or monkey nut (UK), is a legume crop grown mainly for its edible seeds . It is widely grown in the tropics and subtropics by small and large commercial producers, both as grain legume and as an oil crop. Atypically among legumes, peanut pods develop underground leading botanist Carl Linnaeus to name peanuts hypogaea , which means "under
325-433: A common source of food allergens. Reactions can range from mild symptoms to severe ones, a condition known as anaphylaxis , which can be life-threatening. The reaction is due to the release of histamine by the body in response to an allergen in the nuts, causing skin and other possible reactions . Many experts suggest that a person with an allergy to peanuts should avoid eating tree nuts, and vice versa. Nuts contain
390-595: A different pod structure and larger seeds. From this primary center of origin , cultivation spread and formed secondary and tertiary centers of diversity in Peru, Ecuador , Brazil, Paraguay , and Uruguay . Over time, thousands of peanut landraces evolved; these are classified into six botanical varieties and two subspecies (as listed in the peanut scientific classification table). Subspecies A. h. fastigiata types are more upright in their growth habit and have shorter crop cycles. Subspecies A. h. hypogaea types spread more on
455-621: A fungus, Alternaria arachidis . Some people (1.4–2% in Europe and the United States ) report that they experience allergic reactions to peanut exposure; symptoms can be especially severe, ranging from watery eyes to anaphylactic shock , the latter of which is generally fatal if untreated. Eating a small amount of peanuts can cause a reaction. Because of their widespread use in prepared and packaged foods, avoiding peanuts can be difficult. Reading ingredients and warnings on product packaging
520-399: A hard or tough nutshell protecting a kernel which is usually edible. The shell is indehiscent , meaning it does not open to release the seed. Most seeds come from fruits that naturally free themselves from the shell, but this is not the case in nuts such as hazelnuts , chestnuts , and acorns , which have hard shell walls and originate from a compound ovary . Common usage of the term
585-406: A high oil content, they are a significant energy source. Many seeds are edible by humans and used in cooking, eaten raw, sprouted, or roasted as a snack food , ground to make nut butters, or pressed for oil that is used in cooking and cosmetics. Regular nut consumption of more than 5 ounces (140 g) per week may benefit weight control and contribute to lowering body weight in humans. Nuts are
650-574: A lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents like germs and parasites could be causing the increase in food allergies. Studies comparing age of peanut introduction in Great Britain with introduction in Israel showed that delaying exposure to peanuts in childhood can dramatically increase the risk of developing peanut allergies. Peanut allergy has been associated with the use of skin preparations containing peanut oil among children, but
715-418: A little less than a third of their original moisture level over three to four days. Traditionally, peanuts were pulled and inverted by hand. After the peanuts have dried sufficiently, they are threshed , removing the peanut pods from the rest of the bush. Peanuts must be dried properly and stored in dry conditions. If they are too high in moisture, or if storage conditions are poor, they may become infected by
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#1732771758857780-432: A little milk or honey. The Bündner Nusstorte is produced throughout the entire canton and is one of the largest export items for independent bakers. It is estimated that Nusstorten sales represent 20 to 40% of the total sales for many bakers and are a major source of income. Nowadays Bündner Nusstorte is also available at the supermarket chains like Coop . The Nusstorte, with a buttery crust and cream and nut filling,
845-457: A randomized, double-blind crossover study , 60 people with proven peanut allergy were challenged with both crude peanut oil and refined peanut oil. The authors concluded, "Crude peanut oil caused allergic reactions in 10% of allergic subjects studied and should continue to be avoided." They also stated, "Refined peanut oil does not seem to pose a risk to most people with peanut allergy." However, they point out that refined peanut oil can still pose
910-504: A risk to peanut-allergic individuals if the oil that has previously been used for cooking foods containing peanuts is reused. Raw Valencia peanuts are 4% water, 48% fat , 25% protein , and 21% carbohydrates , including 9% dietary fiber (USDA nutrient data). Peanuts are rich in essential nutrients . In a reference amount of 100-gram ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 -ounce), peanuts provide 2,385 kilojoules (570 kilocalories) of food energy , and are an excellent source (defined as more than 20% of
975-404: A single pit or stone, the endocarp with a seed (kernel) inside. In a dry drupe, the outer parts dry up and the remaining husk is part of the ovary wall or pericarp , and the hard inner wall surrounding the seed represents the inner part of the pericarp. A small nut may be called a "nutlet" (formerly called a nucule, a term otherwise referring to the oogonium of stoneworts ). In botany ,
1040-471: A source of essential omega-3 fatty acids . As part of a healthy human diet, long-term consumption of diverse nutrients in nuts may contribute to a lower risk of cardiovascular diseases , reduced levels of blood cholesterol , and lower all-cause mortality . For vegetarians and vegans , nuts provide many of the essential nutrients which may be in short supply in other plant foods . Nuts supply nutrients for humans and wildlife. Because nuts generally have
1105-483: A spread of 70 to 80 cm (28 to 31 in), with 80 to 90 cm (31 to 35 in) rows that seldom cover the ground. The pods are borne within 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) of the base of the plant. Cultivars of Virginia-type peanuts include 'NC 7', 'NC 9', 'NC 10C', 'NC-V 11', 'VA 93B', 'NC 12C', 'VA-C 92R', 'Gregory', 'VA 98R', 'Perry', 'Wilson, 'Hull', 'AT VC-2' and 'Shulamit'. Valencia group peanuts are coarse and have heavy reddish stems and large foliage. In
1170-405: A tree. This most often comes up regarding food allergies ; a person may be allergic specifically to peanuts (which are not tree nuts but legumes ), whereas others may be allergic to the wider range of nuts that grow on trees. In the 21st century, about a dozen species constitute most of the worldwide production of nuts, shown in the table below for major commercial nuts. Nuts used for food are
1235-445: Is 1 to 7 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 to 2 + 3 ⁄ 4 in) long and 1 to 3 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 to 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 in) across. Like those of many other legumes, the leaves are nyctinastic ; that is, they have "sleep" movements, closing at night. The flowers are 1 to 1.5 cm ( 3 ⁄ 8 to 5 ⁄ 8 in) across, and yellowish orange with reddish veining. They are borne in axillary clusters on
1300-454: Is a food paste or spread made from ground dry roasted peanuts. It often contains additional ingredients that modify the taste or texture, such as salt, sweeteners, or emulsifiers . Many companies have added twists on traditionally plain peanut butter by adding various flavor varieties, such as chocolate, birthday cake, and cinnamon raisin. Peanut butter is served as a spread on bread, toast or crackers, and used to make sandwiches (notably
1365-402: Is a term to describe farm-fresh harvested peanuts that have not been dehydrated. They are available from grocery stores, food distributors, and farmers markets during the growing season. Raw peanuts are also uncooked but have been dried/dehydrated and must be rehydrated before boiling (usually in a bowl full of water overnight). Once rehydrated, the raw peanuts are ready to be boiled. Peanut oil
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#17327717588571430-478: Is commonly made by small independent bakers scattered throughout Graubünden. For this reason, there are a variety of recipes, some of which are closely guarded secrets. The basic pastry is made of a classic shortcrust pastry , which contains flour , sugar , egg , butter and a bit of salt. The filling is made of caramelized sugar, to which heavy cream or milk and coarsely chopped nuts (commonly walnuts but rarely other nuts ) are added. Some recipes include
1495-427: Is evident, are more likely to be contaminated. The USDA tests every truckload of raw peanuts for aflatoxin; any containing aflatoxin levels of more than 15 parts per billion are destroyed. The peanut industry has manufacturing steps to ensure all peanuts are inspected for aflatoxin. Peanuts tested to have high aflatoxin are used to make peanut oil where the mold can be removed. The plant leaves can also be affected by
1560-454: Is less restrictive, which refers to any hard-walled, edible kernel as a nut. This original usage is preserved in a culinary sense, where many dry seeds are called "nuts" and come from indehiscent fruits. Almonds , cashews , pistachios , and Brazil nuts , are examples of "tree nuts" that are not true nuts . Peanuts are a unique case, and grow underground from a legume . Nuts are an energy-dense and nutrient -rich food source. A seed
1625-427: Is loaded with calories . They are generally cut into pieces and eaten for dessert together with coffee or tea. They can be purchased throughout the year and are widely available over the internet. The Nusstorte will remain fresh for several months, which makes them popular as gifts and allows them to be shipped around the world. Nut (fruit) In botany , a nut is a fruit from a tree (or shrub) consisting of
1690-499: Is native to South America , east of the Andes , around Peru , Bolivia , Argentina , and Brazil . Cultivated peanuts ( A. hypogaea ) arose from a hybrid between two wild species of peanut, thought to be A. duranensis and A. ipaensis . The initial hybrid would have been sterile, but spontaneous chromosome doubling restored its fertility, forming what is termed an amphidiploid or allotetraploid . Genetic analysis suggests
1755-439: Is necessary to avoid this allergen. Foods processed in facilities that also handle peanuts on the same equipment as other foods are required to carry such warnings on their labels. Avoiding cross-contamination with peanuts and peanut products (along with other severe allergens like shellfish) is a promoted and common practice of which chefs and restaurants worldwide are becoming aware. The hygiene hypothesis of allergy states that
1820-488: Is now the largest producer in the world. Peanuts were introduced to the US during the colonial period and grown as a garden crop. According to Bernard Romans , groundnuts were introduced into colonial East Florida by Black people from Guinea , where the plant is also endemic. Starting in 1870 they were used as an animal feedstock until human consumption grew in the 1930s. George Washington Carver (1864-1943) championed
1885-430: Is often used in cooking because it has a mild flavor and a relatively high smoke point . Due to its high monounsaturated content, it is considered more healthful than saturated oils and is resistant to rancidity . The several types of peanut oil include aromatic roasted peanut oil, refined peanut oil, extra virgin or cold-pressed peanut oil, and peanut extract. Refined peanut oil is exempt from allergen labeling laws in
1950-514: Is subject to some debate. One theory is that a baker, who had lived in France, brought nut trees back with him which he was able to plant in Val Bregaglia . Another theory, that comes up often in the literature, is that the traditional shortcrust pastry Fuatscha Grassa was crossed with a French nut pastry by confectioners from Graubünden living in France. When they returned to Graubünden,
2015-439: Is the mature fertilised ovule of a plant; it consists of three parts, the embryo which will develop into a new plant, stored food for the embryo, and a protective seed coat. Botanically , a nut is a fruit with a woody pericarp developing from a syncarpous gynoecium . Nuts may be contained in an involucre , a cup-shaped structure formed from the flower bracts . The involucre may be scaly, spiny, leafy or tubular, depending on
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2080-487: The Daily Value , DV) of several B vitamins , vitamin E , several dietary minerals , such as manganese (95% DV), magnesium (52% DV) and phosphorus (48% DV), and dietary fiber . The fats are mainly polyunsaturated and monounsaturated (83% of total fats when combined). Some studies show that regular consumption of peanuts is associated with a lower specific risk of mortality from certain diseases. However,
2145-434: The mold fungus Aspergillus flavus . Many strains of this fungus release toxic and highly carcinogenic substances called aflatoxins . If peanut plants are subjected to severe drought during pod formation, or if pods are not properly stored, they may become contaminated with the mold Aspergillus flavus which may produce carcinogenic substances called aflatoxins . Lower-quality peanuts, particularly where mold
2210-466: The study designs do not allow cause and effect to be inferred. According to the US Food and Drug Administration , "Scientific evidence suggests but does not prove that eating 1.5 ounces per day of most nuts (such as peanuts) as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may reduce the risk of heart disease." Dry-roasting peanuts is a common form of preparation. Dry peanuts can be roasted in
2275-427: The US states of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and parts of Georgia. They are increasing in popularity due to the demand for large peanuts for processing, particularly for salting, confections, and roasting in shells. Virginia group peanuts are either bunch or running in growth habit. The bunch type is upright to spreading. It attains a height of 45 to 55 cm (18 to 22 in), and
2340-438: The US. A common cooking and salad oil, peanut oil is 46% monounsaturated fats (primarily oleic acid ), 32% polyunsaturated fats (primarily linoleic acid ), and 17% saturated fats (primarily palmitic acid ). Extractable from whole peanuts using a simple water and centrifugation method, the oil is being considered by NASA 's Advanced Life Support program for future long-duration human space missions . Peanut butter
2405-545: The United States, large commercial production is primarily in the South Plains of West Texas and in eastern New Mexico near and south of Portales , but they are grown on a small scale elsewhere in the South as the best-flavored and preferred type for boiled peanuts . They are comparatively tall, reaching a height of 125 cm (49 in) and a spread of 75 cm (30 in). Peanut pods are borne on pegs arising from
2470-629: The center of origin where the climate is moister. Many pre-Columbian cultures, such as the Moche , depicted peanuts in their art. Cultivation was well-established in Mesoamerica before the Spanish arrived. There, the conquistadors found the tlālcacahuatl (the plant's Nahuatl name, hence the name in Spanish cacahuate ) offered for sale in the marketplace of Tenochtitlan . Its cultivation
2535-543: The color of the seed. Sometimes known also as Texas Red or White, the plants are similar to Valencia types, except the stems are green to greenish brown, and the pods are rough, irregular, and have a smaller proportion of kernels. Peanuts grow best in light, sandy loam soil with a pH of 5.9–7. Their capacity to fix nitrogen means that providing they nodulate properly, peanuts benefit little or not at all from nitrogen-containing fertilizer , and they improve soil fertility . Therefore, they are valuable in crop rotations . Also,
2600-471: The cultivar of peanut, harvest is usually 90 to 130 days after planting for subspecies A. h. fastigiata types, and 120 to 150 days after planting for subspecies A. h. hypogaea types. Subspecies A. h. hypogaea types yield more and are usually preferred where the growing seasons are sufficiently long. Peanut plants continue to produce flowers when pods are developing; therefore, some pods are immature even when they are ready for harvest. To maximize yield,
2665-409: The diverse nutrients that are needed for the growth of a new plant. Composition varies, but they tend to have a low water and carbohydrate content, with high levels of fats, protein , dietary minerals , and vitamins . The digestibility of the protein at about 90% is slightly lower than that of meat and fish, but can be improved by chewing thoroughly. The fats are largely unsaturated and nuts are
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2730-626: The earth". The peanut belongs to the botanical family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), commonly known as the legume, bean, or pea family. Like most other legumes, peanuts harbor symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules , which improve soil fertility , making them valuable in crop rotations . Despite not meeting the botanical definition of a nut as "a fruit whose ovary wall becomes hard at maturity," peanuts are usually categorized as nuts for culinary purposes and in common English. Peanuts are similar in taste and nutritional profile to tree nuts such as walnuts and almonds , and, as
2795-744: The evidence is not regarded as conclusive. Peanut allergies have also been associated with family history and intake of soy products. Some school districts in the US and elsewhere have banned peanuts or products containing peanuts. However, the efficacy of the bans in reducing allergic reactions is uncertain. A 2015 study in Canada found no difference in the percentage of accidental exposures occurring in schools prohibiting peanuts compared to schools allowing them. Refined peanut oil will not cause allergic reactions in most people with peanut allergies. However, crude (unrefined) peanut oils have been shown to contain protein, which may cause allergic reactions. In
2860-412: The family Betulaceae . Also widely known as nuts are dry drupes , which include pecans ( Carya illinoensis ), almonds ( Prunus amygdalus ), macadamia ( Macadamia integrifolia ), candlenut ( Aleurites moluccanus ) and the water caltrop ( Trapa bicornis ). A drupe is an indehiscent fruit that has an outer fleshy part consisting of the exocarp , or skin, and mesocarp , or flesh, which surround
2925-403: The ground and have longer crop cycles. The oldest known archeological remains of pods have been dated at about 7,600 years old, possibly a wild species that was in cultivation, or A. hypogaea in the early phase of domestication. They were found in Peru, where dry climatic conditions are favorable for the preservation of organic material. Almost certainly, peanut cultivation antedated this at
2990-513: The hybridization may have occurred only once and gave rise to A. monticola , a wild form of peanut that occurs in a few limited locations in northwestern Argentina, or in southeastern Bolivia, where the peanut landraces with the most wild-like features are grown today, and by artificial selection to A. hypogaea . The process of domestication through artificial selection made A. hypogaea dramatically different from its wild relatives. The domesticated plants are bushier, more compact, and have
3055-528: The idea was brought along. A third theory is that during the Middle Ages many confectioners from Graubünden moved to Venice and for 300 years specialized in sweets. When they were expelled in 1766, the Graubünden confectioners traveled around Europe before many of them settled back in Graubünden. The idea of nut pastries could have easily come from one of these wandering cooks. The Bündner Nusstorte
3120-533: The late 19th and early 20th centuries. Peanut butter was developed in the 1890s in the US. It became well known after the Beech-Nut company began selling peanut butter at the St. Louis World's Fair of 1904. There are many peanut cultivars grown around the world. The market classes grown in the United States are Spanish, Runner, Virginia, and Valencia. Peanut production in the US is divided into three major areas:
3185-500: The main stem and the side branches. Most pods are clustered around the base of the plant, and only a few are found several inches away. Valencia types are three- to five-seeded and smooth, with no constriction of the shell between the seeds. Seeds are oval and tightly crowded into the pods. Typical seed weight is 0.4 to 0.5 g. This type is used heavily for selling roasted and salted in-shell peanuts and peanut butter. Varieties include 'Valencia A' and 'Valencia C'. These are alike except for
3250-599: The modern Nusstorte . These pastries contained nuts mixed into a dough, but were not filled. The modern, filled Nusstorte was developed by an Engadin (a region in Graubünden) baker named Fausto Pult in 1926. In 1934 he sold the pastries at the Mustermesse in Basel , which introduced them to the wider world. Because the climate in Graubünden is too cold for nut trees to thrive, the origin of nuts in their pastries
3315-470: The peanut as part of his efforts for agricultural extension in the American South, where soils were depleted after repeated plantings of cotton. He invented and promulgated hundreds of peanut-based products, including cosmetics, paints, plastics, gasoline and nitroglycerin. The US Department of Agriculture initiated a program to encourage agricultural production and human consumption of peanuts in
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#17327717588573380-522: The percentage of various nutrients in four unroasted seeds. Nuts are under preliminary research to assess whether their consumption is associated with lower risk for some diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. A 2014 review indicated that consuming one or more servings of nuts or peanut butter per day was associated with lower risk of ischemic heart disease , overall cardiovascular disease, stroke in women, and all-cause mortality . A 2022 umbrella review confirmed these findings and found
3445-570: The shell are of the Virginia type, along with some Valencias selected for large size and the attractive appearance of the shell. Spanish peanuts are used mostly for peanut candy, salted nuts, and peanut butter. The small Spanish types are grown in South Africa and the southwestern and southeastern United States. Until 1940, 90% of the peanuts grown in the US state of Georgia were Spanish types, but
3510-566: The shell or shelled in a home oven if spread out one layer deep in a pan and baked at a temperature of 177 °C (351 °F) for 15 to 20 min (shelled) and 20 to 25 min (in shell). Boiled peanuts are a popular snack in India, China, West Africa, and the southern United States. In the US South, boiled peanuts are often prepared in briny water and sold in streetside stands. A distinction can be drawn between raw and green peanuts. A green peanut
3575-433: The source of energy and nutrients for the new plant. They contain a relatively large quantity of calories, essential unsaturated and monounsaturated fats including linoleic acid and linolenic acid , vitamins, and essential amino acids. Many nuts are good sources of vitamin E , vitamin B 2 , folate , fiber , and essential minerals, such as magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, copper, and selenium. This table lists
3640-869: The southeastern US region has seen a shift to producing Runner group peanuts. This shift is due to good flavor, better roasting characteristics, and higher yields when compared to Spanish types, leading to food manufacturers' preference for the use in peanut butter and salted nuts. Georgia's production is now almost 100% Runner-type. Cultivars of Runners include 'Southeastern Runner 56-15', 'Dixie Runner', 'Early Runner', 'Virginia Bunch 67', 'Bradford Runner', 'Egyptian Giant' (also known as 'Virginia Bunch' and 'Giant'), 'Rhodesian Spanish Bunch' (Valencia and Virginia Bunch), 'North Carolina Runner 56-15', 'Florunner', 'Virugard', 'Georgia Green', 'Tamrun 96', 'Flavor Runner 458', 'Tamrun OL01', 'Tamrun OL02' 'AT-120', 'Andru-93', 'Southern Runner', 'AT1-1', 'Georgia Brown', 'GK-7', and 'AT-108'. The large-seeded Virginia group peanuts are grown in
3705-591: The southeastern US region which includes Alabama, Georgia, and Florida; the southwestern US region which includes New Mexico , Oklahoma , and Texas; and the third region in the general eastern US which includes Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. In Georgia, Naomi Chapman Woodroof is responsible for developing the breeding program of peanuts resulting in a harvest almost five times greater. Certain cultivar groups are preferred for particular characteristics, such as differences in flavor, oil content, size, shape, and disease resistance. Most peanuts marketed in
3770-470: The species of nut. Most nuts come from the pistils with inferior ovaries (see flower ) and all are indehiscent (not opening at maturity). True nuts are produced, for example, by some plant families of the order Fagales . These include beech ( Fagus ), chestnut ( Castanea ), oak ( Quercus ), stone-oak ( Lithocarpus ) and tanoak ( Notholithocarpus ) in the family Fagaceae , as well as hazel , filbert ( Corylus ) and hornbeam ( Carpinus ) in
3835-423: The stems above ground and last for just one day. The ovary is located at the base of what appears to be the flower stem but is a highly elongated floral cup . Peanut fruits develop underground, an unusual feature known as geocarpy . After fertilization , a short stalk at the base of the ovary—often termed a gynophore , but which appears to be part of the ovary—elongates to form a thread-like structure known as
3900-403: The term "nutlet" can be used to describe a pyrena or pyrene, which is a seed covered by a stony layer, such as the kernel of a drupe . Walnuts and hickories ( Juglandaceae ) have fruits that are difficult to classify. They are considered to be nuts under some definitions but are also referred to as drupaceous nuts. In common use, a "tree nut" is, as the name implies, any nut coming from
3965-914: The timing of harvest is important. If it is too early, too many pods will be unripe; if too late, the pods will snap off at the stalk and remain in the soil. For harvesting, the entire plant, including most of the roots, is removed from the soil. The pods are covered with a network of raised veins and are constricted between seeds. The main yield-limiting factors in semi-arid regions are drought and high-temperature stress. The stages of reproductive development before flowering, at flowering, and at early pod development are particularly sensitive to these constraints. Apart from nitrogen , phosphorus and potassium , other nutrient deficiencies causing significant yield losses are calcium , iron and boron . Biotic stresses mainly include pests, diseases, and weeds. Among insects pests, pod borers, aphids, and mites are of importance. The most important diseases are leaf spots, rusts, and
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#17327717588574030-414: The toxin-producing fungus Aspergillus. Harvesting occurs in two stages. In mechanized systems, a machine is used to cut off the main root of the peanut plant by cutting through the soil just below the level of the peanut pods. The machine lifts the "bush" from the ground, shakes it, then inverts it, leaving the plant upside down to keep the peanuts out of the soil. This allows the peanuts to dry slowly to
4095-685: The trend since then has been larger-seeded, higher-yielding, more disease -resistant cultivars. Spanish peanuts have a higher oil content than other types of peanuts. In the US, the Spanish group is primarily grown in New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. Cultivars of the Spanish group include 'Dixie Spanish', 'Improved Spanish 2B', 'GFA Spanish', 'Argentine', 'Spantex', 'Spanette', 'Shaffers Spanish', 'Natal Common (Spanish)', "White Kernel Varieties', 'Starr', 'Comet', 'Florispan', 'Spanhoma', 'Spancross', 'OLin', 'Tamspan 90', 'AT 9899–14', 'Spanco', 'Wilco I', 'GG 2', 'GG 4', 'TMV 2', and 'Tamnut 06'. Since 1940,
4160-625: The yield of the peanut crop itself is increased in rotations through reduced diseases, pests, and weeds. For example, in Texas , peanuts in a three-year rotation with corn yield 50% more than nonrotated peanuts. Adequate levels of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and micronutrients are also necessary for good yields. Peanuts need warm weather throughout the growing season to develop well. They can be grown with as little as 350 mm (14 in) of water, but for best yields need at least 500 mm (20 in). Depending on growing conditions and
4225-517: Was introduced in Europe in the 19th century through Spain, particularly Valencia , where it is still produced, albeit marginally. European traders later spread the peanut worldwide, and cultivation is now widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. In West Africa , it substantially replaced a crop plant from the same family, the Bambara groundnut , whose seed pods also develop underground. In Asia, it became an agricultural mainstay, and this region
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