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38-483: The GAZ-3307 is the successor to the GAZ-52/53 , the manufacture of which was discontinued in early 1993. These trucks have 4.5 tons carrying capacity and are designed for use on all types of paved roads . The fourth-generation GAZ truck family includes the 5-ton diesel GAZ-4301 (1984-1995) and 3-ton diesel truck GAZ-3306 (1993-1995). Since 1999, Gorky has offered a 2-3 ton, all-wheel drive, all terrain variant,

76-684: A further engine update in 2008 ensured Euro 3 compliance. Mass production of the GAZ-3307 and -3308 models with ZMZ engines was discontinued in 2009; however, restricted production continued for government agencies. In 2010–2012, the GAZ-3309 was fitted with a MMZ D-245.7 E-3 diesel engine, and the GAZ-33081 Sadko and GAZ-33086 Countryman variants were fitted with the MMZ D-245.7 E-2 diesel engine. All vehicles produced after 2013 received

114-677: A qualifying round of the Speedway World Championship in 1981 and 1983 and a qualifying round of the Speedway World Team Cup in 1987 and 1989. Shumen boasts the Monument to 1300 Years of Bulgaria , regarded as the only monument in the world to depict the history of a whole country from its creation to the present day. The Shumen Fortress, partially restored after being destroyed by the Ottomans,

152-504: A reduced compression ratio and smaller 2 barrel carburetor. The ZMZ-53 produces 120 hp SAE Gross at 3200 rpm, giving the GAZ-53 a top speed of 90 km/h (56 mph). Early versions, called GAZ-53F, were powered by an old 75-hp (SAE Gross) six-cylinder engine from the GAZ-51 truck; but since 1964, the GAZ-53 was equipped with a 4.3L ZMZ-53 V8 engine. Payload was increased to 4 tons in

190-558: A regional and district centre. At the outbreak of the First Balkan War in 1912, 35 people from Shumen volunteered for the Macedonian-Drinsk Volunteer Force. As technology improved, electricity gradually began to make inroads. It was initially installed at the city's Military Club (1919). In September 1927, the first electric power plant began operating in the town of Shumen. Immediately after

228-618: A strongly fortified military town, with a large garrison in the fortress, many Turks, Jews, Tatars, Armenians settled there. According to Konstantin Jirecek , at the time of the Ottoman conquest there were 800 houses in Shumen, and in the 17th century they already numbered 4000-5000. In the 18th century it was enlarged and fortified. Three times (1774, 1810 and 1828) it was unsuccessfully attacked by Russian armies. The Turks consequently gave it

266-454: A tower was constructed above the gate; square tower was built to the west and semicircular to the south. In the 4-5th centuries the entire hill was fortified with a new wall with nine towers. Between the 8th and the 10th century the fort was renovated, for the purpose the Roman wall and towers were used and to the northeast was built a new wall with two towers. In 681 khan Asparukh incorporated

304-485: A white grille. The GAZ grille is fluted vertically, and the direction indicators are located above the headlamps. The ZIL has flashers below the headlamps and its grille is horizontally slated. The main (or basic) variant of GAZ-53 with no suffix letter was released in 1964. It featured the brand-new 4254 cc light-alloy V8 ZMZ-53 engine, which was a modified version of the one used in the GAZ-13 Chaika , with

342-603: Is an important historical monument of the medieval Bulgarian Empire . It is not far from the city on the Shumen Plateau. The Regional Historical Museum, which is a successor of the Archaeological Society created in Shumen in 1904 by Rafail Popov. The Madara Horseman , a World Heritage Site and the only such example of medieval rock art in Europe, is an ancient (710 AD) monument usually attributed to

380-556: Is built within a cluster of hills, northern outliers of the eastern Balkans, which curve around it on the west and south in the shape of a horseshoe. A rugged ravine intersects the ground longitudinally in the horseshoe ridge. From Shumen roads radiate northwards to the Danubian cities of Rousse and Silistra and to Dobruja , southwards to the passes of the Balkans , and eastwards to Varna and Balchik . In January 2012, Shumen

418-540: The 1944 Bulgarian coup d'état , a serious shootout took place in the city when communists tried to take over one of the police stations. In the period 1950–1965 the city was called Kolarovgrad , after the name of the communist leader Vasil Kolarov . One of the largest monumental memorials in Bulgaria - " Monument to 1300 Years of Bulgaria " - was built in Shumen Plateau Nature Park in 1981. In

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456-776: The Artillery and Air Defense Faculty to the Vasil Levski National Military University and the Affiliate of Medical University of Varna are the higher education establishments in the city. The former operates a small astronomical observatory . FC Shumen 1929 was the local football club since 2013 and the financial failure of PFC Shumen 2010 . The club used the Panayot Volov Stadium as its home ground. Basketball , volleyball and handball are also represented, and most of

494-608: The GAZ Sadko and a 4-ton all-terrain variant, the GAZ-33086 Zemlyak . When the GAZ-3307 was designed in the early 1980s, it utilized common assembly techniques and parts found in models of the time (the chassis and engine were derived from the GAZ-53-12), resulting in lower costs and easier maintenance. The vehicle received a more spacious, modern cab, equipped with an efficient ventilation and heating system. This

532-724: The Three Holy Hierarchs (est. 1857), and a few chapels. In Shumen is located the largest mosque in Bulgaria and the second largest in the Balkans, the Sherif Halil Pasha Mosque, more commonly known as the Tombul (or Tumbul) Mosque , built between 1740 and 1744. Shumen has 11 elementary and five common schools, as well as two high schools. The University of Shumen Episkop Konstantin Preslavski ,

570-473: The "Stekloto" were rebuilt and restored. A number of new restaurants and hotels have been built in a contemporary style. Following Bulgaria's accession to the European Union, the main boulevards, streets and roads were asphalted. The pedestrian zone from the centre through the town garden to the railway station has been renovated and modernised. The city lies 80 kilometres (50 miles) west of Varna and

608-536: The 1965 model, called GAZ-53A. The GAZ-53A was built until January 1983, when the GAZ-53-12 took over until production ended. All variants use a four-speed gearbox, synchronized on third and fourth. A number of other sub-versions were also introduced, including the military version GAZ-53A-016. In total, over 4 million GAZ-53 were built, making it the highest production truck of the Soviet Union. The GAZ-53A

646-399: The 1980s, large-scale construction was underway in view of the upcoming visit of the diplomatic corps, but changes in the late 1980s halted the process. The largest hotel-restaurant complex in the city was built. Construction of a trolleybus line began, which was later abandoned. After 1989 a mall was built in Shumen (GUM). The town's iconic restaurants with a hotel part, the "Kyoshkovete" and

684-653: The 1980s, which met the needs of the local market. Shumen Shumen ( Bulgarian : Шумен , also romanized as Shoumen or Šumen , pronounced [ˈʃumɛn] ) is the tenth-largest city in Bulgaria and the administrative and economic capital of Shumen Province . The city was first mentioned as Šimeonis in 1153 by the Arab traveler Idrisi . The name is probably from Bulgarian shuma '(deciduous forest).' Some believe Konstantin Jireček that it comes from

722-633: The 19th century Shumen was a communication hub of importance in the Ottoman Empire. In 1820 Porter wrote that Shumen had "a suburb in which its Christian inhabitants live". During the 19th century, Shumen was an important centre of the Bulgarian National Revival , with the first celebration of Cyril and Methodius in the Bulgarian lands taking place on 11 May 1813 and the first theatre performance. A girls' religious school

760-695: The Bulgar culture. It lies some 20 km (12 mi) from Shumen. The religious buildings in the city include the Eastern Orthodox Holy Three Saints Cathedral and Holy Ascension Basilica, as well as the Sherif Halil Pasha mosque (also known as the Tombul Mosque ), the largest mosque in Bulgaria and one of the largest in the Balkans, serving Shumen and the region's Muslim minority. Kurşun çeşme

798-425: The GAZ-3309. Multiple variants of the GAZ-3307 and -3309 were released: GAZ-53 The GAZ-53 is a 3.5 tonne 4x2 truck produced by GAZ between 1961 and 1993. Introduced first as GAZ-53F , it was joined by the virtually identical 2.5-ton GAZ-52 in 1962, which was produced until 1989. The GAZ-52 and GAZ-53 trucks are distinguished by different lighting systems , wheel rims and tonnage (payload):

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836-589: The GAZ-52 was able to carry up to 2.5 tonnes of cargo, whereas the GAZ-53A could carry up to 4 tonnes. From 1961 to 1975 the GAZ-53 was produced along with its predecessor, the GAZ-51 . Given the long production run of GAZ-52/53 and their variants, the series is a common sight in Eastern Europe. They should not be mistaken for the broadly similar 5-6 ton ZIL-130 , which is also usually painted light blue with

874-607: The MMZ D-245.7 E-4 engine. Since 2012, the GAZ-33096 was produced with a diesel engine (which was certified under Euro 4 emissions standards in 2013). In February 2013, the GAZ-33098 received a new YaMZ-5342.10 engine, and a new model, the GAZ-33088 was introduced. In June 2014 GAZ presented a new version, with the unofficial name of Sadko Next with an increased carrying capacity of 3 tons, and also an updated version of

912-582: The Russians and became part of the newly independent Bulgaria . In 1882 the Shumen Brewery , the first brewery in Bulgaria, was founded. After the Liberation of Bulgaria, the town initially declined due to the loss of markets for its crafts, the withdraw of many Ottomans and the relatively cheap and high quality western manufactured goods competing with local ones, but gradually recovered, becoming

950-507: The chronological periods, the lifestyle and the livelihood of the inhabitants of the fortress. It had a wall thickness of about two meters, built of rough stones. In the 5th century BC a second wall was built in front of the former. In the 2nd century the Romans built a military fortress on the ruins of the Thracian fortifications. The construction of the wall is already bonded to mortar ;

988-658: The city is majorly Eastern Orthodox , with a significant portion of Muslims and much smaller minorities of other religions. In the Bulgarian Orthodox Church , Shumen is a part of the Eparchy (diocese) of Varna and Veliki Preslav and the capital of the Shumen church district ( okolia ). There are two major Orthodox temples in the city, the Church of the Holy Ascension (est. 1829) and the Church of

1026-534: The games are held at the 'Mladost' sports centre and Arena Shumen , the 2,300-seater indoor hall opened in 2018. Other sporting activities include martial arts (mostly karate ) and horse racing . Shumen has its own rallying tournament, the 'Stari Stolitsi'. The Shumen Motopista is a motorcycle speedway track which re-opened in 2016 and is the only speedway track in Bulgaria. The track located on University Street (ул. Университетска), opposite Shumen University , previously held important speedway events, including

1064-538: The golden age of Bulgarian culture under Simeon the Great (893-927), Shumen was a centre of cultural and religious activity, and may have borne the name Simeonis . During the Second Bulgarian Empire , Shumen was a significant military, administrative and economic center, displacing the old Bulgarian capital Preslav and developing outside the fortress. In the medieval city of Shumen the main religion

1102-646: The name of Gazi ("Victorious"). In 1854 it was the headquarters of Omar Pasha and the point at which the Turkish army concentrated (see Crimean War ). Many Turks were settled in the area during the Ottoman period to spread the Islamic faith among the Slavic Bulgarian Christians and many Muslim Turkic men married Bulgarian women and converted them to Islam during the period . In

1140-598: The name of the Bulgarian emperor Simeon the Great . In the following periods, the city was mentioned with variants, such as Şumena , Şumna , Şumular , Sumunum , Şumnu, and Şumen . The eleventh edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica lists it as Shumla , similar to the way it lists Pleven as Plevna. In Turkish , it is known as Şumnu . The first records of Shumen date back to the Chalcolithic . Excavations by Raphael Popov in 1907 founded

1178-475: The settlement mound Kodzadermen, inhabited in the Middle and Late Chalcolithic (approximately 4500-4000 BC). It has a diameter of 60 m and a height of 5 m and, located 6 km north of the town. Earliest reports for Shumen fortress date back to the early Iron Age . From the 12th century BC is the first fort, surrounding accessible parts of the area. Archaeological surveys, conducted in 1957, 1961 to 1987, determined

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1216-732: The territory into the First Bulgarian Empire . In 811 Shumen was burned by the Byzantine emperor Nicephorus . He was killed at the Battle of Pliska . Khan Krum of Bulgaria encased Nicephorus's skull in silver and used it as a cup for wine drinking. The Bulgarian fortification of the 7-10th centuries developed into a feudal city with a castle with surrounding inner and outer defensive zones, in which can be counted 28 towers and bastions, three gates and five small porticoes, and many churches and workshops (12th to 14th century). During

1254-773: Was also license-built by KTA Madara in Shumen , Bulgaria, beginning in 1967. They were called the Madara 400 series (the "4" representing its four-tonne payload). Beginning in the 1970s, the Bulgarian-built trucks were fitted with locally built four-cylinder 3.9 liter Perkins diesel (later also turbodiesel) engines, made by the Vasil Kolarov engine plant in Varna . These engines had either 80 or 100 PS (59 or 74 kW). Madara built about 3,000 trucks per year throughout

1292-434: Was established in 1828; a class school for girls and a chitalishte (community centre) followed in 1856. The first Bulgarian symphony orchestra was founded in the city in 1850. In the same year, influential Hungarian politician and revolutionary leader Lajos Kossuth spent a part of his exile in the then- Ottoman town of Shumen. The house he lived in is preserved as a museum. On 22 June 1878 Shumen finally capitulated to

1330-605: Was first applied in the pilot truck GAZ-4301 in 1984. Testing of the GAZ-3307 was finished in December 1986. Unlike their predecessors, these trucks had power steering. Serial production of the 4.5-ton GAZ-3307 with the ZMZ-511 engine (an updated version of the ZMZ-53 ) began in late 1989. Around 2006, the GAZ-3307, GAZ-3309, and GAZ-3308 received updated petrol and diesel engines that complied with Euro 2 emissions standards, and

1368-512: Was inhabited by 80 511 people in the city limits, while the Shumen Municipality with the legally affiliated adjacent villages had 93 160 inhabitants. The number of the residents of the city (not the municipality) reached its peak in the period 1990-1991 when it exceeded 110,000. According to the latest 2011 census data, the individuals declared their ethnic identity were distributed as follows: Total: 80,855 The population of

1406-574: Was introduced. In 1388 the sultan Murad I forced it to surrender to the Ottoman Empire . After Władysław Warneńczyk 's unsuccessful crusade in 1444, the city was destroyed by the Ottomans and moved to its present location. After the Middle Ages, the Turks used the ruins of the city for the construction of the several baths and mosques. In the 17th - 18th centuries Shumen was turned into

1444-473: Was the Orthodox Christianity , evidence of which were the found in the outline of the walls, seven churches, commemorative coins with the image of crosses, angels, and numerous findings of Orthodox crosses separately, as well as their image on rings and on other artefacts, found in the graves and the homes. Change occurs only after the Ottoman conquest of the city in the 15th century, when Islam

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