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77-464: C94 may refer to : Ruy Lopez, Breyer Variation chess openings ECO code Other leukaemias of specified cell type ICD-10 code Labour Clauses (Public Contracts) Convention, 1949 code Earlville Airport in Earlville, Illinois FAA LID [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

154-520: A century it was believed that it was safer for Black to place the bishop on e7, but it is much more active on c5. White can gain time by playing c3 and d4 as the black bishop will have to move, but this does not always seem to be as important as was once thought. The Møller Defence, 3...a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Bc5 was already an old line in 1903 when Jørgen Møller (1873–1944) analysed it in Tidskrift för Schack . Alexander Alekhine played this for Black in

231-662: A common attacking idea in the Morphy Attack; Nd5. In the main line, 8...Nxd5? is wrong because 9.Bxd5! leaves White with a strong bishop on the outpost square d5, exerting a troublesome pin on the undefended c6-knight. After 7...0-0, 8.d3 transposes to one of the main lines of 6.d3, with 6... b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.Nc3. Paul Keres and Boris Spassky have both played the line a few times throughout their careers (both playing it against one another once), and Siegbert Tarrasch played it three times in his 1911 match against Schlechter (scoring 1 win, 1 draw, 1 loss in that order), but it remains

308-436: A formation to fall into a particular category, it need not have a pawn position identical to the corresponding diagram, but only close enough that the character of the game and the major themes are unchanged. It is typically the center pawns whose position influences the nature of the game the most. Structures with mutually attacking pawns are said to have tension . They are ordinarily unstable and tend to transpose into

385-524: A manoeuvring game results from the calmer 5.c3 Bd7 6.d4. The game is also sharp after 5.Bxc6+ bxc6 6.d4 ( ECO C73) or 5.0-0 Bg4 6.h3 h5 ( ECO C72). The older lines starting with 5.c4 and 5.d4 are not regarded as testing for Black, though the latter offers a tricky gambit. There are six ECO classifications for the Modern Steinitz. White's responses 5.d4, 5.Nc3, and 5.c4 are included in C71, while 5.0-0

462-488: A pawn storm with the move g4) 8... Nc6 9. 0-0-0 (9.Bc4 is also a very common move in this position) 9... d5 (the main line; other ideas include 9...Nxd4 and 9...Bd7). Openings : Primary: Sicilian Najdorf , Classical, Sveshnikov, Kalashnikov. Other: Sicilian Prins, Moscow, O'Kelly (2...a6), King's Indian , King's English (with colors reversed), Pirc , Philidor , Ruy Lopez (Spanish), Italian . Character : Open, dynamic game. Themes for White : taking control of

539-572: A piece, prepares castling , and sets up a potential pin against Black's king. Since White's third move carries no immediate threat, Black can respond in a wide variety of ways. Traditionally, White's objective in playing the Ruy Lopez is to spoil Black's pawn structure ; either way Black recaptures following the exchange on c6 will have negative features, although recapturing gains the bishop pair . In modern practice, however, White does not always exchange bishop for knight on c6, preferring

616-480: A problem in the Open. The Riga Variation, 6...exd4, is considered inferior; the main line runs 7.Re1 d5 8.Nxd4 Bd6! 9.Nxc6 Bxh2+! 10.Kh1! (10.Kxh2 Qh4+ 11.Kg1 Qxf2+ draws by perpetual check.) Qh4 11.Rxe4+! dxe4 12.Qd8+! Qxd8 13.Nxd8+ Kxd8 14.Kxh2 Be6 (14...f5 ?? 15.Bg5 # ) and now the endgame is considered to favour White after 15.Be3 or Nd2 (but not 15.Nc3 c5!, playing to trap the bishop). A famous example of this line

693-651: A regular basis, is an old line which, according to modern theory, does not promise White any advantage, though is adopted as an alternative to the main variation 5.0-0. The main line continues with 5...exd4 (5...Nxe4 6.0-0 transposes to the Open Defence ) 6.0-0 (6.e5 Ne4 is harmless) Be7 (6...Nxe4 transposes to the Riga Variation of the Open Defence) which leads to the Centre Attack ( ECO C84) of

770-686: A significant advantage. Indeed, if Black does not quickly make a pawn break , their minor pieces will suffocate , with minor pieces lacking any squares to move to and possibly becoming cornered or pressed into a weak defense. Conversely, the formation takes time to set up and limits the activity of White's light-squared bishop, which can buy Black some breathing room to accomplish this break. Openings : Primary: Symmetrical English , Sicilian . Other: King's English (with colors reversed), King's Indian Defence (Sämisch), Queen's Indian Defense , Nimzo-Indian Defence , Nimzo-Larsen Attack . Character : Closed, Semi-open game. The Hedgehog

847-400: A slight advantage even with Black's pawn on c6. Openings : Primary: Sicilian Dragon . Other: Pirc , King's English (with colors reversed). Character : Either a razor sharp middlegame with opposite side castling or a moderately sharp game with same side castling. The Sicilian Dragon requires a high level of opening memorization to play properly. This is especially true when it comes to

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924-454: A slight edge, if the d6–d5 break can be made. Black has two options for their queen's bishop : on e6 and on b7 (after a7–a6 and b7–b5). Unusually for an open formation, bishops become inferior to knights because of the overarching importance of d5: White will often exchange Bg5xf6, and Black usually prefers to give up their queen's bishop rather than a knight in exchange for a white knight if it gets to d5. This formation can be reached from

1001-509: A stable formation with a pawn push or exchange. Play often revolves around making the transposition happen under favorable circumstances. For instance, in the Queen's Gambit Declined , Black waits until White develops the king's bishop to make the d5xc4 capture, transposing to the Slav formation (see below). Openings : Primary: Caro–Kann . Other: French , Scandinavian (in

1078-430: A superior endgame. The Rauzer formation is named after Rauzer who introduced it in the Ruy Lopez. It can also rarely occur in the Ruy Lopez with colors reversed. It is considered to give Black excellent chances because d6 is much less of a hole than White's d4. If the black king's bishop is fianchettoed it is common to see it undeveloped to f8 to control the vital c5- and d6-squares, or remove White's dark-squared bishop,

1155-572: A systematic study of this and other openings in the 150-page book on chess Libro del Axedrez , written in 1561. Lopez advocated 3.Bb5 as superior to 3.Bc4, and was of the opinion that Black should play 2...d6 (the Philidor Defence ) to avoid it. Although it bears his name, this particular opening was included in the Göttingen manuscript , which dates from c.   1490. A popular use of the Ruy Lopez opening did not develop, however, until

1232-493: A tempo compared to the Exchange Variation, though in compensation, the black knight on f6 and bishop on e7 are awkwardly placed. The knight on f6 prevents Black from supporting the e-pawn with ...f7–f6, and the bishop is somewhat passively posted on e7. The Centre Attack (or Centre Variation) ( ECO C84), 6.d4, leads to sharp play. After 6...exd4 (6...Nxe4 and 6...b5 are viable alternatives) 7.Re1 b5 (7...0-0 8.e5 Ne8

1309-472: A traditional usage which Larry Evans attributed to Aron Nimzowitsch . The main point of 3...a6 is that after the common retreat 4.Ba4, Black will have the possibility of breaking a future pin on the queen knight by playing ...b5. White must take some care not to fall into the Noah's Ark Trap , in which Black traps White's king bishop on the b3-square with a ...a6, ...b5, and ...c4 pawn advance on

1386-478: A waste of time, but Black having played ...Nf6 rules out defending the pawn with ...f6, and the bishop already being on e7 means that ...Bd6 would be a loss of tempo . The Norwegian Variation (also called the Taimanov or Wing Variation) ( ECO C70), 3...a6 4.Ba4 b5 5.Bb3 Na5 aims to eliminate the white bishop but is generally considered too time-consuming for Black. The usual continuation is 6.0-0 d6 7.d4 Nxb3, but

1463-465: Is "The Spanish Torture". At the most basic level, White's third move attacks the knight that defends the e5-pawn from the attack by the f3-knight. White's apparent threat to win Black's e-pawn with 4.Bxc6 dxc6 5.Nxe5 is illusory—Black can respond 5...Qd4, forking the knight and e4-pawn, winning back the material with a good position. White's 3.Bb5 is still a good move, however; it develops

1540-438: Is 8...b4, after which White may wish to ambitiously play 9.a5 (preventing ...Na5) d6 10.d3 Be6!, where White cannot avoid the trade of bishops (the main moves being either 11.Bxe6 or 11.Nbd2 Bxb3). If Black elects not to exchange, however, we may see 11.Nbd2 Rb8 12.Nc4 where White may retain some pull in the position. On the other hand, to be considered is 6.d3 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.a4 b4 9.a5 d6 10.Nbd2 Be6 11.Nc4!, where White has avoided

1617-518: Is C72. The delayed exchange 5.Bxc6+ bxc6 6.d4 is C73. C74–C76 all begin with 5.c3. C74 covers 5...Nf6, but primarily focuses on 5...f5 6.exf5 Bxf5 with 7.d4 or 7.0-0. C75's main continuation is 5...Bd7 6.d4 Nge7, the Rubinstein Variation. C76 is characterised by the Black kingside fianchetto 5...Bd7 6.d4 g6. The Schliemann Defence Deferred, 3...a6 4.Ba4 f5, is rarely seen, with practically its only top-level appearances being in

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1694-759: Is a formation similar to the Maróczy bind , and shares the strategic ideas with that formation. Typically, the Maróczy bind would transpose into the Hedgehog formation. Openings : Primary: King's Indian , Old Indian ( Ruy Lopez (colors reversed), Italian Game . Sicilian Kramnik. The notation in the rest of this section refers to the version with the colors reversed. Character : Semi-open game. Themes for White : d6 weakness, c4–c5 push, a3–f8 diagonal, queenside pawn storm. Themes for Black : d4 weakness, a1–h8 diagonal, f4-square, kingside attack, trading pieces for

1771-534: Is a playable alternative) White can play either 8.Bb3 or the sharp 8.e5. In case of the immediate 7.e5 Black takes advantage of the absence of the white rook from e1 and plays 7...Ne4 with the idea of 8...Nc5. The Morphy Attack ( ECO C84) named after Paul Morphy who introduced the idea in a 1859 blindfolded simul , is aggressive and may lead to a very small edge for White, but less than in 6.Re1 and 6.d3. Similar to those two moves, White's defence of his e-pawn compels Black to drive away White's bishop with 6...b5 (6...d6

1848-430: Is a viable alternative) White has to deal with the threat of 8...Na5 by playing 8.a3 (8.c3 or 8.a4 are perfectly playable as well), and after 8...0-0 (the immediate 8...Na5 is also feasible) 9.Nc3 we have reached a modern tabiya of the Ruy Lopez. This position was first reached in a high-level encounter between Viswanathan Anand and Michael Adams , Grenke Chess Classic 2013. 6.d3 has gained wide popularity among

1925-563: Is also possible, but less popular). After 7.Bb3, Black can play 7...0-0 or 7...d6. Note that Marshall attack-style ideas of 7...0-0 and playing ...d5 next, sacrificing a pawn, make little sense when White's knight on c3 both controls d5 and means White has a more developed queenside, one of the upsides of the Marshall usually being White's underdeveloped queenside. The main line of 7...d6, 8.Nd5 Na5 9.Nxe7 Qxe7 10.d3 0-0, with Black eventually relinquishing White of his bishop pair with ...Nxb3, shows

2002-456: Is considered to slightly favour Black. Jon Jacobs wrote in the July 2005 Chess Life (p. 21): "A database search (limited to games longer than 20 moves, both players FIDE 2300+) reveals the position after 7.Nxd4 was reached 20 times from 1985–2002. White's results were abysmal: +0−7=13." After 5.Nc3, Black usually plays 5...f6 to defend the e-pawn. A notable game is Adhiban – Nakamura from

2079-747: Is one of the few grandmasters who has adopted the Dilworth repeatedly. In the Howell Attack ( ECO C81), 9.Qe2, White aims for play against d5 after Rd1. The game usually continues 9...Be7 10.Rd1 followed by 10...Nc5 or 10...0-0. Paul Keres played this line against Max Euwe and Samuel Reshevsky at the World Chess Championship tournament 1948 . This has been played at the top by World No.2 Fabiano Caruana among others, and he recommends this in his video series for Chessbase. Karpov's move, 9.Nbd2, limits Black's options. In

2156-645: Is that if White plays 6.Nxe5, Black plays 6...Qd4, forking the knight and the e4-pawn. The move ...Qd4, regaining the pawn at e4, is usually impossible in these variations once White has castled, due to the open e-file. Notable games are Fischer – Portisch , and Fischer – Gligorić , both played at the 17th Chess Olympiad in Havana 1966 . White may also delay the exchange for a move or two: 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.Bxc6 or 5.0-0 Be7 6.Bxc6 (the Delayed Exchange Deferred), for example; at first glance this seems

2233-439: Is the game José Raúl Capablanca – Edward Lasker , New York 1915. White is objectively better here, but Black keeps some good practical chances owing to the sharp positions that occur. White has a variety of options at move nine, including 9.c3, 9.Be3, 9.Qe2, and 9.Nbd2. The classical line starts with 9.c3 when Black may choose 9...Be7 (the main line) or the aggressive 9...Bc5. After 9.c3 Bc5 10.Nbd2 0-0 11.Bc2, Black must meet

2310-461: Is weak, since 5...Qd4 ! 6.Nf3 Qxe4+ 7.Qe2 Qxe2+ 8.Kxe2 leaves White with no compensation for Black's bishop pair. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Emanuel Lasker had great success with 5.d4 exd4 6.Qxd4 Qxd4 7.Nxd4, most notably his famous win against José Raúl Capablanca in the St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament . Since then, better defences for Black have been developed, and this line

2387-421: The queenside . Ercole del Rio , in his 1750 treatise Sopra il giuoco degli Scacchi, Osservazioni pratiche dell'anonimo Modenese (On the game of Chess, practical Observations by an anonymous Modenese), was the first author to mention 3...a6. The move became popular after it was played by Paul Morphy and it is named for him. An influential chess player at that time, Wilhelm Steinitz , did not approve of

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2464-518: The 2013 FIDE World Cup . The flexible 5.0-0 is sometimes called the Barendregt Variation, but it was Fischer who developed it into a serious weapon in the 1960s. Unlike 5.d4, it forces Black to defend the e-pawn, usually with 5...f6, 5...Bg4, 5...Qd6 (the sharpest line, preparing queenside castling ), 5...Qf6, 5...Qe7, or 5...Bd6. Some other moves that have been played are 5...Ne7, 5...Be7, and 5...Be6. The idea behind these three moves

2541-562: The Spanish Opening or Spanish Game , is a chess opening characterised by the moves: The Ruy Lopez is named after 16th-century Spanish priest Ruy López de Segura . It is one of the most popular openings, with many variations. In the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings ( ECO ), all codes from C60 to C99 are assigned to the Ruy Lopez. The opening is named after the 16th-century Spanish priest Ruy López de Segura , who made

2618-509: The d5-chain formation after Black gets the c7–c6 break and exchanges the c-pawn for White's d-pawn. When White castles queenside, Black often delays castling because their king is quite safe in the center . Openings : Primary: Sicilian , King's Indian Defence . Other: Symmetrical English , King's English (with colors reversed), Queen's Indian Defence , Nimzo-Indian Defence . Character : Semi-open game. Themes for White : Nd4–c2–e3, fianchettoing one or both bishops,

2695-414: The isolani into the hanging pawns , and vice versa. Such transpositions must be considered carefully and often mark shifts in game strategy. In his 1995 book Pawn Structure Chess , Andrew Soltis classified the major pawn formations into 17 categories. In 2015, the book Chess Structures , by Mauricio Flores Rios , further studied the subject, subdividing pawn structures into the 28 most important. For

2772-456: The 1974 Candidates Final, when Viktor Korchnoi adopted it to ultimately draw the game versus Anatoly Karpov , and by R Praggnanandhaa who won against Vidit Gujrathi in the 2024 Candidates Tournament . It is considered inferior to the regular Schliemann since White can answer effectively with 5.d4! exd4 6.e5. 5. d3 ( ECO C77) is the most popular alternative to 5. O-O, where black has 5...b5, 5...d6 and 5...Bc5. 5...b5 usually transposes to

2849-424: The 1978 Karpov– Korchnoi World Chess Championship match, following 9.Nbd2 Nc5 10.c3 d4 (10...Be7 is an old move that remains popular) Karpov introduced the surprising 11.Ng5 !? , a move suggested by his trainer, Igor Zaitsev . If Black takes the knight with 11...Qxg5 White regains the material with 12.Qf3. This variation played a decisive role in a later World Championship match, Kasparov – Anand 1995, when Anand

2926-488: The Closed Defence described in this section are: In the Exchange Variation, 4.Bxc6, ( ECO C68–C69) White damages Black's pawn structure, gaining a ready-made long-term plan of playing d4 ...exd4 Qxd4, followed by exchanging all the pieces and winning the pure pawn ending. Max Euwe gives the pure pawn ending in this position (with all pieces except kings removed) as a win for White. Black gains good compensation in

3003-618: The Closed Defence. The Steinitz Defence Deferred ( ECO C79) also called the Russian Defence. With the move order 3...a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 d6, Black waits until White castles before playing ...d6. This can enable Black to avoid some lines in the Steinitz Defence Deferred in which White castles queenside, although the position of the knight on f6 also precludes Black from supporting the centre with ...f7–f6. These nuances seem to have little importance today, as neither

3080-609: The Martinez Variation, White steers clear of the Marshall Attack and any of the anti-Marshall lines. White threatens 7.Bxc6 winning the e5-pawn leaving Black a choice of either 6...d6 or 6...b5. After 6...d6 the e5-pawn is firmly defended and Black threatens to trade off White's Ruy Lopez bishop with 7...b5 and 8...Na5. White normally continues with 7.c3, and after 8...0-0 White can choose between 9.Nbd2 or 9 Re1. Black can also play 6...b5, and after 7.Bb3 d6 (7...0-0

3157-587: The Martinez variation of the Ruy Lopez. Against 5...d6, White can transpose into the Martinez Ruy Lopez, but can also play the interesting 6. c4 (Duras variation). This aims to stop b7-b5, and develop actively with h3, O-O, Nc3. Against 5...Bc5, play continues 6. c3 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. O-O O-O, where white has the more thematic 9. Nbd2 and 9. h3, but the strongest option is 9. Bg5, where play usually continues with 9...h6 10. Bh4 g5 and white can choose between

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3234-418: The Maróczy hop (Nc3–d5 followed by e4xd5 with terrific pressure on the e-file), kingside attack, c4–c5 and e4–e5 breaks. Themes for Black : b7–b5 break, f7–f5 break (especially with a fianchettoed king's bishop), d6–d5 break (prepared with e7–e6). The Maróczy bind, named after Géza Maróczy , has a fearsome reputation. Chess masters once believed that allowing the bind was a mistake as Black always gave White

3311-550: The Neo-Arkhangelsk or Neo-Archangel, is a refinement of the regular Arkhangelsk Defence by incorporating ideas similar to the Møller Defence. Black normally does not fianchetto the queen's bishop, which would transpose to regular Arkhangelsk setups, but plays ...Bg4 to increase the pressure against White's pawn centre. White's main continuation is 7.a4 after which Black responds with the typical move 7...Rb8 reaching

3388-452: The Steinitz Defence Deferred nor the Russian Defence have been popular for many years. Mikhail Chigorin played the Russian Defence in the 1890s, and later it was adopted by Akiba Rubinstein and Alekhine. The last significant use of the Russian Defence was in the 1950s, when it was played by some Russian masters. Today, however, it has purely practical value, as White has found numerous ways to an opening advantage by quickly opening lines in

3465-816: The Yugoslav Attack in which White plays the moves Be3, f3, Qd2 and 0-0-0. Other variations include the following: the Classical Dragon, where White plays Be2 and 0-0; the Tal Attack, defined by Bc4 and 0-0; and the Fianchetto Defense, where White plays g3, Bg2 and 0-0. These less common variations lead to less tactical positions, with a potentially technical endgame. Themes for White : Outpost on d5, kingside attack (either f2–f4–f5 with kingside castling or h2–h4–h5 with queenside castling), weakness of Black's queenside pawn minority in

3542-409: The analysis and he struggled in vain to solve the position over the board with his chess clock running. The Dilworth Variation (or Attack), 11...Nxf2 12.Rxf2 f6 13.exf6 Bxf2+ 14.Kxf2 Qxf6 has scored well for Black, with many traps for the ill-prepared White player. The main line leads to unbalanced endgames which are difficult to play for both sides, though with a strong drawing tendency. Artur Yusupov

3619-553: The attack on e4, with the following possibilities from which to choose: 11...f5, 11...Bf5, both of which aim to maintain the strongpoint on e4, or the forcing line 11...Nxf2, introduced by the English amateur Vernon Dilworth. Today, 9.Be3 Be7 10.c3 is often used to transpose into the main line, 9.c3, while obviating the option of the Dilworth. An old continuation is 11...f5, when after 12.Nb3 Bb6 13.Nfd4 Nxd4 14.Nxd4 Bxd4 White can gain some advantage with Bogoljubov's 15.Qxd4. Instead,

3696-498: The c-file, minority attack (and counterplay in general) on the queenside, pressure on White's pawn on e4 or e5, d6–d5 break, e6–e5 transposing into the Boleslavsky hole (see below). It used to be considered unwise for White to exchange a piece on c6 allowing the recapture bxc6, because the phalanx of Black's center pawns was thought to become very strong; however modern chess engines have shown ways for White to maintain

3773-400: The center, where Black's developmental lag seems to be a significant factor. The Arkhangelsk Defence (or Archangel Defence) ( ECO C78) was popularized by Soviet players from the city of Arkhangelsk such as GM Vladimir Malaniuk . The variation begins 3...a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 b5 6.Bb3 Bb7. This line often leads to sharp positions in which Black wagers that the fianchettoed bishop's influence on

3850-474: The centre and kingside will offset Black's delay in castling. White has several options, including attempting to build an ideal pawn centre with c3 and d4, defending the e-pawn with Re1 or simply developing. The Arkhangelsk Defence is tactically justified by Black's ability to meet 7.Ng5 with 7...d5 8.exd5 Nd4! (not 8...Nxd5, when White gets the advantage with 9.Qh5 g6 10.Qf3). The Modern Arkhangelsk Defence (or Modern Archangel Defence) ( ECO C78), sometimes called

3927-468: The d4-pawn, c6–c5 and e6–e5 breaks. The latter break is usually preferable, but harder for Black to achieve. Openings : Primary: Queen's Gambit . Other: Catalan , Nimzo-Indian , Colle System , London System , and Trompowsky (with the latter three having their colors reversed). Character : Slow-paced game. Themes for White : Pressure on the c-file, weakness of Black's c-pawn (either after Black's ...b7–b5 or after d4–d5xc6 in response to ...e6–e5),

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4004-499: The d4–d5 break. Themes for Black : e6–e5 and c6–c5 breaks. Openings : Primary: Sicilian ( Najdorf , Richter–Rauzer and Sozin variations), Sicilian Scheveningen , and several other Sicilian variations. Other: King's English (colors reversed). Character : Complex, dynamic, sharp middlegame . Themes for White : Pressure on the d-file, space advantage, e4–e5 break (often prepared with f2–f4), f2–f4–f5 push, g2–g4–g5 blitz (see Keres Attack ). Themes for Black : Pressure on

4081-468: The d5 hole , exploiting the backward d6-pawn, f2–f4 break. Themes for Black : d6–d5 break, queenside minority attack, the c4-square. It is a paradoxical idea that Black can strive for equality by voluntarily creating a hole on d5. The entire game revolves around control of the d5-square. Black must play very carefully or White will place a knight on d5 and obtain a commanding positional advantage. Black almost always equalizes, and might even obtain

4158-667: The early portion of his career; despite his advocacy, it never achieved great popularity, and even he eventually came to consider it dubious. The Graz Defence, 3...a6 4.Ba4 b5 5.Bb3 Bc5, was analysed by Alois Fink (b. 1910) in Österreichische Schachzeitung in 1956 and in Wiener Schach Nachrichten in 1979, although it did not become popular until the 1990s. In the Modern Steinitz Defence (also called Neo-Steinitz Defence) ( ECO C71–C76), Black interpolates 3...a6 4.Ba4 before playing 4...d6, which

4235-660: The endgame. Themes for Black : Pressure on the long diagonal, queenside counterplay, exploiting White's often overextended kingside pawns in the endgame , d6-d5 break. Opening Lines : The most common variation of the Sicilian Dragon is the Yugoslav Attack. 1. e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 g6 6. Be3 (the defining move of the Yugoslav attack) 6... Bg7 7. Qd2 0-0 8. f3 (necessary to prevent Black from playing 8...Ng4 to attack White's dark-squared bishop; 8.f3 also gives e4 extra defense and prepares to launch

4312-496: The exchange and can transpose directly to the anti-Marshall line if desired by playing Re1 later. Play may also in some rare cases transpose to a traditional closed Spanish (with 7...d6) after something like 6.d3 d6 7.c3 0-0 8.Re1 b5 9.Bc2 Bb7 10.Nbd2 Re8 11.h3 Bf8 12.d4, reaching a reasonably well-trodden position in the Zaitsev system, though both players may deviate at many points in this line. Pawn structure Weaknesses in

4389-402: The form of the bishop pair, however, and the variation is not considered White's most ambitious, though former world champions Emanuel Lasker and Bobby Fischer employed it with success. After 4.Bxc6, Black almost always responds 4...dxc6. The similar move 4...bxc6 is rarely played due to the reply 5.d4 exd4 6.Qxd4 which gives White control of the centre . After 4...dxc6, the obvious 5.Nxe5 ?

4466-772: The guardian of the hole. The Rauzer formation is often misjudged by beginners. In the position on the left, White appears to have a development lead while Black's position appears to be riddled with holes. In reality, it is Black who stands clearly better, because White has no real way to improve their position while Black can improve by exploiting the d4-square ( see complete game on Java (Applet) board ). Openings : Primary: King's Indian . Other: English , Pirc , Ruy Lopez , Philidor , Italian Game . Character : Semi-open game, slow buildup. Occurs after exchange of pawns on d4. Name given by Hans Kmoch . Themes for White : exploitation of d6 weakness, e4–e5 and c4–c5 breaks, minority attack with b2–b4–b5. Themes for Black : attacking

4543-667: The least popular option for White on move 6. In the Worrall Attack ( ECO C86), White replaces 6.Re1 with 6.Qe2. The idea is that the queen will support the e-pawn, leaving the rook free to move to d1 to support the advance of the d-pawn, although there is not always time for this. Play normally continues 6...b5 7.Bb3 followed by 7...0-0 8.c3 and 8...d5 or 8...d6. Paul Keres played the line several times. More recently, Sergei Tiviakov has played it, as has Nigel Short , who essayed it twice in his 1992 match against Anatoly Karpov and won both games. By playing 6.d3, often called

4620-399: The main line where White has to get the queen back from a5), Trompowsky (colors reversed), Alekhine's . Character : Slow-paced game. Themes for White : Outpost on e5, kingside space advantage, d4–d5 break , possibility of queenside majority in the endgame (typically after the exchange of White's d-pawn for Black's c-pawn). Themes for Black : Weakness of

4697-453: The mid-19th century, when the Finnish and Russian theoretician Carl Jaenisch "rediscovered" its potential. The opening remains the most commonly used amongst the open games in master play; it has been adopted by almost all players during their careers, many of whom have played it with both colours. Due to the difficulty for Black in achieving equality, a common nickname for the opening

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4774-421: The move, however; in 1889, he wrote, "on principle this ought to be disadvantageous as it drives the bishop where it wants to go". Steinitz's opinion did not prevail, however; today, 3...a6 is played in over 65 percent of all games beginning with the Ruy Lopez. After 3...a6, the most commonly played line is the Closed Defence, which goes 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7, discussed in the two following sections. Alternatives to

4851-415: The overall strategies of the players to a large extent, however, even if arising from unrelated openings. Pawn formations symmetrical about a vertical line (such as the e5-chain and the d5-chain ) may appear similar, but they tend to have entirely different characteristics because of the propensity of the kings to castle on the kingside . Pawn structures often transpose into one another, such as

4928-425: The pawn structure, such as isolated , doubled , or backward pawns and holes , once created, are usually permanent. Care must therefore be taken to avoid them (but there are exceptions—for instance see Boleslavsky hole below). In the absence of these structural weaknesses, it is not possible to assess a pawn formation as good or bad—much depends on the position of the pieces. The pawn formation does determine

5005-412: The pawn with 6...d6, Black most commonly averts this threat by driving away the white bishop with 6...b5 7.Bb3. After 4...Nf6 5.0-0 Be7, the most frequently seen continuation is 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 0-0, discussed in the next section. Examined in this section are the alternatives to the main line: The Delayed Exchange Variation Deferred (or Exchange Variation Doubly Deferred) ( ECO C85), 6.Bxc6, loses

5082-519: The retreat 4.Ba4 if chased by 3...a6. The theory of the Ruy Lopez is the most extensively developed of all Open Games , with some lines having been analysed well beyond move thirty. At nearly every move there are many reasonable alternatives, and most have been deeply explored. It is convenient to divide the possibilities into two groups based on whether or not Black responds with 3...a6, the Morphy Defence, named after Paul Morphy , although he

5159-561: The safer 11. Bg3 or the sharper 11. Nxg5 5.Qe2 ( ECO C77), first played in the 1840s, normally continues 5...b5 6.Bb3 Be7 7.c3 followed by 8.d4. Robert Wormald (1834–1876) wrote openings manuals and completed Staunton 's last book, analyzing the line in Chess World , 1867. The line is also known as Paulsen – Alapin Attack, and Schlecter Variation. The variation 5.d4 ( ECO C77), named after George Henry Mackenzie who employed it on

5236-616: The same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C94&oldid=454468561 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ruy Lopez, Breyer Variation The Ruy Lopez ( / r ɔɪ , ˈ r uː i / ; Spanish: [ˈruj ˈlopeθ] ), also called

5313-434: The speculative sacrifice 6.Bxf7+ ?! Kxf7 7.Nxe5+, which drives the black king out, has been played. With accurate play, however, Black can avoid any disadvantage while holding onto the extra piece. In the 1950s, Mark Taimanov played it with some success, though it remained a sideline, as it has to this day. This defence has been known since the 1880s and was reintroduced in 1901 by Carl Schlechter . The Norwegian connection

5390-660: The starting point of this highly complex variation. Another line is the more traditional 7.c3 d6 8.d4 and after 8...Bb6 Black's position is fine. 8...exd4 occurred in Löwenthal – Morphy , London 1859, which seems to be the first time this variation was ever played. Fabiano Caruana is one of the most notable players of this variation, employing it in the Candidates Tournament 2020 . In the Open Defence, 3...a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Nxe4, Black tries to make use of

5467-442: The time White will take to regain the pawn to gain a foothold in the centre, with play usually continuing 6.d4 b5 7.Bb3 d5 8.dxe5 Be6 (but not 7...exd4? 8.Re1 d5 9.Nc3!, Bobby Fischer – Petar Trifunović , Bled 1961 ). Here 8.Nxe5, once adopted by Fischer, is much less often seen, and Black should equalise after the accurate 8...Nxe5 9.dxe5 c6, which avoids prematurely committing the light-squared bishop and solidly defends d5, often

5544-416: The top players and has almost supplanted the Ruy Lopez main line with 6.Re1. This variation can transpose into 6.Re1 lines but with a potentially advantageous move order. For example, in the 8.a4 anti-Marshall variation which can ensue after 6.Re1, one of the mainlines is 8...Bb7 9.d3, which can also be reached by way of 6.d3 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.a4 Bb7 9.Re1. A perhaps more challenging response to the anti-Marshall

5621-439: The very sharp La Grande Variante continues 15.cxd4 f4 16.f3 Ng3 17.hxg3 fxg3 18.Qd3 Bf5 19.Qxf5 Rxf5 20.Bxf5 Qh4 21.Bh3 Qxd4+ 22.Kh1 Qxe5, with unclear consequences. Perhaps the most famous game in this variation is Smyslov – Reshevsky , 1945 USSR–USA Radio Match. An analysis of the line had just been published in a Russian chess magazine, and Smyslov was able to follow it to quickly obtain a winning position. Reshevsky had not seen

5698-578: Was first introduced by Svein Johannessen who played the line from 1957 and later strengthened when Simen Agdestein and some other Norwegian players adopted the variation. In 1995 Jonathan Tisdall published the article "Ruy Lopez. The Norwegian Variation" in New in Chess Yearbook 37. The Graz Defence, Classical Defence Deferred, and Møller Defence combine 3...a6 with the active move ...Bc5. For

5775-674: Was frequently played by Alexander Alekhine , José Raúl Capablanca , and Paul Keres . The possibility of breaking the pin with a timely ...b5 gives Black more latitude than in the Old Steinitz Defence; in particular, in the Old Steinitz, White can practically force Black to give up the stronghold at e5, but in the Modern Steinitz, Black is able to maintain control of the centre . Most plausible White moves are playable here, including 5.c3, 5.c4, 5.Bxc6, 5.d4, and 5.0-0. The sharp Siesta Variation arises after 5.c3 f5, while

5852-410: Was not the originator of the line. The variations with Black moves other than 3...a6 are older and generally simpler, but the Morphy Defence lines are more commonly played. The most commonly played third move for Black is the Morphy Defence, 3...a6, a move which forces White to decide whether to retreat or to exchange for Black's knight. The Morphy Defence thus "puts the question" to the white bishop,

5929-411: Was unable to successfully defend as Black. In the main line, White normally retreats the bishop with 4.Ba4, when the usual continuation is 4...Nf6 5.0-0 Be7. Black now threatens to win a pawn with 6...b5 followed by 7...Nxe4, so White must respond. Usually White defends the e-pawn with 6.Re1 which, in turn, threatens Black with the loss of a pawn after 7.Bxc6 and 8.Nxe5. Although it is possible to defend

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