Misplaced Pages

#36963

41-415: Immediately upon its creation, GNUPedia was confronted by confusion with the similar-sounding Nupedia project led by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger , and controversy over whether this constituted a fork of the efforts to produce a 💕. In addition, Wales already owned the gnupedia.org domain name . The GNUPedia project changed its name to GNE (an abbreviation for "GNE's Not an Encyclopedia",

82-477: A recursive acronym similar to that of the GNU Project ) and switched to a knowledgebase . GNE was designed to avoid centralization and editors who enforced quality standards, which they viewed as possibly introducing bias. Jonathan Zittrain described GNE as a "collective blog" more than an encyclopedia. Stallman has since lent his support to Misplaced Pages. In The Misplaced Pages Revolution , Andrew Lih explains

123-446: A force, right? We just unified electro-weak, ok? The grand unified field theory still escapes us until the document licences too are just additional permissions on top of GPL. I don't know how we'll ever get there, that's gravity, it's really hard. The GNU FDL requires that licensees, when printing a document covered by the license, must also include "this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to

164-550: A free commercial project. So we decided to merge GNUpedia project into Nupedia. Now, the Misplaced Pages encyclopedia project has adopted the philosophy of Nupedia and taken it even further. We encourage you to visit and contribute to the site. Nupedia Nupedia was an English-language online encyclopedia whose articles were written by volunteer contributors with relevant subject matter expertise, reviewed by expert editors before publication, and licensed as free content . It

205-518: A licensee is not allowed to save document copies "made" in a proprietary file format or using encryption. In 2003, Richard Stallman said about the above sentence on the debian-legal mailing list: This means that you cannot publish them under DRM systems to restrict the possessors of the copies. It isn't supposed to refer to use of encryption or file access control on your own copy. I will talk with our lawyer and see if that sentence needs to be clarified. A GNU FDL work can quickly be encumbered because

246-470: A new, different title must be given and a list of previous titles must be kept. This could lead to the situation where there are a whole series of title pages, and dedications, in each and every copy of the book if it has a long lineage. These pages cannot be removed until the work enters the public domain after copyright expires. Richard Stallman said about invariant sections on the debian-legal mailing list: The goal of invariant sections, ever since

287-594: The Debian project, Thomas Bushnell , Nathanael Nerode, and Bruce Perens have raised objections. Bruce Perens saw the GFDL even outside the "Free Software ethos": "FSF, a Free Software organization, isn't being entirely true to the Free Software ethos while it is promoting a license that allows invariant sections to be applied to anything but the license text and attribution. [...] the GFDL isn't consistent with

328-535: The 80s when we first made the GNU Manifesto an invariant section in the Emacs Manual, was to make sure they could not be removed. Specifically, to make sure that distributors of Emacs that also distribute non-free software could not remove the statements of our philosophy, which they might think of doing because those statements criticize their actions. The GNU FDL is incompatible in both directions with

369-487: The Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially" and therefore is incompatible with material that excludes commercial re-use. As mentioned above, the GFDL was designed with commercial publishers in mind, as Stallman explained: The GFDL is meant as a way to enlist commercial publishers in funding free documentation without surrendering any vital liberty. The 'cover text' feature, and certain other aspects of

410-483: The Document itself is wholly editable and is essentially covered by a license equivalent to (but mutually incompatible with) the GNU General Public License , some of the secondary sections have various restrictions designed primarily to deal with proper attribution to previous authors. Specifically, the authors of prior versions have to be acknowledged and certain "invariant sections" specified by

451-458: The Document". This means that if a licensee prints out a copy of an article whose text is covered under the GNU FDL, they must also include a copyright notice and a physical printout of the GNU FDL, which is a significantly large document in itself. Worse, the same is required for the standalone use of just one (for example, Misplaced Pages) image. Several Wikimedia projects have over the years abandoned

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492-595: The GFDL if such fair use is covered by all potential subsequent uses. One example of such liberal and commercial fair use is parody . Although the two licenses work on similar copyleft principles, the GFDL is not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license . However, at the request of the Wikimedia Foundation , version 1.3 added a time-limited section allowing specific types of websites using

533-455: The GFDL to additionally offer their work under the CC BY-SA license. These exemptions allow a GFDL-based collaborative project with multiple authors to transition to the CC BY-SA 3.0 license, without first obtaining the permission of every author, if the work satisfies several conditions: To prevent the clause from being used as a general compatibility measure, the license itself only allowed

574-482: The GFDL. In the case of Baidu, Misplaced Pages representatives asked the site and its contributors to respect the terms of the licenses and to make proper attributions. Some critics consider the GFDL a non-free license. Some reasons for this are that the GFDL allows "invariant" text which cannot be modified or removed, and that its prohibition against digital rights management (DRM) systems applies to valid usages, like for "private copies made and not distributed". Notably,

615-563: The GNE project, Misplaced Pages also led to the gradual demise of Nupedia. Due to the collapse of the internet economy at that time, Jimmy Wales decided to discontinue funding for a salaried editor-in-chief in December 2001, and Sanger resigned from both projects shortly thereafter. After Sanger's departure, Nupedia increasingly became an afterthought to Misplaced Pages; of the Nupedia articles that completed

656-645: The GPL—material under the GNU FDL cannot be put into GPL code and GPL code cannot be put into a GNU FDL manual. At the June 22–23, 2006 international GPLv3 conference in Barcelona, Eben Moglen hinted that a future version of the GPL could be made suitable for documentation: By expressing LGPL as just an additional permission on top of GPL we simplify our licensing landscape drastically. It's like for physics getting rid of

697-478: The Wikimedia Foundation to migrate the projects to the similar Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike (CC BY-SA) license. These changes were implemented on version 1.3 of the license, which includes a new provision allowing certain materials released under the (GFDL) license to be used under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license also. Material licensed under the current version of

738-519: The change to occur before August 1, 2009. At the release of version 1.3, the FSF stated that all content added before November 1, 2008, to Misplaced Pages as an example satisfied the conditions. The Wikimedia Foundation itself after a public referendum, invoked this process to dual-license content released under the GFDL under the CC BY-SA license in June 2009, and adopted a foundation-wide attribution policy for

779-475: The definition of expert allowed for a degree of flexibility, and it was acknowledged that some articles could be written by a good writer, rather than an expert per se ) and the editors approving articles for publication were expected "to be true experts in their fields and (with few exceptions) [to] possess PhDs". Ruth Ifcher was someone Sanger depended upon and worked closely with on Nupedia's early policies and procedures. Ifcher, holding several higher degrees,

820-500: The end Misplaced Pages's lead and enthusiastic community was already well established and Richard Stallman put the GNE project into inactive status and put his support behind Misplaced Pages. The GNU Project offers the following explanation about GNE: Just as we were starting a project, GNUpedia, to develop a 💕, the Nupedia encyclopedia project adopted the GNU Free Documentation License and thus became

861-451: The ethos that FSF has promoted for 19 years." In 2006, Debian developers voted to consider works licensed under the GFDL to comply with their Debian Free Software Guidelines provided that the invariant section clauses are not used. However, their resolution stated that even without invariant sections, GFDL-licensed software documentation is considered to be "still not free of trouble" by the project, namely because of its incompatibility with

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902-418: The fact that the GFDL "does not allow for easy duplication and modification", especially for digital documentation. The GNU FDL contains the statement: You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. A criticism of this language is that it is too broad, because it applies to private copies made but not distributed. This means that

943-845: The free online encyclopedia Misplaced Pages uses the GFDL (coupled with the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike License ) for much of its text, excluding text that was imported from other sources after the 2009 licensing update that is only available under the Creative Commons license. The GFDL was released in draft form for feedback in September 1999. After revisions, version 1.1 was issued in March 2000, version 1.2 in November 2002, and version 1.3 in November 2008. The current state of

984-426: The license can be used for any purpose, as long as the use meets certain conditions. The license explicitly separates any kind of "Document" from "Secondary Sections", which may not be integrated with the Document, but exist as front-matter materials or appendices. Secondary sections can contain information regarding the author's or publisher's relationship to the subject matter, but not any subject matter itself. While

1025-567: The license is version 1.3. On December 1, 2007, Misplaced Pages founder Jimmy Wales announced that a long period of discussion and negotiation between and amongst the Free Software Foundation, Creative Commons, the Wikimedia Foundation and others had produced a proposal supported by both the FSF and Creative Commons to modify the Free Documentation License in such a fashion as to allow the possibility for

1066-411: The license more financially attractive to commercial publishers of software documentation, some of whom were consulted during the drafting of the GFDL. "Endorsements" sections are intended to be used in official standard documents, where the distribution of modified versions should only be permitted if they are not labeled as that standard anymore. The GFDL requires the ability to "copy and distribute

1107-487: The license that deal with covers, title page, history, and endorsements, are included to make the license appealing to commercial publishers for books whose authors are paid. Material that restricts commercial re-use is incompatible with the license and cannot be incorporated into the work. However, incorporating such restricted material may be fair use under United States copyright law (or fair dealing in some other countries) and does not need to be licensed to fall within

1148-522: The major free software licenses. Those opposed to the GFDL have recommended the use of alternative licenses such as the BSD License or the GNU GPL. The FLOSS Manuals foundation, an organization devoted to creating manuals for free software, decided to eschew the GFDL in favor of the GPL for its texts in 2007, citing the incompatibility between the two, difficulties in implementing the GFDL, and

1189-442: The original author and dealing with his or her relationship to the subject matter may not be changed. If the material is modified, its title has to be changed (unless the prior authors permit to retain the title). The license also has provisions for the handling of front-cover and back-cover texts of books, as well as for "History", "Acknowledgements", "Dedications" and "Endorsements" sections. These features were added in part to make

1230-539: The original software. GNU Free Documentation License The GNU Free Documentation License ( GNU FDL or GFDL ) is a copyleft license for free documentation, designed by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for the GNU Project . It is similar to the GNU General Public License , giving readers the rights to copy, redistribute, and modify (except for "invariant sections") a work and requires all copies and derivatives to be available under

1271-603: The peer review process. This attracted interest from both sides, as it provided the less bureaucratic structure favored by advocates of the GNE encyclopedia . As a result, GNE never really developed, and the threat of competition between the projects was averted. As Misplaced Pages grew and attracted contributors, it quickly developed a life of its own and began to function largely independently of Nupedia, although Sanger initially led activity on Misplaced Pages by virtue of his position as Nupedia's editor-in-chief. Besides leading to discontinuation of

GNE (encyclopedia) - Misplaced Pages Continue

1312-514: The peer-reviewed approach used by Nupedia and later founded Citizendium in 2006 as an expert-reviewed alternative to Misplaced Pages. In October 1999, Jimmy Wales began thinking about an online encyclopedia built by volunteers and, in January 2000, hired Larry Sanger to oversee its development. The project officially went online on 9 March 2000. By November 2000, however, only two full-length articles had been published. From its beginning, Nupedia

1353-440: The reasons behind the demise of GNE: Richard Stallman who inspired the free software and free culture movement also proposed his own encyclopedia in 1999 and attempted to launch it in the same year that Misplaced Pages took off. Called Gnupedia it coexisted confusingly in the same space as Bomis 's Nupedia , a completely separate product. Keeping with tradition Stallman renamed his project GNE – GNE's not an encyclopedia. But in

1394-442: The review process, only two did so after 2001. As Nupedia dwindled into inactivity, the idea of converting it into a stable version of approved Misplaced Pages articles was occasionally broached, but never implemented. Nupedia's server crashed in September 2003. Nupedia's encyclopedic content was assimilated into Misplaced Pages. Nupedia had a seven-step editorial process, consisting of: Authors were expected to have expert knowledge (although

1435-653: The rules. It had only 21 articles in its first year, compared with Misplaced Pages having 200 articles in the first month, and 18,000 in the first year. Unlike Misplaced Pages, Nupedia was not a wiki ; it was instead characterized by an extensive peer-review process, designed to make its articles of a quality comparable to that of professional encyclopedias. Nupedia wanted scholars (ideally with PhDs) to volunteer content. Before it ceased operating, Nupedia produced 24 approved articles that had completed its review process and another 150 articles were in progress. Wales preferred Misplaced Pages's easier posting of articles, while Sanger preferred

1476-441: The same license. Copies may also be sold commercially, but, if produced in larger quantities (greater than 100), the original document or source code must be made available to the work's recipient. The GFDL was designed for manuals , textbooks, other reference and instructional materials, and documentation which often accompanies GNU software. However, it can be used for any text-based work, regardless of subject matter. For example,

1517-475: The use of content from Wikimedia Foundation projects. There have currently been no cases involving the GFDL in a court of law, although its sister license for software, the GNU General Public License , has been successfully enforced in such a setting. Although the content of Misplaced Pages has been plagiarized and used in violation of the GFDL by other sites, such as Baidu Baike , no contributors have ever tried to bring an organization to court due to violation of

1558-620: Was a free content encyclopedia, with Bomis intending to generate revenue from online ads on Nupedia.com. Initially, the project used a homegrown license, the Nupedia Open Content License. In January 2001, it switched to the GNU Free Documentation License at the urging of Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation . Also in January 2001, Nupedia started Misplaced Pages as a side-project to allow collaboration on articles before entering

1599-417: Was a computer programmer and former copy editor and agreed to be volunteer chief copy editor. Nupedia was powered by NupeCode collaborative software . NupeCode is free / open source software (released under the GNU General Public License ) designed for large peer review projects. The code was available via Nupedia's CVS repository. One of the problems experienced by Nupedia during much of its existence

1640-410: Was founded by Jimmy Wales and underwritten by Bomis , with Larry Sanger as editor-in-chief. Nupedia operated from October 1999 until September 2003. It is best known today as the predecessor of Misplaced Pages . Nupedia had a seven-step approval process to control content of articles before being posted, rather than live wiki -based updating. Nupedia was designed by a committee of experts who predefined

1681-413: Was that the software lacked functionality. Much of the missing functionality had been mocked-up using underlined blocks of text which appeared to be hyperlinks, but actually were not. As part of the project, a new version of the original software (called "NuNupedia") was under development. NuNupedia was implemented for testing at SourceForge , but never reached a sufficient stage of development to replace

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#36963