Göteborgs Konsthall is a contemporary art exhibition hall in Gothenburg , Sweden .
80-518: Göteborgs Konsthall exhibits both Swedish and international art. It is situated in a classicist building from 1923 at Götaplatsen in the center of the city, next to Gothenburg Museum of Art ( Göteborgs konstmuseum ). Göteborgs Konsthall investigates the various forms of contemporary art and presents around five exhibitions a year. Alongside the exhibitions, Göteborgs Konsthall presents guided tours, creative workshops, artists talks, workshops, film screenings, performances, and in-depth lectures. Entrance
160-618: A chief is merely a person of influence, and leadership is based on personal qualities. The family forms the main social unit , with most members being related by birth or marriage. The anthropologist Marshall Sahlins described hunter-gatherers as the " original affluent society " due to their extended leisure time: Sahlins estimated that adults in hunter gatherer societies work three to five hours per day. This perspective has been challenged by other researchers, who have pointed out high mortality rates and perennial warfare in hunter-gatherer societies. Proponents of Sahlins' view argue that
240-649: A classification comes from sociologist Gerhard Lenski who lists: (1) hunting and gathering; (2) horticultural; (3) agricultural; and (4) industrial; as well as specialized societies (e.g., fishing or herding). Some cultures have developed over time toward more complex forms of organization and control. This cultural evolution has a profound effect on patterns of community. Hunter-gatherer tribes have, at times, settled around seasonal food stocks to become agrarian villages. Villages have grown to become towns and cities. Cities have turned into city-states and nation-states . However, these processes are not unidirectional. In
320-425: A decreased need for agricultural labor leads to urbanization . Industrial societies are often capitalist , and have high degrees of inequality along with high social mobility , as businesspeople use the market to amass large amounts of wealth. Working conditions in factories are generally restrictive and harsh. Workers, who have common interests, may organize into labor unions to advance those interests. On
400-408: A different sense of what was "classical" in the 16th and 17th centuries. In this period, classicism took on more overtly structural overtones of orderliness, predictability, the use of geometry and grids, the importance of rigorous discipline and pedagogy, as well as the formation of schools of art and music. The court of Louis XIV was seen as the center of this form of classicism, with its references to
480-453: A diverse range of subgroups, and the makeup of these ethnic groups can change over time at both the collective and individual level. Ethnic groupings can play a powerful role in the social identity and solidarity of ethnopolitical units. Ethnic identity has been closely tied to the rise of the nation state as the predominant form of political organization in the 19th and 20th centuries. Governments create laws and policies that affect
560-426: A division of labor where women take on reproductive labor and other domestic roles. Gender roles have varied historically, and challenges to predominant gender norms have recurred in many societies. All human societies organize, recognize and classify types of social relationships based on relations between parents, children and other descendants ( consanguinity ), and relations through marriage ( affinity ). There
640-483: A large area. Lenski differentiates between horticultural and agrarian societies by the use of the plow . Larger food supplies due to improved technology mean agrarian communities are larger than horticultural communities. A greater food surplus results in towns that become centers of trade. Economic trade in turn leads to increased specialization, including a ruling class, as well as educators, craftspeople, merchants, and religious figures, who do not directly participate in
720-491: A large group of people in an ordered community, in a country or several similar countries, or the 'state of being with other people', e.g. "they lived in medieval society." The term dates back to at least 1513 and comes from the 12th-century French societe (modern French société ) meaning 'company'. Societe was in turn derived from the Latin word societas ('fellowship,' 'alliance', 'association'), which in turn
800-420: A more complex division of labor. Specialized roles in horticultural societies include craftspeople, shamans (religious leaders), and traders. This role specialization allows horticultural societies to create a variety of artifacts. Scarce, defensible resources can lead to wealth inequalities in horticultural political systems. Agrarian societies use agricultural technological advances to cultivate crops over
880-659: A period of about one and a half years, until the end of 2008, the art gallery was led by Mikael Nanfeldt as acting director. During this period, the group exhibition History Acts was produced with, among others, Björn Lövin , Gerard Byrne, Karina Nimmerfall, Michael Stevenson and Peter Watkins . In May 2010, the Social Democrats and the Green Party in Gothenburg presented a vision of a newly built art gallery for contemporary art, which would be ready in 2015 in
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#1732772746975960-570: A possible new art gallery have continued. In 2016, Mikael Nanfeldt became head of the department for cultural strategy, which was newly started in the cultural administration, and in November 2016, the administrative leadership of the Gothenburg Art Gallery was taken over by Ann-Sofi Roxhage. 2017 saw Stina Edblom get hired as artistic director and in 2023, Petra Johansson was assigned the role. Classicism Classicism , in
1040-401: A pre-industrial society, food production, which is carried out through the use of human and animal labor , is the main economic activity. These societies can be subdivided according to their level of technology and their method of producing food. These subdivisions are hunting and gathering, pastoral, horticultural, and agrarian. The main form of food production in hunter-gatherer societies is
1120-526: A rate comparable to other primates (although humans kill adults at a relatively high rate and have a relatively low rate of infanticide ). Another school of thought suggests that war is a relatively recent phenomenon and appeared due to changing social conditions. While not settled, the current evidence suggests warlike behavior only became common about 10,000 years ago, and in many regions even more recently. Phylogenetic analysis predicts 2% of human deaths to be caused by homicide, which approximately matches
1200-622: A shared need for defense. Sedentary life, in Khaldun's view, was marked by secularization, decreased social cohesion, and increased interest in luxury. Rizal was a Filipino nationalist living toward the end of the Spanish Colonial Period who theorized about colonial societies. Rizal argued that indolence , which the Spanish used to justify their colonial occupation, was instead caused by the colonial occupation. Rizal compared
1280-403: A social category that identify together as a group based on shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. These shared attributes can be a common set of traditions, ancestry , language , history, society, culture, nation, religion, or social treatment within their residing area. There is no generally accepted definition of what constitutes an ethnic group, and humans have evolved
1360-450: A well-rounded education in the liberal arts . The Renaissance also explicitly returned to architectural models and techniques associated with Greek and Roman antiquity, including the golden rectangle as a key proportion for buildings, the classical orders of columns , as well as a host of ornament and detail associated with Greek and Roman architecture. They also began reviving plastic arts such as bronze casting for sculpture, and used
1440-591: Is collaborative , a society can enable its members to benefit in ways that would otherwise be difficult on an individual basis. Societies vary based on level of technology and type of economic activity. Larger societies with larger food surpluses often exhibit stratification or dominance patterns. Societies can have many different forms of government, various ways of understanding kinship, and different gender roles. Human behavior varies immensely between different societies; humans shape society, but society in turn shapes human beings. The term "society" often refers to
1520-421: Is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory , typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Societies are characterized by patterns of relationships ( social relations ) between individuals who share a distinctive culture and institutions ; a given society may be described as
1600-494: Is a preference for rationality, or at least rationally guided catharsis, over emotionalism . Classicism in the theatre was developed by 17th century French playwrights from what they judged to be the rules of Greek classical theatre , including the " Classical unities " of time, place and action, found in the Poetics of Aristotle . Examples of classicist playwrights are Pierre Corneille , Jean Racine and Molière . In
1680-683: Is a recurrent tendency in the Late Antique period, and had a major revival in Carolingian and Ottonian art . There was another, more durable revival in the Italian Renaissance when the fall of Byzantium and rising trade with the Islamic cultures brought a flood of knowledge about, and from, the antiquity of Europe . Until that time, the identification with antiquity had been seen as a continuous history of Christendom from
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#17327727469751760-563: Is also a third type of familial relationship applied to godparents or adoptive children ( fictive ). These culturally defined relationships are referred to as kinship. In many societies, it is one of the most important social organizing principles and plays a role in transmitting status and inheritance . All societies have rules of incest taboo , according to which marriage between certain kinds of kin relations are prohibited; and some societies also have rules of preferential marriage with certain other kin relations. Human ethnic groups are
1840-489: Is always free of charge for both program and exhibitions. Göteborgs Konsthall was designed by architects Sigfrid Ericson (1879–1958) and Arvid Bjerke (1880–1952). Göteborgs Konsthall was built during 1923 as an art exhibition hall for the Gothenburg Exhibition ( Jubileumsutställningen i Göteborg ) in celebration of the city's 300th anniversary. After the jubilee fair, the Gothenburg art association took over
1920-506: Is in questions concerning constitutions or forms of government." However, Plato and Aristotle are not the seedbed but simply the seeds that grew from a seedbed of political predecessors who had debated this topic for centuries before their time. For example, Herodotus sketched out a debate between Theseus , a king of the time, and Creon 's messenger. The debate simply shows proponents of democracy, monarchy, and oligarchy and how they all feel about these forms of government. Herodotus' sketch
2000-464: Is just one of the beginning seedbeds for which Plato and Aristotle grew their own political theories. Another Greek philosopher who was pivotal in the development of Classical political philosophy was Socrates . Although he was not a theory-builder, he often stimulated fellow citizens with paradoxes that challenged them to reflect on their own beliefs. Socrates thought "the values that ought to determine how individuals live their lives should also shape
2080-557: Is mostly focused on processing raw materials into finished products. Present-day societies vary in their degree of industrialization, with some using mostly newer energy sources (e.g. coal, oil , and nuclear energy ), and others continuing to rely on human and animal power. Industrialization is associated with population booms and the growth of cities. Increased productivity, as well as the stability caused by improved transportation, leads to decreased mortality and resulting population growth. Centralized production of goods in factories and
2160-418: Is seen as a characteristic that differentiates humans from other animals. Trade has even been cited as a practice that gave Homo sapiens a major advantage over other hominids; evidence suggests early H. sapiens made use of long-distance trade routes to exchange goods and ideas, leading to cultural explosions and providing additional food sources when hunting was sparse. Such trade networks did not exist for
2240-510: Is similar to hunter-gatherers (about 50 individuals), but unlike hunter gatherers, pastoral societies usually consist of multiple communities—the average pastoral society contains thousands of people. This is because pastoral groups tend to live in open areas where movement is easy, which enables political integration. Pastoral societies tend to create a food surplus, and have specialized labor and high levels of inequality. Fruits and vegetables grown in garden plots, that have been cleared from
2320-448: The Italian Renaissance , notably in the writings and designs of Leon Battista Alberti and the work of Filippo Brunelleschi . It places emphasis on symmetry , proportion , geometry and the regularity of parts as they are demonstrated in the architecture of Classical antiquity and, in particular, the architecture of Ancient Rome , of which many examples remained. Orderly arrangements of columns , pilasters and lintels , as well as
2400-462: The common good or in the name of the public interest , but as property they own. Caste systems , as historically found in South Asia, are associated with agrarian societies, where lifelong agricultural routines depend upon a rigid sense of duty and discipline. The scholar Donald Brown suggests that an emphasis in the modern West on personal liberties and freedoms was in large part a reaction to
2480-424: The means of production . Symbolic interactionism is a microsociological theory that focuses on individuals and how the individual relates to society. Symbolic interactionists study humans' use of shared language to create common symbols and meanings, and use this frame of reference to understand how individuals interact to create symbolic worlds, and in turn, how these worlds shape individual behaviors . In
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2560-626: The 15th and 16th centuries, it spread through Europe in the mid to late 17th century. Later classicism in painting and sculpture from the mid-18th and 19th centuries is generally referred to as Neoclassicism . Classicism in political philosophy dates back to the ancient Greeks . Western political philosophy is often attributed to the great Greek philosopher Plato . Although political theory of this time starts with Plato, it quickly becomes complex when Plato's pupil, Aristotle, formulates his own ideas. "The political theories of both philosophers are closely tied to their ethical theories, and their interest
2640-471: The 15th century Leon Battista Alberti was important in theorizing many of the ideas for painting that came to a fully realized product with Raphael 's School of Athens during the High Renaissance . The themes continued largely unbroken into the 17th century, when artists such as Nicolas Poussin and Charles Le Brun represented of the more rigid classicism. Like Italian classicizing ideas in
2720-469: The Persian Empire. The ornate, organic, and complexly integrated forms of the baroque were to give way to a series of movements that regarded themselves expressly as "classical" or " neo-classical ", or would rapidly be labelled as such. For example, the painting of Jacques-Louis David was seen as an attempt to return to formal balance, clarity, manliness, and vigor in art. The 19th century saw
2800-593: The Renaissance was seen as a means to combine the organic medieval with the orderly classical. The 19th century continued or extended many classical programs in the sciences, most notably the Newtonian program to account for the movement of energy between bodies by means of exchange of mechanical and thermal energy. The 20th century saw a number of changes in the arts and sciences. Classicism was used both by those who rejected, or saw as temporary, transfigurations in
2880-502: The United States, the richest tenth of humans hold more than seven-tenths of those regions' total wealth. The willingness of humans to kill other members of their species en masse through organized conflict (i.e. war) has long been the subject of debate. One school of thought is that war evolved as a means to eliminate competitors, and that violence is an innate human characteristic. Humans commit violence against other humans at
2960-437: The ability to change affiliation with social groups relatively easily, including leaving groups with previously strong alliances, if doing so is seen as providing personal advantages. Ethnicity is separate from the concept of race , which is based on physical characteristics, although both are socially constructed . Assigning ethnicity to a certain population is complicated, as even within common ethnic designations there can be
3040-682: The access to electronic information resources increased at the beginning of the 21st century, special attention was extended from the information society to the knowledge society. A knowledge society generates, shares, and makes available to all members of the society knowledge that may be used to improve the human condition . A knowledge society differs from an information society in that it transforms information into resources that allow society to take effective action, rather than only creating and disseminating raw data . Social norms are shared standards of acceptable behavior by groups. Social norms, which can both be informal understandings that govern
3120-532: The arts , refers generally to a high regard for a classical period, classical antiquity in the Western tradition, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate. In its purest form, classicism is an aesthetic attitude dependent on principles based in the culture, art and literature of ancient Greece and Rome , with the emphasis on form, simplicity, proportion, clarity of structure, perfection and restrained emotion, as well as explicit appeal to
3200-453: The behavior of members of a society, as well as be codified into rules and laws, are powerful drivers of human behavior. Social roles are norms, duties , and patterns of behavior that relate to an individual's social status. In functionalist thought, individuals form the structure of society by occupying social roles. According to symbolic interactionism, individuals use symbols to navigate and communicate roles. Erving Goffman used
3280-582: The classical age as being the precursor of academicism, including such movements as uniformitarianism in the sciences, and the creation of rigorous categories in artistic fields. Various movements of the Romantic period saw themselves as classical revolts against a prevailing trend of emotionalism and irregularity, for example the Pre-Raphaelites . By this point, classicism was old enough that previous classical movements received revivals; for example,
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3360-533: The classical ideals than others, particularly the Age of Enlightenment , when Neoclassicism was an important movement in the visual arts. Classicism is a specific genre of philosophy, expressing itself in literature, architecture, art, and music, which has Ancient Greek and Roman sources and an emphasis on society . It was particularly expressed in the Neoclassicism of the Age of Enlightenment . Classicism
3440-498: The classical naturalism as the foundation of drawing , painting and sculpture. The Age of Enlightenment identified itself with a vision of antiquity which, while continuous with the classicism of the previous century, was shaken by the physics of Sir Isaac Newton , the improvements in machinery and measurement, and a sense of liberation which they saw as being present in the Greek civilization, particularly in its struggles against
3520-410: The concept of information society has been discussed since the 1930s, in the present day, it is almost always applied to ways that information technologies impact society and culture. It therefore covers the effects of computers and telecommunications on the home, the workplace, schools, government, and various communities and organizations, as well as the emergence of new social forms in cyberspace. As
3600-427: The conversion of Roman Emperor Constantine I . Renaissance classicism introduced a host of elements into European culture, including the application of mathematics and empiricism into art, humanism , literary and depictive realism , and formalism . Importantly it also introduced Polytheism , or " paganism " , and the juxtaposition of ancient and modern. The classicism of the Renaissance led to, and gave way to,
3680-586: The daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals. Hunter-gatherers move around constantly in search of food. As a result, they do not build permanent villages or create a wide variety of artifacts . The need for mobility also limits the size of these societies, and they usually only form small groups such as bands and tribes , usually with fewer than 50 people per community. Bands and tribes are relatively egalitarian , and decisions are reached through consensus . There are no formal political offices containing real power in band societies, rather
3760-478: The direction until 1968 when the direction was handed over to the city and Göteborgs Konsthall became a part of Gothenburg Museum of Art . In 1995, the city decided to close down Göteborgs Konsthall due to financial difficulties. After protests the exhibition space was reopened in 1996 and stayed open until 2000. In 2001, the konsthall reopened as a division of the City of Gothenburg Cultural Affairs Administration. For
3840-443: The first to think and act as Socrates did. Where the two diverge is in the way they practiced their ideals. Protagoras' ideals were loved by Athens. Whereas Socrates challenged and pushed the citizens and he was not as loved. In the end, ancient Greece is to be credited with the foundation of Classical political philosophy. Society This is an accepted version of this page A society ( / s ə ˈ s aɪ ə t i / )
3920-572: The functionalist school of thought, individuals in society work together like organs in the body to create emergent behavior, sometimes referred to as collective consciousness . 19th century sociologists Auguste Comte and Émile Durkheim , for example, believed that society constitutes a separate "level" of reality, distinct from both biological and inorganic matter. Explanations of social phenomena had therefore to be constructed within this level, individuals being merely transient occupants of comparatively stable social roles. Conflict theorists take
4000-537: The further development of governance within and between communities. As of 2022 , according to The Economist , 43% of national governments were democracies , 35% autocracies , and 22% containing elements of both. Many countries have formed international political organizations and alliances, the largest being the United Nations with 193 member states. Trade, the voluntary exchange of goods and services, has long been an aspect of human societies, and it
4080-430: The general well-being of humans in hunter gatherer societies challenges the purported relationship between technological advancement and human progress . Rather than searching for food on a daily basis, members of a pastoral society rely on domesticated herd animals to meet their food needs. Pastoralists typically live a nomadic life, moving their herds from one pasture to another. Community size in pastoral societies
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#17327727469754160-679: The gods of Olympus as a symbolic prop for absolutism, its adherence to axiomatic and deductive reasoning, and its love of order and predictability. This period sought the revival of classical art forms, including Greek drama and music. Opera , in its modern European form, had its roots in attempts to recreate the combination of singing and dancing with theatre thought to be the Greek norm. Examples of this appeal to classicism included Dante , Petrarch, and Shakespeare in poetry and theatre . Tudor drama, in particular, modeled itself after classical ideals and divided works into Tragedy and Comedy . Studying Ancient Greek became regarded as essential for
4240-694: The implications of modernity , and that their analysis of non-Western cultures is therefore limited in scope. As examples of nonwestern thinkers who took a systematic approach to understanding society, al-Attas mentions Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) and José Rizal (1861–1896). Khaldun, an Arab living in the 14th century, understood society, along with the rest of the universe, as having "meaningful configuration", with its perceived randomness attributable to hidden causes. Khaldun conceptualized social structures as having two fundamental forms: nomadic and sedentary. Nomadic life has high social cohesion ( asabijja ), which Khaldun argued arose from kinship, shared customs, and
4320-485: The intellect. The art of classicism typically seeks to be formal and restrained: of the Discobolus Sir Kenneth Clark observed, "if we object to his restraint and compression we are simply objecting to the classicism of classic art. A violent emphasis or a sudden acceleration of rhythmic movement would have destroyed those qualities of balance and completeness through which it retained until
4400-512: The jungle or forest, provide the main source of food in a horticultural society. These societies have a similar level of technology and complexity to pastoral societies. Along with pastoral societies, horticultural societies emerged about 10,000 years ago, after technological changes of the Agricultural Revolution made it possible to cultivate crops and raise animals. Horticulturists use human labor and simple tools to cultivate
4480-450: The land for one or more seasons. When the land becomes barren, horticulturists clear a new plot and leave the old plot to revert to its natural state. They may return to the original land several years later and begin the process again. By rotating their garden plots, horticulturists can stay in one area for a long period of time. This allows them to build permanent or semi-permanent villages. As with pastoral societies, surplus food leads to
4560-520: The latter half of the 20th century, theorists began to view society as socially constructed . In this vein, sociologist Peter L. Berger describes society as "dialectic": Society is created by humans, but this creation turns in turn creates or molds humans. The sociologic emphasis placed on functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism, has been criticized as Eurocentric . The Malaysian sociologist Syed Farid al-Attas , for example, argues that Western thinkers are particularly interested in
4640-470: The long tradition of Palladian architecture . Building off of these influences, the 17th-century architects Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren firmly established classicism in England. For the development of classicism from the mid-18th-century onwards, see Neoclassical architecture . Italian Renaissance painting and sculpture are marked by their renewal of classical forms, motifs and subjects. In
4720-417: The major works of ancient Greek and Latin literature . The 17th–18th centuries significant Classical writers (principally, playwrights and poets) include Pierre Corneille , Jean Racine , John Dryden , William Wycherley , William Congreve , Jonathan Swift , Joseph Addison , Alexander Pope , Voltaire , Carlo Goldoni , and Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock . Classicism in architecture developed during
4800-430: The metaphor of a theater to develop the dramaturgical lens , which argues that roles provide scripts that govern social interactions. The division of humans into male and female gender roles has been marked culturally by a corresponding division of norms, practices , dress , behavior , rights, duties, privileges , status , and power . Some argue that gender roles arise naturally from sex differences , which lead to
4880-474: The newly designed area around Backaplan. At the same time, the question was raised to close the current operations at Gothenburg Art Gallery from the turn of the year 2011, but the proposal was rejected due to massive protests. When Crone Jensen resigned as head in September 2010, Nanfeldt took over the management again, first as acting head and then as regular. Discussions about the art gallery's location, and
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#17327727469754960-446: The now-extinct Neanderthals . Early trade involved materials for creating tools, like obsidian , exchanged over short distances. In contrast, throughout antiquity and the medieval period, some of the most influential long-distance routes carried food and luxury goods, such as the spice trade . Early human economies were more likely to be based around gift giving than a bartering system. Early money consisted of commodities ;
5040-466: The oldest being in the form of cattle and the most widely used being cowrie shells . Money has since evolved into governmental issued coins , paper and electronic money . Human study of economics is a social science that looks at how societies distribute scarce resources among different people. There are massive inequalities in the division of wealth among humans; as of 2018 in China, Europe, and
5120-514: The opposite view, and posit that individuals and social groups or social classes within society interact on the basis of conflict rather than agreement. One prominent conflict theorist is Karl Marx who conceived of society as operating on an economic "base" with a "superstructure" of government, family, religion and culture. Marx argues that the economic base determines the superstructure, and that throughout history, societal change has been driven by conflict between laborers and those who own
5200-731: The parental role of males, the use of language to communicate, the specialization of labor, and the tendency to build "nests" (multigenerational camps, town, or cities). Some biologists, including entomologist E.O. Wilson , categorize humans as eusocial , placing humans with ants in the highest level of sociability on the spectrum of animal ethology , although others disagree. Social group living may have evolved in humans due to group selection in physical environments that made survival difficult. In Western sociology, there are three dominant paradigms for understanding society: functionalism (also known as structural functionalism), conflict theory , and symbolic interactionism . According to
5280-499: The people that they govern. There have been many forms of government throughout human history, with various ways of allocating power, and with different levels and means of control over the population. In early history, distribution of political power was determined by the availability of fresh water , fertile soil , and temperate climate of different locations. As farming populations gathered in larger and denser communities, interactions between different groups increased, leading to
5360-850: The period of Romanticism , Shakespeare , who conformed to none of the classical rules, became the focus of French argument over them, in which the Romantics eventually triumphed; Victor Hugo was among the first French playwrights to break these conventions. The influence of these French rules on playwrights in other nations is debatable. In the English theatre, Restoration playwrights such as William Wycherley and William Congreve would have been familiar with them. William Shakespeare and his contemporaries did not follow this Classicist philosophy, in particular since they were not French and also because they wrote several decades prior to their establishment. Those of Shakespeare's plays that seem to display
5440-447: The political life of the community." he believed the people of Athens involved wealth and money too much into the politics of their city. He judged the citizens for the way they amassed wealth and power over simple things like projects for their community. Just like Plato and Aristotle, Socrates did not come up with these ideas alone. Socrates ideals stem back from Protagoras and other 'sophists'. These 'teachers of political arts' were
5520-492: The political, scientific, and social world and by those who embraced the changes as a means to overthrow the perceived weight of the 19th century. Thus, both pre-20th century disciplines were labelled "classical" and modern movements in art which saw themselves as aligned with light, space, sparseness of texture, and formal coherence. In the present day philosophy classicism is used as a term particularly in relation to Apollonian over Dionysian impulses in society and art; that
5600-650: The pre-colonial era, when the Filipinos controlled trade routes and had higher economic activity, to the period of colonial rule, and argued that exploitation, economic disorder, and colonial policies that discouraged farming led to a decreased interest in work. Sociologists tend to classify societies based on their level of technology, and place societies in three broad categories: pre-industrial , industrial , and postindustrial . Subdivisions of these categories vary, and classifications are often based on level of technology, communication, and economy. One example of such
5680-519: The present century its position of authority in the restricted repertoire of visual images." Classicism, as Clark noted, implies a canon of widely accepted ideal forms, whether in the Western canon that he was examining in The Nude (1956). Classicism is a force which is often present in post-medieval European and European influenced traditions; however, some periods felt themselves more connected to
5760-484: The production of food. Agrarian societies are especially noted for their extremes of social classes and rigid social mobility. As land is the major source of wealth, social hierarchy develops based on landownership and not labor. The system of stratification is characterized by three coinciding contrasts: governing class versus the masses , urban minority versus peasant majority, and literate minority versus illiterate majority. This results in two distinct subcultures;
5840-613: The production of goods. Advanced industrial societies see a shift toward an increase in service sectors, over manufacturing. Service industries include education, health and finance. An information society is a society where the usage, creation , distribution , manipulation and integration of information is a significant activity. Proponents of the idea that modern-day global society is an information society posit that information technologies are impacting most important forms of social organization, including education, economy, health, government, warfare , and levels of democracy. Although
5920-502: The steep and rigid stratification of agrarian societies. Industrial societies, which emerged in the 18th century in the Industrial Revolution , rely heavily on machines powered by external sources for the mass production of goods. Whereas in pre-industrial societies the majority of labor takes place in primary industries focused on extracting raw materials (farming, fishing, mining, etc.), in industrial societies, labor
6000-415: The sum total of such relationships among its constituent members. Human social structures are complex and highly cooperative, featuring the specialization of labor via social roles . Societies construct roles and other patterns of behavior by deeming certain actions or concepts acceptable or unacceptable—these expectations around behavior within a given society are known as societal norms . So far as it
6080-417: The unities, such as The Tempest , probably indicate a familiarity with actual models from classical antiquity . Most famous 18th-century Italian playwright and libretist Carlo Goldoni created a hybrid style of playwriting (combining the model of Molière with the strengths of Commedia dell'arte and his own wit and sincerity). The literary classicism drew inspiration from the qualities of proportion of
6160-478: The urban elite versus the peasant masses. Moreover, this means cultural differences within agrarian societies are greater than differences between them. The landowning strata typically combine government, religious, and military institutions to justify and enforce their ownership, and support elaborate patterns of consumption, slavery , serfdom , or peonage is commonly the lot of the primary producer. Rulers of agrarian societies often do not manage their empire for
6240-408: The use of semicircular arches, hemispherical domes , niches and aedicules replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings. This style quickly spread to other Italian cities and then to France, Germany, England, Russia and elsewhere. In the 16th century, Sebastiano Serlio helped codify the classical orders and Andrea Palladio 's legacy evolved into
6320-434: The whole, industrial societies are marked by the increased power of human beings. Technological advancements mean that industrial societies have increased potential for deadly warfare. Governments use information technologies to exert greater control over the populace. Industrial societies also have an increased environmental impact. Post-industrial societies are societies dominated by information and services, rather than
6400-438: Was derived from the noun socius (" comrade , friend , ally"). Humans , along with their closest relatives bonobos and chimpanzees , are highly social animals. This biological context suggests that the underlying sociability required for the formation of societies is hardwired into human nature. Human society features high degrees of cooperation, and differs in important ways from groups of chimps and bonobos, including
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