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67-512: The Gürbe Valley is anywhere from 1 to 2 kilometers wide. The valley floor is flat and is used intensively for agriculture. Flooding in the valley has been controlled by canals to permit drainage of the surrounding area. This permits orchards and vegetable gardens to grow. Cabbage is the principal crop grown on the rich black valley floor. Sauerkraut from the cabbage is made at processing centers in Burgistein and Mühlethurnen . For this reason,

134-543: A pH between 6.0 and 6.8. For optimal growth, there must be adequate levels of nitrogen in the soil, especially during the early head formation stage, and sufficient phosphorus and potassium during the early stages of expansion of the outer leaves. Temperatures between 4 and 24 °C (39 and 75 °F) prompt the best growth, and extended periods of higher or lower temperatures may result in premature bolting (flowering). Flowering induced by periods of low temperatures (a process called vernalization ) only occurs if

201-562: A raw food diet , is the dietary practice of eating only or mostly food that is uncooked and unprocessed . Depending on the philosophy, or type of lifestyle and results desired, raw food diets may include a selection of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, eggs, fish, meat, and dairy products. The diet may also include simply processed foods, such as various types of sprouted seeds , cheese, and fermented foods such as yogurts , kefir , kombucha , or sauerkraut , but generally not foods that have been pasteurized , homogenized , or produced with

268-562: A superior ovary that is two-celled and contains a single stigma and style . Two of the six stamens have shorter filaments. The fruit is a silique that opens at maturity through dehiscence to reveal brown or black seeds that are small and round in shape. Self-pollination is impossible, and plants are cross-pollinated by insects. The initial leaves form a rosette shape comprising 7 to 15 leaves, each measuring 25–35 cm (10–14 in) by 20–30 cm (8–12 in); after this, leaves with shorter petioles develop and heads form through

335-658: A Mediterranean origin of cultivated brassicas. While unidentified brassicas were part of the highly conservative unchanging Mesopotamian garden repertory, it is believed that the ancient Egyptians did not cultivate cabbage, which is not native to the Nile valley, though the word shaw't in Papyrus Harris of the time of Ramesses III has been interpreted as "cabbage". The ancient Greeks had some varieties of cabbage, as mentioned by Theophrastus , although whether they were more closely related to today's cabbage or to one of

402-802: A commitment to raw food was by the Ethiopian monk Qozmos, who in the late 1300s CE committed to the ascetic discipline of eating only uncooked food. This posed a problem for his Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church monastery because he refused to eat the bread of the Eucharist , which is cooked. As a result, he fled the church and went to live with the Jewish community of the Beta Israel . Contemporary raw food diets were first developed in Switzerland by Maximilian Bircher-Benner (1867–1939), who

469-416: A compound associated with goiter formation when iodine intake is deficient. The characteristic flavor of cabbage is caused by glucosinolates , a class of sulfur -containing glucosides . Although found throughout the plant, these compounds are concentrated in the highest quantities in the seeds; lesser quantities are found in young vegetative tissue, and they decrease as the tissue ages. Cooked cabbage

536-405: A diet of 75% raw food, which it claims will prevent degenerative diseases , slow the effects of aging, provide enhanced energy, and boost emotional balance; it cites examples such as the sprouted-seed-enriched diets of the long-lived Hunza people and Gerson therapy , an unhealthy, dangerous and potentially very harmful raw juice-based diet and detoxification regime claimed to treat cancer. In

603-531: A fad in the 21st century. A raw vegan diet consists of unprocessed, raw plant foods that have not been heated above 40–49  °C (104–120  °F ). Typical foods included in raw food diets are fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and sprouted grains and legumes. Among raw vegans are subgroups, such as "fruitarians" , "juicearians", or "sproutarians". Fruitarians eat primarily or exclusively fruits, berries, seeds, and nuts. Juicearians process their raw plant foods into juice. The British Dietetic Association named

670-440: A familiar staple of the poor: in the lean year of 1420 the "Bourgeois of Paris" noted that "poor people ate no bread, nothing but cabbages and turnips and such dishes, without any bread or salt". French naturalist Jean Ruel made what is considered the first explicit mention of head cabbage in his 1536 botanical treatise De Natura Stirpium , referring to it as capucos coles ("head-coles"). In Istanbul, Sultan Selim III penned

737-667: A few millimeters across that are often grouped around the midrib. In pepper spot, tiny black spots occur on the areas between the veins, which can increase during storage. Fungal diseases include wirestem , which causes weak or dying transplants; Fusarium yellows , which result in stunted and twisted plants with yellow leaves; and blackleg (see Leptosphaeria maculans ), which leads to sunken areas on stems and gray-brown spotted leaves. The fungi Alternaria brassicae and A. brassicicola cause dark leaf spots in affected plants. They are both seedborne and airborne, and typically propagate from spores in infected plant debris left on

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804-743: A license during his career as an advocate of rawism and other alternative health and diet philosophies. Shelton's legacy, as popularized by books like Fit for Life by Harvey and Marilyn Diamond , has been deemed "pseudonutrition" by the National Council Against Health Fraud. In the 1970s, Norman W. Walker (inventor of the Norwalk Juicing Press) popularized raw food dieting. Leslie Kenton 's book Raw Energy – Eat Your Way to Radiant Health , published in 1984, added popularity to foods such as sprouts, seeds, and fresh vegetable juices. The book advocates

871-452: A second year and must be kept separate from other cole crops to prevent cross-pollination . Cabbage is prone to several nutrient deficiencies , as well as to multiple pests , and bacterial and fungal diseases. Cabbage was most likely domesticated somewhere in Europe in ancient history before 1000 BC. Cabbage use in cuisine has been documented since Antiquity . It was described as

938-607: A table luxury in the Roman Empire . By the Middle Ages , cabbage had become a prominent part of European cuisine , as indicated by manuscript illuminations . New variates were introduced from the Renaissance on, mostly by Germanic-speaking peoples . Savoy cabbage was developed in the 16th century. By the 17th and 18th centuries, cabbage was popularised as staple food in central, northern, and Eastern Europe. It

1005-493: A table luxury, although Lucullus considered it unfit for the senatorial table. The more traditionalist Cato the Elder , espousing a simple Republican life, ate his cabbage cooked or raw and dressed with vinegar; he said it surpassed all other vegetables, and approvingly distinguished three varieties; he also gave directions for its medicinal use, which extended to the cabbage-eater's urine, in which infants might be rinsed. Pliny

1072-538: A tongue-in-cheek ode to cabbage: without cabbage, the halva feast was not complete. In India, cabbage was one of several vegetable crops introduced by colonizing traders from Portugal, who established trade routes from the 14th to 17th centuries. Carl Peter Thunberg reported that cabbage was not yet known in Japan in 1775. Many cabbage varieties—including some still commonly grown—were introduced in Germany, France, and

1139-407: A wide variety of other vegetables and pulses . Chrysippus of Cnidos wrote a treatise on cabbage, which Pliny knew, but it has not survived. The Greeks were convinced that cabbages and grapevines were inimical, and that cabbage planted too near the vine would impart its unwelcome odor to the grapes; this Mediterranean sense of antipathy survives today. Brassica was considered by some Romans

1206-598: Is a common pest of cabbage plants. The mustard leaf beetle will often choose to feed on cabbage over their natural host plants as cabbage is more abundant in palatable compounds such as glucosinolates that encourage higher consumption. The cabbage looper ( Trichoplusia ni ) is infamous in North America for its voracious appetite and for producing frass that contaminates plants. In India, the diamondback moth has caused losses up to 90 percent in crops that were not treated with insecticide. Destructive soil insects such as

1273-454: Is a rich source of vitamin K , vitamin C , and dietary fiber . World production of cabbage and other brassicas in 2020 was 71 million tonnes , led by China with 48% of the total. Cabbage seedlings have a thin taproot and cordate (heart-shaped) cotyledons . The first leaves produced are ovate (egg-shaped) with a lobed petiole . Plants are 40–60 centimetres ( 15 + 1 ⁄ 2 – 23 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches) tall in their first year at

1340-402: Is descended from the wild cabbage ( B. oleracea var. oleracea ), and belongs to the " cole crops " or brassicas, meaning it is closely related to broccoli and cauliflower (var. botrytis ); Brussels sprouts (var. gemmifera ); and Savoy cabbage (var. sabauda ). A cabbage generally weighs between 500 and 1,000 grams (1 and 2 lb). Smooth-leafed, firm-headed green cabbages are

1407-940: Is likely to impair the development of children and infants. Care is required in planning a raw vegan diet, especially for children, as there may not be enough vitamin B 12 , vitamin D , and calories for a growing child on a totally raw vegan diet. Food poisoning is a health risk for all people eating raw foods, and increased demand for raw foods is associated with greater incidence of foodborne illness , especially for raw meat, fish, and shellfish. Outbreaks of gastroenteritis among consumers of raw and undercooked animal products (including smoked, pickled or dried animal products ) are well-documented, and include raw meat, raw organ meat, raw fish (whether ocean-going or freshwater), shellfish, raw milk and products made from raw milk, and raw eggs. One review stated that "Many raw foods are toxic and only become safe after they have been cooked. Some raw foods contain substances that affect

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1474-589: Is often criticized for its pungent, unpleasant odor and taste. These develop when cabbage is overcooked and hydrogen sulfide gas is produced. Cabbage consumption varies widely around the world: Russia has the highest annual per capita consumption at 20 kg (44 lb), followed by Belgium at 4.7 kg (10 lb 6 oz) and the Netherlands at 4.0 kg (8 lb 13 oz). Americans consume 3.9 kg (8.6 lb) annually per capita. Raw food Raw foodism , also known as rawism or

1541-489: Is produced. Excessive consumption of cabbage may lead to increased intestinal gas which causes bloating and flatulence due to the trisaccharide raffinose , which the human small intestine cannot digest , but is digested by bacteria in the large intestine. Cabbage has been linked to outbreaks of some food-borne illnesses , including Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium botulinum . The latter toxin has been traced to pre-made, packaged coleslaw mixes, while

1608-647: Is tolerant of salt but not encroachment by other plants and consequently inhabits rocky cliffs in cool damp coastal habitats, retaining water and nutrients in its slightly thickened, turgid leaves. However, genetic analysis is consistent with feral origin of this population, deriving from plants escaped from field and gardens. According to the triangle of U theory of the evolution and relationships between Brassica species, B. oleracea and other closely related kale vegetables (cabbages, kale, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower) represent one of three ancestral lines from which all other brassicas originated. Cabbage

1675-614: Is uncooked or that is cooked at low temperatures. Raw animal food diets include any animal that can be eaten raw, such as uncooked, unprocessed raw muscle-meats/organ-meats/eggs, raw dairy, and aged, raw animal foods such as century eggs , fermented meat/fish/shellfish/ kefir , as well as vegetables, fruits, nuts, and sprouts, but in general not raw grains, raw beans, and raw soy. Raw foods included on such diets have not been heated above 40 °C (104 °F). "Raw Animal Foodists" believe that foods cooked above this temperature have lost much of their nutritional value and are harmful to

1742-479: The Low Countries . During the 16th century, German gardeners developed the savoy cabbage . During the 17th and 18th centuries, cabbage was a food staple in such countries as Germany, England, Ireland and Russia, and pickled cabbage was frequently eaten. Sauerkraut was used by Dutch, Scandinavian and German sailors to prevent scurvy during long ship voyages. Jacques Cartier first brought cabbage to

1809-589: The "small cabbage white butterfly" ( Pieris rapae ), commonly known in the United States as the "imported cabbage worm", is a major cabbage pest in most countries. The large white butterfly ( Pieris brassicae ) is prevalent in eastern European countries. The diamondback moth ( Plutella xylostella ) and the cabbage moth ( Mamestra brassicae ) thrive in the higher summer temperatures of continental Europe, where they cause considerable damage to cabbage crops. The mustard leaf beetle ( Phaedon cochleariae ),

1876-870: The 17th century. At the end of Antiquity cabbage is mentioned in De observatione ciborum ("On the Observance of Foods") by Anthimus , a Greek doctor at the court of Theodoric the Great . Cabbage appears among vegetables directed to be cultivated in the Capitulare de villis , composed in 771–800 AD, that guided the governance of the royal estates of Charlemagne . In Britain, the Anglo-Saxons cultivated cawel . When round-headed cabbages appeared in 14th-century England they were called cabaches and caboches , words drawn from Old French and applied at first to refer to

1943-633: The 1830s and was frequently seen at the Sydney Markets . In Brno , Czech Republic there is an open-air market named after cabbage which has been in operation since 1325, the Zelný trh . Cabbage is generally grown for its densely leaved heads, produced during the first year of its biennial cycle. Plants perform best when grown in well-drained soil in a location that receives full sun. Different varieties prefer different soil types, ranging from lighter sand to heavier clay, but all prefer fertile ground with

2010-411: The 21st century, raw food diets (particularly those focused on raw milk , raw eggs and raw meat) have been popularized and politicized as part of a broader " right-wing bodybuilder" movement centered around hypermasculinity , physical fitness, fascination with ancient civilizations and opposition to feminism and mainstream modern culture. Claims held by raw food proponents include: A raw food diet

2077-551: The Americas in 1541–42, and it was probably planted by the early English colonists, despite the lack of written evidence of its existence there until the mid-17th century. By the 18th century, it was commonly planted by both colonists and native American Indians . Cabbage seeds traveled to Australia in 1788 with the First Fleet , and were planted the same year on Norfolk Island . It became a favorite vegetable of Australians by

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2144-733: The Elder listed seven varieties, including Pompeii cabbage, Cumae cabbage and Sabellian cabbage. According to Pliny, the Pompeii cabbage, which could not stand cold, is "taller, and has a thick stock near the root, but grows thicker between the leaves, these being scantier and narrower, but their tenderness is a valuable quality". The Pompeii cabbage was also mentioned by Columella in De Re Rustica . Apicius gives several recipes for cauliculi , tender cabbage shoots. The Greeks and Romans claimed medicinal usages for their cabbage varieties that included relief from gout , headaches and

2211-650: The Gürbe valley is often called "Cabbage Land" (in Swiss-German: Chabisland ). 46°50′10″N 7°30′23″E  /  46.83611°N 7.50639°E  / 46.83611; 7.50639 This Canton of Bern location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Cabbage Cabbage , comprising several cultivars of Brassica oleracea , is a leafy green, red (purple), or white (pale green) biennial plant grown as an annual vegetable crop for its dense-leaved heads. It

2278-559: The ball of unopened leaves, the contemporaneous recipe that commences "Take cabbages and quarter them, and seethe them in good broth", also suggests the tightly headed cabbage. Manuscript illuminations show the prominence of cabbage in the cuisine of the High Middle Ages , and cabbage seeds feature among the seed list of purchases for the use of King John II of France when captive in England in 1360, but cabbages were also

2345-487: The body. Smoked meats are frowned upon by many Raw-Omnivores. Some make a distinction between hot-smoked and cold-smoked. The founder of the Primal Diet is Aajonus Vonderplanitz , a resident of Malibu, California. It has been estimated by Aajonus Vonderplanitz that there are 20,000 followers of his raw-meat-heavy Primal Diet in North America, alone. Raw veganism has rarely been practised in history, but it became

2412-606: The cabbage head has been given importance in selective breeding, with varieties being chosen for shape, color, firmness and other physical characteristics. Breeding objectives are now focused on increasing resistance to various insects and diseases and improving the nutritional content of cabbage. Scientific research into the genetic modification of B. oleracea crops, including cabbage, has included European Union and United States explorations of greater insect and herbicide resistance. There are several Guinness Book of World Records entries related to cabbage. These include

2479-403: The cabbage root fly ( Delia radicum ) has larvae can burrow into the part of plant consumed by humans. Planting near other members of the cabbage family, or where these plants have been placed in previous years, can prompt the spread of pests and disease. Excessive water and excessive heat can also cause cultivation problems. Factors that contribute to reduced head weight include: growth in

2546-431: The compacted soils that result from no-till farming practices, drought, waterlogging , insect and disease incidence, and shading and nutrient stress caused by weeds. In 2020, world production of cabbages (combined with other brassicas) was 71 million tonnes , led by China with 48% of the world total (table). Other substantial producers were India, Russia, and South Korea. When overcooked, toxic hydrogen sulfide gas

2613-454: The early part of the twentieth century include Californian fruit grower Otto Carque (author of The Foundation of All Reform , 1904), George Julius Drews (author of Unfired Food and Trophotherapy , 1912), Bernarr Macfadden and Herbert Shelton . Drews influenced John and Vera Richter to open America's first raw food restaurant "The Eutropheon" in 1917. Shelton was arrested, jailed, and fined numerous times for practising medicine without

2680-442: The growing, harvesting and packaging processes. Contaminants from water, humans, animals and soil have the potential to be transferred to cabbage, and from there to the end consumer. Whilst not a toxic vegetable in its natural state, an increase in intestinal gas can lead to the death of many small animals like rabbits due to gastrointestinal stasis. Cabbage and other cruciferous vegetables contain small amounts of thiocyanate ,

2747-413: The heaviest cabbage, at 62.71 kg (138 lb 4 oz), heaviest red cabbage, at 31.6 kilograms (69 lb 11 oz), longest cabbage roll , at 19.54 m (64 ft), and the largest cabbage dish, at 2,960 kg (6,526 lb). Cabbage ( Brassica oleracea or B. oleracea var. capitata , var. tuba , var. sabauda or var. acephala ) is a member of the genus Brassica and

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2814-419: The last. Due to its high level of nutrient requirements, cabbage is prone to nutrient deficiencies , including boron , calcium , phosphorus and potassium . There are several physiological disorders that can affect the postharvest appearance of cabbage. Internal tip burn occurs when the margins of inside leaves turn brown, but the outer leaves look normal. Necrotic spot is where there are oval sunken spots

2881-510: The leaves cupping inward. Many shapes, colors and leaf textures are found in various cultivated varieties of cabbage. Leaf types are generally divided between crinkled-leaf, loose-head savoys and smooth-leaf firm-head cabbages, while the color spectrum includes white and a range of greens and purples. Oblate, round and pointed shapes are found. Cabbage has been selectively bred for head weight and morphological characteristics, frost hardiness, fast growth and storage ability. The appearance of

2948-479: The mature vegetative stage, and 1.5–2 metres (5– 6 + 1 ⁄ 2 feet) tall when flowering in the second year. Heads average between 0.5 and 4 kilograms (1 and 8 pounds), with fast-growing, earlier-maturing varieties producing smaller heads. Most cabbages have thick, alternating leaves, with margins that range from wavy or lobed to highly dissected; some varieties have a waxy bloom on the leaves. Plants have root systems that are fibrous and shallow. About 90% of

3015-455: The most common, with smooth-leafed purple cabbages and crinkle-leafed savoy cabbages of both colours being rarer. Under conditions of long sunny days, such as those found at high northern latitudes in summer, cabbages can grow quite large. As of 2012 , the heaviest cabbage was 62.71 kilograms (138 lb 4 oz). Cabbage heads are generally picked during the first year of the plant's life cycle , but plants intended for seed are allowed to grow

3082-633: The mustard family Brassicaceae . Several other cruciferous vegetables (sometimes known as cole crops ) are cultivars of B. oleracea , including broccoli , collard greens , brussels sprouts , kohlrabi and sprouting broccoli . All of these developed from the wild cabbage B. oleracea var. oleracea , also called colewort or field cabbage. This original species evolved over thousands of years into those seen today, as selection resulted in cultivars having different characteristics, such as large heads for cabbage, large leaves for kale and thick stems with flower buds for broccoli. "Cabbage"

3149-832: The other Brassica crops is unknown. The headed cabbage variety was known to the Greeks as krambe and to the Romans as brassica or olus ; the open, leafy variety (kale) was known in Greek as raphanos and in Latin as caulis . Ptolemaic Egyptians knew the cole crops as gramb , under the influence of Greek krambe , which had been a familiar plant to the Macedonian antecedents of the Ptolemies. By early Roman times, Egyptian artisans and children were eating cabbage and turnips among

3216-407: The plant is past the juvenile period. The transition from a juvenile to adult state happens when the stem diameter is about 6 mm ( 1 ⁄ 4  in). Vernalization allows the plant to grow to an adequate size before flowering. In certain climates, cabbage can be planted at the beginning of the cold period and survive until a later warm period without being induced to flower, a practice that

3283-525: The raw vegan diet one of the "top 5 worst celeb diets to avoid in 2018", raising a concern that it could compromise long-term health. Early documentation of raw food dieting has been associated with hermits and monks practising asceticism . For example, John of Egypt , a hermit from the Nitrian Desert in the 4th Century, reportedly lived on a diet of dried fruit and vegetables for fifty years; he never ate anything cooked. Documented evidence of

3350-553: The resources available to each plant (especially the amount of light) and increases the time taken to reach maturity. Some varieties of cabbage have been developed for ornamental use; these are generally called "flowering cabbage". They do not produce heads and feature purple or green outer leaves surrounding an inner grouping of smaller leaves in white, red, or pink. Early varieties of cabbage take about 70 days from planting to reach maturity, while late varieties take about 120 days. Cabbages are mature when they are firm and solid to

3417-428: The root mass is in the upper 20–30 cm (8–12 in) of soil; some lateral roots can penetrate up to 2 m ( 6 + 1 ⁄ 2  ft) deep. The inflorescence is an unbranched and indeterminate terminal raceme measuring 50–100 cm (20–40 in) tall, with flowers that are yellow or white. Each flower has four petals set in a perpendicular pattern, as well as four sepals , six stamens , and

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3484-458: The soil surface for up to twelve weeks after harvest. Rhizoctonia solani causes the post-emergence disease wirestem, resulting in killed seedlings ("damping-off"), root rot or stunted growth and smaller heads. One of the most common bacterial diseases to affect cabbage is black rot , caused by Xanthomonas campestris , which causes chlorotic and necrotic lesions that start at the leaf margins, and wilting of plants. Clubroot , caused by

3551-816: The soilborne slime mold -like organism Plasmodiophora brassicae , results in swollen, club-like roots. Downy mildew , a parasitic disease caused by the oomycete Peronospora parasitica , produces pale leaves with white, brownish or olive mildew on the lower leaf surfaces; this is often confused with the fungal disease powdery mildew . Pests include root-knot nematodes and cabbage maggots , which produce stunted and wilted plants with yellow leaves; aphids , which induce stunted plants with curled and yellow leaves; harlequin cabbage bugs , which cause white and yellow leaves; thrips , which lead to leaves with white-bronze spots; striped flea beetles , which riddle leaves with small holes; and caterpillars , which leave behind large, ragged holes in leaves. The caterpillar stage of

3618-405: The spores were found on whole cabbages that were otherwise acceptable in appearance. Shigella species are able to survive in shredded cabbage. Two outbreaks of E. coli in the United States have been linked to cabbage consumption. Biological risk assessments have concluded that there is the potential for further outbreaks linked to uncooked cabbage, due to contamination at many stages of

3685-435: The symptoms of poisonous mushroom ingestion. The antipathy towards the vine made it seem that eating cabbage would enable one to avoid drunkenness. Cabbage continued to figure in the materia medica of antiquity as well as at table: in the first century AD Dioscorides mentions two kinds of coleworts with medical uses, the cultivated and the wild, and his opinions continued to be paraphrased in herbals right through

3752-414: The touch. They are harvested by cutting the stalk just below the bottom leaves with a blade. The outer leaves are trimmed, and any diseased, damaged, or necrotic leaves are removed. Delays in harvest can result in the head splitting as a result of expansion of the inner leaves and continued stem growth. When being grown for seed, cabbages must be isolated from other B. oleracea subspecies, including

3819-423: The use of synthetic pesticides , fertilizers , solvents , and food additives . The British Dietetic Association has described raw foodism as a fad diet . Raw food diets, specifically raw veganism, may diminish intake of essential minerals and nutrients, such as vitamin B 12 . Claims made by raw food proponents are pseudoscientific . Raw food diets are diets composed entirely or mostly of food that

3886-482: The wild varieties, by 0.8 to 1.6 km ( 1 ⁄ 2 to 1 mi) to prevent cross-pollination. Other Brassica species , such as B. rapa , B. juncea , B. nigra , B. napus and Raphanus sativus , do not readily cross-pollinate. There are several cultivar groups of cabbage, each including many cultivars: Some sources only delineate three cultivars: savoy, red and white, with spring greens and green cabbage being subsumed under

3953-565: The word caboche ("head"), from the Picard dialect of Old French . This in turn is a variant of the Old French caboce . Although cabbage has an extensive history, it is difficult to trace its exact origins owing to the many varieties of leafy greens classified as "brassicas". A possible wild ancestor of cabbage, Brassica oleracea , originally found in Britain and continental Europe,

4020-565: Was Cruciferae , which derived from the flower petal pattern thought by medieval Europeans to resemble a crucifix . The word brassica derives from bresic , a Celtic word for cabbage. The varietal epithet capitata is derived from the Latin word for 'having a head'. Many European and Asiatic names for cabbage are derived from the Celto-Slavic root cap or kap , meaning "head". The late Middle English word cabbage derives from

4087-469: Was also employed by European sailors to prevent scurvy during long ship voyages at sea. Starting in the early modern era , cabbage was exported to the Americas , Asia , and around the world. They can be prepared many different ways for eating; they can be pickled , fermented (for dishes such as sauerkraut , kimchi ), steamed , stewed , roasted , sautéed , braised , or eaten raw . Raw cabbage

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4154-510: Was common in the eastern US. Plants are generally started in protected locations early in the growing season before being transplanted outside, although some are seeded directly into the ground from which they will be harvested. Seedlings typically emerge in about 4–6 days from seeds planted 13 mm ( 1 ⁄ 2  in) deep at a soil temperature between 20 and 30 °C (68 and 86 °F). Growers normally place plants 30 to 61 cm (12 to 24 in) apart. Closer spacing reduces

4221-413: Was diminished by cooking. Patients in the clinic were fed raw foods, including muesli , which was created there. These ideas were influential to Ann Wigmore , a notable raw food advocate, but were dismissed by scientists and the medical profession as quackery. One of the earliest books to advocate raw foodism was Eugene Christian 's Uncooked Foods and How to Use Them , 1904. Other proponents from

4288-508: Was influenced as a young man by the German Lebensreform movement, which saw civilization as corrupt and sought to go "back to nature"; it embraced holistic medicine , nudism , free love , regular exercise and other outdoors activity, and foods that it judged were more "natural". Bircher-Benner eventually adopted a vegetarian diet, but took that further and decided that raw food was what humans were really meant to eat; he

4355-506: Was influenced by Charles Darwin 's ideas that humans were just another kind of animal and Bircher-Benner noted that other animals do not cook their food. In 1904 he opened a sanatorium in the mountains outside of Zurich called "Lebendinge Kraft" or "Vital Force", a technical term in the Lebensreform movement that referred especially to sunlight; he and others believed that this energy was more "concentrated" in plants than in meat, and

4422-571: Was originally used to refer to multiple forms of B. oleracea , including those with loose or non-existent heads. A related species, Brassica rapa , is commonly named Chinese, napa or celery cabbage, and has many of the same uses. It is also a part of common names for several unrelated species. These include cabbage bark or cabbage tree (a member of the genus Andira ) and cabbage palms, which include several genera of palms such as Mauritia , Roystonea oleracea , Acrocomia and Euterpe oenocarpus . The original family name of brassicas

4489-534: Was probably domesticated later in history than Near Eastern crops such as lentils and summer wheat . Because of the wide range of crops developed from the wild B. oleracea , multiple broadly contemporaneous domestications of cabbage may have occurred throughout Europe. Nonheading cabbages and kale were probably the first to be domesticated, before 1000 BC, perhaps by the Celts of central and western Europe, although recent linguistic and genetic evidence enforces

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