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85-524: SunPass is an electronic toll collection system within the state of Florida, United States. It was created in 1999 by the Florida Department of Transportation 's (FDOT's) Office of Toll Operations, operating now as a division of Florida's Turnpike Enterprise (FTE). The system utilizes windshield-mounted RFID transponders manufactured by TransCore and lane equipment designed by companies including TransCore , SAIC , and Raytheon . SunPass

170-410: A bill to the registered owner of the vehicle. The bill consists of the toll and an administrative fee. If the person fails to pay the toll and accompanying fees at all, the person would be fined $ 100 plus the tolls owed; in some cases, court costs, points against the driver's license, and the suspension of the license and registration would also be levied. SunPass is fully interoperable with E-Pass (from

255-607: A comprehensive study to evaluate the feasibility of introducing congestion pricing. The charge would be combined with other traffic reduction implementations, allowing money to be raised for public transit improvements and bike and pedestrian enhancements. The various pricing scenarios considered were presented in public meetings in December 2008, with final study results expected in 2009. (see San Francisco congestion pricing ) Taiwan Highway Electronic Toll Collection System (see Electronic Toll Collection (Taiwan) ) In December 2013,

340-466: A discounted toll rate, non-users will be invoiced at a higher toll rate through the bill by mail program. This is done when a vehicle passes through a toll gantry, where an overhead camera will take a video image of the license plate. The registered owner of the vehicle is identified through the Division of Motor Vehicles and a bill by mail is sent for payment. If the bill is not paid within 30 days from

425-441: A large amount of information in both directions between the road and the vehicle, but also of providing route information. Thus, ETC 2.0 has far more advanced functions than ETC 8 (which provides only toll collection function on toll roads). The ETC 2.0 system provides a variety of advantages to road users through information provision services, such as congestion avoidance, safe driving support, etc., and route information collected by

510-525: A member to serve out the unexpired term of any member. Each member of the Authority Board serves at the pleasure of the appointing authority. The Chair of the Authority serves at the pleasure of the Authority Board. The appointed members of the Authority Board receives no salary for their services; however, are entitled to receive per diem and travel allowances. An executive director, appointed by

595-730: A payment at chain convenient store at third day after vehicle travel, since a subscription to ETC is not mandated by law. Taiwan was the first country to transfer from flat-rate toll stations to a distance-based pay-as-you-go tolling system on all of its freeways. It has the longest ETC freeway mileage in the world. Electronic toll collection systems rely on four major components: automated vehicle identification, automated vehicle classification, transaction processing, and violation enforcement. The four components are somewhat independent, and, in fact, some toll agencies have contracted out functions separately. In some cases, this division of functions has resulted in difficulties. In one notable example,

680-643: A picture of the license plate to identify the vehicle, and a bill may be mailed to the address where the car's license plate number is registered, or drivers may have a certain amount of time to pay online or by phone. Singapore was the first city in the world to implement an electronic road toll collection system known as the Singapore Area Licensing Scheme for purposes of congestion pricing, in 1974. Since 2005, nationwide GNSS road pricing systems have been deployed in several European countries. With satellite-based tolling solutions, it

765-451: A population of fewer that 650,000 persons; and one project shall be a bridge of more than two miles (3.2 km) in length going from the mainland to a peninsula bordering the state of Virginia. In 2005, Senate Bill 622 (S.L. 2005-276) added new language regarding establishing tollways on Federally funded highways designated as interstates; the purpose was so that the state can possibly add tolls along Interstate 95 (I-95), if approved by

850-655: A prepaid M-TAG account. The European Union issued the EFC-directive, which attempts to standardize European toll collection systems. Systems deployed after January 1, 2007 must support at least one of the following technologies: satellite positioning, mobile communications using the GSM-GPRS standard or 5.8 GHz microwave technology. Furthermore, the European Commission issued the Regulation on

935-514: A system of electronic tolling for the Washington Metropolitan Area in 1959. In the 1960s and the 1970s, the first prototype systems were tested. Norway has been a world pioneer in the widespread implementation of this technology, beginning in 1986. Italy was the first country to deploy a full electronic toll collection system in motorways at national scale in 1989. In 1959, Nobel Economics Prize winner William Vickrey

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1020-581: A tempting target for toll evasion. Several methods can be used to deter toll violators. North Carolina Turnpike Authority The nine-member Authority Board consist of eight appointees, from the General Assembly (four members) and Governor (four members), and the Secretary of Transportation. The General Assembly appoints four members, two by recommendation by the President pro tempore of

1105-551: A vehicle on another operator's tolled road with the tolls incurred charged to the driver's toll-payment account with their home operator. An example is the United States E-ZPass tag, which is accepted on toll roads, bridges and tunnels in fifteen states from Illinois to Maine . In Australia, there are a number or organizations that provide tags known as e-TAG that can be used on toll roads. They include Transport for NSW 's E-Toll and Transurban 's Linkt . A toll

1190-528: Is a pre-paid account used for all electronic toll collection (ETC) facilities in North Carolina. Three types of transponders are available: transponder sticker (free version), E-ZPass (hard case) transponder and E-ZPass bumper-mounted transponder. Personal (limited to five transponders/vehicles) and business accounts (unlimited) are available; a $ 1 fee is imposed per month if the account has been inactive for 12 months. While NC Quick Pass users receive

1275-442: Is a truck tolling system in (Germany). This system instead uses Global Positioning System location information to identify when a vehicle is located on a tolled Autobahn . Implementation of this system turned out to be far lengthier and more costly than expected. As smart phone use becomes more commonplace, some toll road management companies have turned to mobile phone apps to inexpensively automate and expedite paying tolls from

1360-414: Is a wireless system to automatically collect the usage fee or toll charged to vehicles using toll roads , HOV lanes , toll bridges , and toll tunnels . It is a faster alternative which is replacing toll booths , where vehicles must stop and the driver manually pays the toll with cash or a card. In most systems, vehicles using the system are equipped with an automated radio transponder device. When

1445-507: Is accepted on all toll roads in the country. In Brazil, the Sem Parar/Via-Fácil system allows customers to pass through tolls in more than 1,000 lanes in the states of São Paulo, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Bahia and Rio de Janeiro. Sem Parar/Via-Fácil also allows users to enter and exit more than 100 parking lots. There are also other systems, such as via expressa, onda livre and auto expresso, that are present in

1530-409: Is accomplished by a combination of a camera which takes a picture of the car and a radio frequency keyed computer which searches for a drivers window/bumper mounted transponder to verify and collect payment. The system sends a notice and fine to cars that pass through without having an active account or paying a toll. Factors hindering full-speed electronic collection include: Even if line lengths are

1615-473: Is called (see AutoPASS ). In 1995, Portugal became the first country to apply a single, universal system to all tolls in the country, the Via Verde , which can also be used in parking lots and gas stations. The United States is another country with widespread use of ETC in several states, though many U.S. toll roads maintain the option of manual collection. ETC 2.0 is not only capable of sending and receiving

1700-483: Is debited to the customer's account with their tag provider. Some toll road operators – including Sydney's Sydney Harbour Tunnel , Lane Cove Tunnel and Westlink M7 , Melbourne's CityLink and Eastlink , and Brisbane's Gateway Motorway – encourage use of such tags, and apply an additional vehicle matching fee to vehicles without a tag. A similar device in France, called Liber-T for light vehicles and TIS-PL for HGVs,

1785-623: Is fully funded for construction: Any other project proposed by the authority requires prior consultation with the Joint Legislative Commission on Governmental Operations. For a project to be considered a turnpike project, it must meet the following conditions prior to the letting of a contract for the project: 1) Two of the projects must be ranked in the top 35 based on total score on the department-produced list entitled "Mobility Fund Project Scores" dated June 6, 2012, and, in addition, may be subject to G.S. 136-18(39a). 2) Of

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1870-404: Is in the urban context of congested cities, allowing to charge tolls without vehicles having to slow down. This application made feasible to concession to the private sector the construction and operation of urban freeways, as well as the introduction or improvement of congestion pricing , as a policy to restrict auto travel in downtown areas. Between 2004 and 2005, Santiago, Chile , implemented

1955-414: Is not necessary to install electronic readers beside or above the road in order to read transponders since all vehicles are equipped with On Board Units having Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers in order to determine the distance traveled on the tolled road network - without the use of any roadside infrastructure. US Nobel Economics Prize winner William Vickrey was the first to propose

2040-408: Is sufficient to make the no-stop-to-pay savings insignificant compared to time still lost due waiting in line to pass the toll gate. Toll plazas are typically wider than the rest of the highway; reducing the need for them makes it possible to fit toll roads into tight corridors. Despite these limitations, if delay at the toll gate is reduced, the tollbooth can serve more vehicles per hour. The greater

2125-575: Is the process of determining the identity of a vehicle subject to tolls. The majority of toll facilities record the passage of vehicles through a limited number of toll gates. At such facilities, the task is then to identify the vehicle in the gate area. Some early AVI systems used barcodes affixed to each vehicle, to be read optically at the toll booth. Optical systems proved to have poor reading reliability, especially when faced with inclement weather and dirty vehicles. Most current AVI systems rely on radio-frequency identification , where an antenna at

2210-792: The Central Florida Expressway Authority ), O-Pass (from Osceola County , which has been folded into E-Pass), LeeWay (from Lee County toll bridges) and the Miami-Dade Expressway Authority (MDX) toll roads. SunPass, like other electronic toll collection (ETC) systems in Florida, was not initially compatible with systems outside of Florida. The federal MAP-21 transportation bill passed in July 2012 required all toll facilities to have interoperable road tolling systems by October 1, 2016, but it

2295-620: The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and all interested parties along the route. In 2006, Senate Bill 1381 (S.L. 2006-228) focused the project to the following: The 2006 law also made an exception to the prohibition of converting any segment of the nontolled state highway system to toll by specifically identifying I-540 (under construction in 2006) in Wake and Durham counties and extending from I-40 southwest to North Carolina Highway 55 (NC 55). In addition,

2380-711: The Garden State Parkway in New Jersey, and at various locations in California, Florida, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Texas, cars can travel through electronic lanes at full speed. Illinois' Open Road Tolling program features 274 contiguous miles of barrier-free roadways, where I-PASS or E-ZPass users continue to travel at highway speeds through toll plazas, while cash payers pull off the main roadway to pay at tollbooths. Currently over 80% of Illinois' 1.4 million daily drivers use an I-PASS. Enforcement

2465-797: The Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike , the Sawgrass Expressway , and the Veterans Expressway to open road tolling , utilizing the SunPass transponders, in September 2010, February 2011, April 2014, and June 2014 respectively, ceasing cash collection. This allows free-flowing movement on both toll roads, moving through toll gantries at the former toll plazas. Motorists without a SunPass are billed through toll by plate . Toll-by-Plate uses cameras and sends

2550-622: The New Jersey E-ZPass regional consortium's Violation Enforcement contractor did not have access to the Transaction Processing contractor's database of customers. This, together with installation problems in the automated vehicle identification system, led to many customers receiving erroneous violation notices, and a violation system whose net income, after expenses, was negative, as well as customer dissatisfaction. Source: Automated vehicle identification (AVI)

2635-514: The controlled-access expressways in 2001. By 2019, 92% of drivers are using ETC. ETC was first introduced in Bergen , Norway, in 1986, operating together with traditional tollbooths. In 1991, Trondheim introduced the world's first use of completely unaided full-speed electronic tolling. Norway now has 25 toll roads operating with electronic fee collection (EFC), as the Norwegian technology

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2720-689: The 2013 law, proposed toll road and bridges must go through same process as other transportation projects, have an STIP score and rated with other criteria contained in the Strategic Mobility Formula. NCDOT will circulate a draft of the STIP for public comment in December 2014. NCDOT anticipates the Board of Transportation will adopt it in June 2015. Listed below are proposed projects, currently in review and subject to change: The NC Quick Pass

2805-453: The Authority Board, serves as the Authority's chief administrative officer and is responsible for the daily administration of the toll roads and bridges constructed, maintained or operated. The Executive Director or his/her designee shall appoint, employ, dismiss and, within the limits approved by the Authority Board, fix the compensation of administrative employees as the executive director deems necessary. The North Carolina Turnpike Authority

2890-598: The European Electronic Toll Service (EETS) which must be implemented by all Member States from 19 October 2021. All toll roads in Ireland must support the eToll tag standard. From 2015, the Norwegian government requires commercial trucks above 3.5 tons on its roads to have a transponder and a valid road toll subscription. Before this regulation, two-thirds of foreign trucks failed to pay road tolls. The most revolutionary application of ETC

2975-565: The Mid-Currituck Bridge. reestablishing the turnpike project limit to nine, with the existing Triangle Expressway counting as three and the Monroe Connector/Bypass as one. New turnpike projects must follow new conditions prior to the letting of a contract for project. A limit of up to three agreements with a private entity, with an agreement of no more than 50 years from the date of the beginning of operations on

3060-709: The Mini. Customers must establish an opening account of at least $ 10 to fund their tolls. Unused toll fees are only refunded if the user closes the account or takes advantage of a money-back guarantee . SunPass-only toll lanes on most toll roads in Florida allow a vehicle to proceed through the tollbooth at speeds of up to 25 mph (40 km/h) as a safety precaution. The Turnpike utilizes all-electronic tolling (AET) and toll by plate which handles highway speeds. The mainline toll barriers have dedicated lanes capable of full-speed automatic toll collection at up to 65 mph (105 km/h). Florida's Turnpike Enterprise converted

3145-712: The Senate and two by recommendation by the Speaker of the House of Representatives . Appointments to the board are four-year staggered terms. The Chair of the Authority is selected by the Authority Board. Members of the North Carolina Board of Transportation may serve as members of the Authority Board. Upon end of term, all members of the Authority Board will remain in office until their successors are appointed and qualified. The original appointing authority may appoint

3230-708: The SunPass Plus program. The Mini was introduced on July 1, 2008, and became available at retail locations. The Mini is a RFID passive transponder, about the size of a credit card, and requires no batteries. The transponder must be mounted on the glass windshield of the vehicle to work properly and, once applied, cannot be removed from a windshield without destroying the pass. The SunPass Mini sticker will not work on motorcycle windshields as they are not made of glass. SunPass Portable (or SunPass Pro) transponders can be transferred between vehicles. The Sunpass Pro portable transporter offers E-ZPass interoperability, unlike

3315-618: The Triangle Expressway was open to traffic and immediately began toll collection. In December 2012, phase three of the Triangle Expressway was opened to traffic; on January 3, 2013, toll collection began on the final section. In 2013, House Bill 817 (S.R. 2013-183) made sweeping changes to the authority, including: removal of several turnpike projects, including the Triangle Expressway Southeast Extension, Garden Parkway, Cape Fear Skyway and

3400-420: The accounts, and handling customer inquiries. The transaction processing component of some systems is referred to as a "customer service center". In many respects, the transaction processing function resembles banking, and several toll agencies have contracted out transaction processing to a bank. Customer accounts may be postpaid, where toll transactions are periodically billed to the customer, or prepaid, where

3485-475: The amount of the toll makes it easy to implement road congestion pricing , including for high-occupancy lanes, toll lanes that bypass congestion, and city-wide congestion charges. The payment system usually requires users to sign up in advance and load money into a declining-balance account, which is debited each time they pass a toll point. Electronic toll lanes may operate alongside conventional toll booths so that drivers who do not have transponders can pay at

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3570-419: The booth. Open road tolling is an increasingly popular alternative which eliminates toll booths altogether; electronic readers mounted beside or over the road read the transponders as vehicles pass at highway speeds, eliminating traffic bottlenecks created by vehicles slowing down to go through a toll booth lane. Vehicles without transponders are either excluded or pay by plate – a license plate reader takes

3655-435: The car's bill." In the 1960s and the 1970s, free flow tolling was tested with fixed transponders at the undersides of the vehicles and readers, which were located under the surface of the highway. Plans were however scrapped and it never came into actual implementation. Modern toll transponders are typically mounted under the windshield, with readers located in overhead gantries. After tests in 1974, in 1975, Singapore became

3740-542: The charge permanent in 2007 (see Stockholm congestion tax ); and in Valletta , the capital city of Malta, since May 2007. In January 2008, Milan began a one-year trial program called Ecopass , a pollution pricing program in which low-emission-standard vehicles pay a user fee; alternative fuel vehicles and vehicles using conventional fuels but compliant with the Euro IV emission standard are exempted. The program

3825-473: The customer funds a balance in the account which is then depleted as toll transactions occur. The prepaid system is more common, as the small amounts of most tolls makes pursuit of uncollected debts uneconomic. Most postpaid accounts deal with this issue by requiring a security deposit , effectively rendering the account a prepaid one. Source: A violation enforcement system (VES) is useful in reducing unpaid tolls, as an unmanned toll gate otherwise represents

3910-690: The date of the bill, it may escalate to include fees, civil penalties, DMV registration holds, submission to a collection agency, or all of the above. NC Quick Pass is interoperable with the following ETC systems: The toll collection equipment used in North Carolina, Florida, and Georgia are compatible, so that NC Quick Pass drivers may simply use any NC Quick Pass transponder in Florida and Georgia, and vice versa (SunPass and Peach Pass drivers may simply use their transponder in North Carolina). The North Carolina Turnpike Authority and North Carolina Department of Transportation received criticism following

3995-476: The end of that year, along with Peach Pass in 2021. On May 28, 2021, the Florida's Turnpike Enterprise announced that its SunPass facilities would begin accepting E-ZPass. In addition, E-ZPass facilities began accepting SunPass Pro transponders (but not earlier SunPass transponders such as the SunPass Portable and SunPass Mini). On February 27, 2023, it was announced that SunPass was now compatible with

4080-461: The end of the journey. Dr. Eng. Mario Alvisi is considered the father of ETC in motorways because not only co-designed Telepass but was able to make it the first standardized operating ETC system in the world as European standard in 1996. He acted as a consultant for deployment of ETC in many countries including Japan, United States, Brazil. In Japan, only the ETC System was constructed in all of

4165-472: The first country in the world to implement an electronic road toll collection system known as the Singapore Area Licensing Scheme for purposes of congestion pricing on its more urbanized roads. It was refined in 1998 as Electronic Road Pricing (ERP). Italy deployed a full ETC in motorways at national scale in 1989. Telepass , the brand name of the ETC belonging to Autostrade S.p.A. now Autostrade per l'Italia ,

4250-446: The first phase of the Triangle Expressway. On May 4, 2010, the Authority signed a contract with TransCore to provide transponders. In December 2011, phase one of the Triangle Expressway was open to traffic; on January 3, 2012, toll collection began. On June 26, 2012, Senate Bill 895 (S.L. 2012-85) gave the authority the ability to enter into reciprocal toll enforcement agreements with other toll agencies. In August, 2012, phase two of

4335-752: The flawed environmental studies. Both the Cape Fear Skyway and Mid-Currituck Bridge were criticized as expensive pork projects . In response to the criticism the North Carolina General Assembly removed the Garden Parkway, Cape Fear Skyway and Mid-Currituck Bridge from the authority's purview. A more recent contract between the authority and Cintra to build I-77 HOT lanes and operate them for 50 years provoked local groups to hire legal counsel and attempt to have it nullified. Additional criticisms have stemmed from

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4420-420: The gaps between vehicles, to provide basic information on the presence of a vehicle. With clever software processing of the inductive data a wide range of vehicle classes can be derived by careful analysis of the inductive profile. Treadles permit counting the number of axles as a vehicle passes over them and, with offset-treadle installations, also detect dual-tire vehicles. Light-curtain laser profilers record

4505-435: The highway into segments, each having a price value determined by distance to the next gate (interchange). A daily gate count is calculated at midnight, and the total charge is deducted in 48 hours. Each vehicle receives a further discount after the first 200 kilometers, and eTag subscribers with prepaid accounts get a further 10% reduction. Non-subscribers are billed by license plate recognition and mail statements, or can make

4590-489: The introduction of a law allowing toll highways and bridges in the state in 2002. Introduced to speed along the implementation of transportation improvements, many of the projects selected by the Authority were controversial, leading to delays. Originally planned to be an extension of I-540, the Triangle Expressway garnered criticism from both politicians and residents for tolling the Western Wake Freeway and for

4675-519: The lanes. One such example application is Alabama Freedom Pass mobile, used to link customer accounts at sites operated by American Roads LLC. The app communicates in real time with the facility transaction processing system to identify and debit customer accounts or bill a major credit card. Source: Automated vehicle classification is closely related to automated vehicle identification (AVI). Most toll facilities charge different rates for different types of vehicles, making it necessary to distinguish

4760-767: The law also mandates the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) to maintain an existing, alternate, comparable non-toll route for each toll route constructed by the authority. In December 2006, FHWA approved the tolling project on what was going to be I-540 along the Western Wake Freeway. In 2008, Senate Bill 1697 (S.L. 2008-225) established the enforcement of tolls on turnpike projects and clarified and revised several sections, including: removal of I-540 from project list, collection of tolls (via mail or transponder), payment system for tolls, civil penalties for not paying tolls and procedures for contesting liability for unpaid tolls. The Triangle Parkway

4845-450: The long term, the greater the relative advantage that registering and turning one's vehicle into an electronic-toll one provides, the faster cars will be converted from manual-toll use to electronic-toll use, and therefore the fewer manual-toll cars will drag down average speed and thus capacity. In some countries, some toll agencies that use similar technology have set up (or are setting up) reciprocity arrangements, which permit one to drive

4930-561: The need for transponders, some systems, notably the 407 ETR (Express Toll Route) near Toronto and the A282 ( M25 ) Dartford Crossing in the United Kingdom, use automatic number plate recognition. Here, a system of cameras captures images of vehicles passing through tolled areas, and the image of the number plate is extracted and used to identify the vehicle. This allows customers to use the facility without any advance interaction with

5015-514: The number of existing non-toll general purpose lanes. In making such designations, the authority will specify the high-occupancy requirement or other conditions for use of such lanes, which may include restricting vehicle types, access controls, or the payment of tolls for vehicles that do not meet the high-occupancy requirements or conditions for use. As of 2023 , two additional managed lane projects were fully funded and are either scheduled or are under construction: As of 2018 , one turnpike project

5100-399: The old toll stations were replaced by distance-based pay-as-you-go all-electronic toll collection on all of Taiwan's major freeways. All tolls are collected electronically by overhead gantries with multi-lane free flow, not at traditional toll booths. Taiwan was the first country to switch from manual tolling to all-electronic, multi-lane free-flow tolling on all of its freeways. To simulate

5185-423: The organisers being unable to sell bonds to fund the project. Following its opening, criticism shifted onto its expansion with towns raising issues about its routing and environmental concerns . Other projects, such as the Garden Parkway and Monroe Connector/Bypass prompted fear of additional urban sprawl , the criticism of politicians who had land deals along the routes, and generated lawsuits stemming from

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5270-444: The previous model, where a vehicle would not pass toll collection over short-distance travel, each vehicle receives 20 kilometers per diem of free travel and is billed NT$ 1.2 per kilometer thereafter. Buses and trailers are subject to heavy vehicle surcharges. The highway administration may alter fares (e.g. remove the per diem ) during peak travel seasons to facilitate distribution of congestion to midnight hours. The toll gates divide

5355-444: The projects not ranked as provided in (1), one may be subject to G.S. 136-18(39a). 3) The project shall be included in any applicable locally adopted comprehensive transportation plans. 4) The project shall be shown in the current State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP). 5) Toll projects must be approved by all affected Metropolitan Planning Organizations and Rural Transportation Planning Organizations for tolling. Stipulated in

5440-487: The road side devices and greatly contribute to ITS promotion. As of March 2018, in Japan, a total of approximately 2.61 million vehicles are equipped with devices compliant with the ETC 2.0. In some urban settings, automated gates are in use in electronic-toll lanes, with 5 mph (8 km/h) legal limits on speed; in other settings, 20 mph (35 km/h) legal limits are not uncommon. However, in other areas such as

5525-409: The same in electronic lanes as in manual ones, electronic tolls save registered cars time: eliminating the stop at a window or toll machine, between successive cars passing the collection machine, means a fixed-length stretch of their journey past it is traveled at a higher average speed, and in a lower time. This is at least a psychological improvement, even if the length of the lines in automated lanes

5610-421: The shape of the vehicle, which can help distinguish trucks and trailers. In modern systems simple laser light curtains are being replaced with more technically advanced Lidar systems. These safety critical systems, used in autonomous vehicles, are less sensitive to environmental conditions. Source: Transaction processing deals with maintaining customer accounts, posting toll transactions and customer payments to

5695-422: The states of Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Parana and Minas Gerais. Since 2016, National Highway Authority of Pakistan implemented electronic toll collection on its motorway network using a RFID -based tag called the "M-TAG". The tag is attached to the windscreen of vehicles and is automatically scanned at toll plazas on entry and exit, meanwhile debiting the calculated toll tax from

5780-423: The throughput of any toll lane, the fewer lanes required, so construction costs can be reduced. Specifically, the toll-collecting authorities have incentives to resist pressure to limit the fraction of electronic lanes in order to limit the length of manual-lane lines. In the short term, the greater the fraction of automated lanes, the lower the cost of operation (once the capital costs of automating are amortized). In

5865-479: The toll agency. The disadvantage is that fully automatic recognition has a significant error rate, leading to billing errors and the cost of transaction processing (which requires locating and corresponding with the customer) can be significant. Systems that incorporate a manual review stage have much lower error rates, but require a continuing staffing expense. A few toll facilities cover a very wide area, making fixed toll gates impractical. The most notable of these

5950-716: The toll facility. The designation of HOT and managed lanes. As of 2018 , the Authority operates 37.5 miles (60.4 km) of tollways in four counties in North Carolina: The authority currently has one set of HOT lanes in North Carolina: Unlike the turnpike projects, the Authority is not limited to the number of managed lane projects it may construct and operate. The authority may also convert lanes that may previously have been designated as high-occupancy vehicle lane (HOV) or other type of managed lanes; provided that such designated does not reduce

6035-416: The toll gate communicates with a transponder on the vehicle via Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC). RFID tags have proved to have excellent accuracy, and can be read at highway speeds. The major disadvantage is the cost of equipping each vehicle with a transponder, which can be a major start-up expense, if paid by the toll agency, or a strong customer deterrent, if paid by the customer. To avoid

6120-840: The toll roads in Kansas and Oklahoma, as well as on certain toll roads in Texas. Both the SunPass Mini and SunPass Pro transponders are supported. Certain transponders from these three states can be used on all roads maintained by the Florida Turnpike Enterprise. But Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas transponders currently cannot be used on any roads or portions of roads maintained by the Central Florida Expressway Authority. Electronic toll collection Electronic toll collection ( ETC )

6205-487: The vehicle passes a roadside toll reader device, a radio signal from the reader triggers the transponder, which transmits back an identifying number which registers the vehicle's use of the road, and an electronic payment system charges the user the toll. A major advantage is the driver does not have to stop, reducing traffic delays. Electronic tolling is cheaper than a staffed toll booth, reducing transaction costs for government or private road owners. The ease of varying

6290-453: The vehicles passing through the toll facility. The simplest method is to store the vehicle class in the customer record, and use the AVI data to look up the vehicle class. This is low-cost, but limits user flexibility, in such cases as the automobile owner who occasionally tows a trailer. More complex systems use a variety of sensors. Inductive sensors embedded in the road surface can determine

6375-471: The world's first 100% full speed electronic tolling with transponders crossing through the city's core (CBD) in a system of several concessioned urban freeways ( Autopista Central and Autopista ). The United Arab Emirates implemented in 2007 a similar road toll collection in Dubai , called Salik . Similar schemes were previously implemented but only on bypass or outer ring urban freeways in several cities around

6460-485: The world's first successful congestion pricing scheme implemented with manual control (see also Singapore's Area Licensing Scheme ), and was refined in 1998 (see Singapore's Electronic Road Pricing ), Bergen (1986), Oslo (1990), and Trondheim (1991) (see Trondheim Toll Scheme ); Rome in 2001 as an upgrade to the manual zone control system implemented in 1998; London in 2003 and extended in 2007 (see London congestion charge ); Stockholm , tested in 2006 and made

6545-509: The world: Toronto in 1997 ( Highway 407 ), several roads in Norway (AutoPASS), Melbourne in 2000 ( CityLink ), and Tel Aviv also in 2000 ( Highway 6 ). Congestion pricing or urban toll schemes were implemented to enter the downtown area using ETC technology and/or cameras and video recognition technology to get the plate numbers in several cities around the world: urban tolling in Norway's three major cities: Singapore in 1974 introduced

6630-510: Was also renamed the Triangle Expressway, which incorporated segments also known as NC 147 (Triangle Parkway) and NC 540 (Western Wake Freeway), in Wake and Durham counties. In 2009, House Bill 1617 (S.L. 2009-343) transferred the functions and funds of the North Carolina Turnpike Authority to NCDOT to conserve expenditures and improve efficiency. In August, the groundbreaking ceremony took place on

6715-532: Was designed by Dr. Eng Pierluigi Ceseri and Dr. Eng. Mario Alvisi and included a full operational real time Classification of Vehicles and Enforcement via cameras interconnected with the PRA (Public Register of Automobiles) via a network of more than 3.000 Km. optical fibers. Telepass introduced the concept of ETC Interoperability because interconnected 24 different Italian motorway operators allowing users to travel between different concession areas and paying only at

6800-429: Was established on October 3, 2002, by ratification of House Bill 644 (S.L. 2002-133) and signed by Governor Mike Easley . In its original draft, the authority was independent and only able to establish the first three projects in the following conditions: one project located in whole or in part in a county with a population equal to or greater than 650,000 persons; one project located in a county or counties that each have

6885-562: Was extended through December 2011 and in January 2012 was replaced by a congestion pricing scheme called Area C . New York City considered the implementation of a congestion pricing scheme. New York City Council approved such a plan in 2008, but it was not implemented because the New York State Assembly did not approve it. (see New York congestion pricing ) In 2006, San Francisco transport authorities began

6970-401: Was introduced on April 24, 1999, and by October 1 of the same year, more than 100,000 SunPass transponders had been sold. In early 2009, all Easy Pay customers automatically became SunPass Plus customers if they opt-in and have the privilege of using their transponders to pay for airport parking at Tampa , Orlando , Palm Beach , Fort Lauderdale and Miami airports. Customers can opt out of

7055-526: Was made with Georgia's Peach Pass , allowing SunPass holders to utilize the I-85 Express lanes and any future toll roads or lanes in the state. The C-Pass system operated by Miami-Dade County Public Works on the Rickenbacker and Venetian Causeways was replaced by SunPass and pay-by-plate on September 23, 2014. In July 2020, E-ZPass announced that SunPass would be compatible with E-ZPass by

7140-556: Was not met. SunPass announced in 2012 for plans to eventually become interoperable with E-ZPass . As a step towards this, the older battery-powered SunPass transponders were phased out by the end of 2015; new batteryless models can work with tolling equipment in other states. On July 29, 2013, Florida's Turnpike Enterprise made an interoperability agreement with North Carolina Turnpike Authority and its NC Quick Pass, allowing SunPass holders to utilize North Carolina's toll roads and lanes. On November 12, 2014, an interoperability agreement

7225-406: Was the first to propose a similar system of electronic tolling for the Washington Metropolitan Area . He proposed that each car would be equipped with a transponder: "The transponder's personalized signal would be picked up when the car passed through an intersection, and then relayed to a central computer which would calculate the charge according to the intersection and the time of day and add it to

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