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56-527: The Turkish state owned rolling stock manufacturer Tülomsaş has a manufacturing agreement with GE to produce PowerHaul locomotives for European, African and Middle-Eastern markets. The Tülomsaş plant produced its first PowerHaul locomotive in February 2011. In November 2011 Australian engineering firm UGL Rail announced it was to develop a narrow gauge version of the class in association with GE. Three main subclasses exist: PH37ACmi for UK railways, PH37ACi

112-492: A 70:30 joint venture with Unipart , has maintained most of CityRail and later Sydney Trains and NSW TrainLink 's EMU fleet. Maintenance on H sets was initially carried out at Eveleigh but from 2018 is done at other depots with major work done at Maintrain, Auburn as for other types of Sydney Trains sets. The contract to maintain 1,050 Sydney Trains carriages including H and V sets was extended for two years from 1 July 2019. UGL Rail has been responsible for maintaining

168-739: A General Electric GTA series alternator, and 5GEB30 axle hung traction motors. The cab includes heating, air conditioning, and acoustic insulation; the driving controls are 'dial-less' - information is displayed using electronic panel displays. The cab design includes consideration for GSM-R and European Rail Traffic Management System . One innovative feature of the design was the use of electrical power generated when using dynamic braking to supply auxiliary power - resulting in increase in overall efficiency. Freightliner placed an order for 30 units (originally designated JS37ACi) in November 2007. The first two locomotives manufactured were for Freightliner in

224-524: A braking force of 270 kN (61,000 lb f ) maximum. The European version is expected to be re-designed to meet 'European Driver Desk' recommendations, and UIC 612 standards, with a central driving position. The L6 20 version is expected to have a redesigned bogie. The track gauge for the PH37ACi can be from 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) to 1,668 mm ( 5 ft  5 + 21 ⁄ 32  in ). Kits for

280-705: A flourishing business in general engineering. It made pitheads, boilers, wagons and a huge, cast 41-ton block for the district's coal trade. In October 1964, A Goninan & Co was purchased by Howard Smith . In August 1999, A Goninan & Co was sold to United Group and re-branded United Goninan. In 2005, it was renamed United Group Rail, as part of a reorganisation following United Group's purchase of Alstom 's Australian subsidiary, Alstom Transport Australia and New Zealand. While most items were manufactured at Broadmeadow, it did purchase Comeng 's Bassendean, Western Australia plant. This plant rebuilt many Pilbara Alco locomotives with General Electric components in

336-534: A general comparison to passenger cars is therefore not possible, as the kWh/km factor depends, among others, on the specific vehicle. The official category name is heavy-duty diesel engines, which generally includes lorries and buses. The following table contains a summary of the emission standards and their implementation dates. Dates in the tables refer to new type approvals; the dates for all new registrations are in most cases one year later. ECE R49 ESC & ELR The term non-road mobile machinery (NRMM)

392-553: A relatively high revving engine (1500rpm), giving a 20% increase in power-weight ratio. The engine uses the same design of transmission system as used in GE's North American AC drive locomotives: an AC alternator, with AC output rectified to an intermediate DC line, with separate inverters and inverter control for each traction motor, auxiliary power is also supplied by the DC link, using electronic inverter based load control. The PM37ACmi design uses

448-501: A specific cycle in the laboratory duly representing a real driving environment and gives a global notation independent from the type of engine used (petrol, diesel, natural gas, LPG, hybrid, etc.). To get the maximum 50/50 note on this cycle, the car shall emit less than the minimum limit applicable to either petrol or diesel car, that is to say 100 mg HC, 500 mg CO, 60 mg NO x , 3 mg PM and 6 × 10 PN. Unlike ambient discourse dirty diesel versus clean petrol cars,

504-670: A version for mainland Europe and elsewhere built to UIC 505-1 vehicle gauge , and PH37ACmai a version for 3 ft 6 in ( 1,067 mm ) gauge lines. Versions of the locomotive include the Class 70 used by Freightliner (UK), the DE36000 of the Turkish State Railways and the Korail Class 7600 (South Korea). The PowerHaul Class are a 6 axle Co-Co design for heavy mainline freight operations -

560-460: Is Dr20 (D = diesel, r = raskas (heavy) , type 20). Units have been used for goods traffic from Russia to Finland. In November 2011 GE and UGL Rail announced that it would build two prototype UGL Rail PH37ACmai 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ) gauge PowerHaul locomotives. They were intended for use on the narrow gauge networks in Queensland and Western Australia . GE supplied

616-550: Is a part of Metro Trains Sydney which constructed and now operates the Sydney Metro Northwest UGL is a member of the RailConnect NSW consortium, a joint venture between UGL, Hyundai Rotem and Mitsubishi Electric , which has designed and will build and maintain more than 500 NSW TrainLink D set train carriages. Delivery commenced in the second half of 2019. Maintenance will be carried out at

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672-634: Is a subsidiary of UGL and is based in Melbourne , with a staff of 1,200 across Australia and Asia. It operates factories in Broadmeadow ( Newcastle ), Spotswood and Bassendean . While it used to operate a factory in Taree , the plant was shut down and the equipment sold off. Founded in Australia in 1899 by Cornish brothers Alfred and Ralph Goninan as an engineering and manufacturing company for

728-541: Is a term used in the European emission standards to control emissions of engines that are not used primarily on public roadways. This definition includes off-road vehicles as well as railway vehicles . European standards for non-road diesel engines harmonise with the US EPA standards , and comprise gradually stringent tiers known as Stage I–V standards. The Stage I/II was part of the 1997 directive (Directive 97/68/EC). It

784-555: Is determined by running the engine at a standardised test cycle . Non-compliant vehicles cannot be sold in the EU, but new standards do not apply to vehicles already on the roads. No use of specific technologies is mandated to meet the standards, though available technology is considered when setting the standards. New models introduced must meet current or planned standards, but minor lifecycle model revisions may continue to be offered with pre-compliant engines. Along with Emissions standards,

840-506: Is expected that technologies such as direct injection, combined with petrol particulate filters, could be needed for these motorcycle engine types to meet the Euro V demands. The emission standards for trucks (lorries) and buses are defined by engine energy output in g/ kWh ; this is unlike the emission standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles, which are defined by vehicle driving distance in g/km —

896-492: Is to be a Tülomsas built unit operated by an unnamed open access operator in Belgium, Netherlands, France, Germany and Switzerland, with operations starting 2013. In September 2012 GE announced that freight operator Heavy Haul Power International (HHPI) would be the recipient of two to six locomotives, which would be used to obtain homologation certification. PowerHaul locomotives use a PowerHaul P616 diesel engine ; based on

952-547: Is to ensure that information relating to the fuel economy and CO 2 emissions of new passenger cars offered for sale or lease in the Community is made available to consumers in order to enable consumers to make an informed choice. In the United Kingdom, the initial approach was deemed ineffective. The way the information was presented was too complicated for consumers to understand. As a result, car manufacturers in

1008-524: Is used for diesel engines only, while transient testing applies to both diesel and petrol engines. For the emission standards to deliver actual emission reductions, it is crucial to use a test cycle that reflects real-world driving conditions. It was discovered that vehicle manufacturers would optimise emissions performance only for the test cycle, whilst emissions from typical driving conditions proved to be much higher than when tested. Some manufacturers were also found to use so-called defeat devices where

1064-774: The Jenbacher J616 gas engine. The 16 cylinder 4 stroke engine uses the Miller cycle , which GE claims increases fuel efficiency over conventional 4 stroke engines, as well as reducing emissions. Rated power is 3,700 hp (2,800 kW) with an engine speed of 1500rpm; the engine meets EU stage IIIa emission standards . General Electric claims that the engine is more fuel efficient than contemporary competitors, consuming 192g per kilowatt hour at full power output. EU IIIb emission standards are said to be achievable using exhaust gas recirculation and exhaust gas after-treatment by diesel oxidation catalyst . The subtype PH37ACmi

1120-547: The Kangy Angy Maintenance Centre . UGL Rail has been responsible for the maintenance of all of CityRail 's EMU fleet at Maintrain, Auburn since March 1994 following the closure of Electric Carriage Workshops and Eveleigh Carriage Workshops . In the early 1990s, A Goninan & Co refurbished S and V sets at Broadmeadow as part of the Citydecker program. Since December 2011, UGL Unipart,

1176-494: The 1990s as well as building 17 Westrail P class and 60 NR class locomotives. In 1983, a factory was established in Townsville to fulfill a contract for Queensland Railways 2600 class locomotives that required them to be built locally. It later built the 2800 class . As part of UGL's acquisition of Alstom Australia and New Zealand in 2005, UGL leased Alstom's workshops at Ballarat North from then until 2012. UGL

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1232-598: The Baltic, the North Sea and the English Channel are using fuels with a sulphur content of no more than 0.10%. Higher sulphur contents are still possible, but only if the appropriate exhaust cleaning systems are in place. Just as important as the regulations are the tests needed to ensure adherence to regulations. These are laid out in standardised emission test cycles used to measure emissions performance against

1288-607: The EU's road and stay there for decades to come." Within the European Union , transport is the biggest emitter of CO 2 , with road transport contributing about 20%. The purpose of Directive 1999/94/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 13 December 1999 relating to the availability of consumer information on fuel economy and CO 2 emissions in respect of the marketing of new passenger cars

1344-425: The Euro 4 stage, but vehicles with direct injection engines are subject to a limit of 0.0045 g/km for Euro 5 and Euro 6. A particulate number standard (P) or (PN) has been introduced in 2011 with Euro 5b for diesel engines and, in 2014, with Euro 6 for petrol engines. From a technical perspective, European emissions standards do not reflect everyday usage of the vehicle as manufacturers are allowed to lighten

1400-699: The Euro 6 limit for NO x , although they conform to official standards. After the postponement in publishing the Euro 7 proposal details by the European Commission, some civil society groups (such as the European Respiratory Society and the European Public Health Alliance ) said in mid-2022: "Every month that the implementation of Euro 7 is delayed due to the late publication of the proposal, 1 million more polluting cars will be placed on

1456-719: The Euro 6 limit. However, some of the vehicles did show reduced emissions, suggesting that real world NO x emission control is possible. In one particular instance, research in diesel car emissions by two German technology institutes found that zero "real" NO x reductions in public health risk had been achieved despite 13 years of stricter standards (2006 report). In 2015, the Volkswagen emissions scandal involved revelations that Volkswagen AG had deliberately falsified emission reports by programming engine management unit firmware to detect test conditions, and change emissions controls when under test. The cars thus passed

1512-539: The European Union has also mandated a number of computer on-board diagnostics for the purposes of increasing safety for drivers. These standards are used in relation to the emissions standards. During the early 2000s, Australia began harmonising Australian Design Rule certification for new motor vehicle emissions with Euro categories. Euro III was introduced on 1 January 2006 and is progressively being introduced to align with European introduction dates. Euro 7

1568-418: The European Union, emissions of nitrogen oxides ( NO x ), total hydrocarbon (THC), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) are regulated for most vehicle types , including cars, trucks (lorries), locomotives, tractors and similar machinery, barges , but excluding seagoing ships and aeroplanes. For each vehicle type, different standards apply. Compliance

1624-763: The NSW Country Regional Network since January 2022. It took over from John Holland Group . UGL Rail owns 20% of Metro Trains Melbourne , the consortium that has run Melbourne 's metro railway network since November 2009. In July 2020, UGL Rail became responsible for maintenance of the Glenelg tram line in Adelaide as part of the Torrens Connect consortium. European emission standards The European emission standards are vehicle emission standards for pollution from

1680-713: The UIC 505-1 vehicle gauge . Unlike the original version built for the UK loading gauge the design has a full width body. There are two versions of the design, one with a 20 t (19.7 long tons; 22.0 short tons) axle load and 450 kN (100,000 lb f ) starting tractive effort intended for European railways, and a 21 t (20.7 long tons; 23.1 short tons) axleload version with more powerful traction motors and starting tractive effort of 544 kN (122,000 lb f ). The versions have axleload class L6 20 and L6 21 as defined by European Standard EN 15528 (2008). Unlike PH37ACmi

1736-465: The United Kingdom voluntarily agreed to put a more "consumer-friendly", colour-coded label displaying CO 2 emissions on all new cars beginning in September 2005, with a letter from A (<100 CO 2 g/km) to F (186+ CO 2 g/km). The goal of the new "green label" is to give consumers clear information about the environmental performance of different vehicles. Other EU member countries are also in

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1792-643: The United Kingdom, construction began in May 2009 in Erie, with much of the UK compatibility testing taking place in the US before shipping to the UK. Two locomotives were delivered to the UK in October 2009, and received permission for service use by December 2009. In December 2008 GE Transportation reached a manufacturing agreement with Tülomsas for the production of future PowerHaul locomotives for Eurasian, and African markets;

1848-554: The amount of g/km of exceeded. The 2009 regulation set a 2015 target of 130 g/km for the fleet average for new passenger cars. A similar set of regulations for light commercial vehicles was set in 2011, with an emissions target of 175 g/km for 2017. Both targets were met several years in advance. A second set of regulations, passed in 2014, set a 2021 target of average CO 2 emissions of new cars to fall to 95 g/km by 2021, and for light-commercial vehicles to 147 g/km by 2020. In April 2019, Regulation (EU) 2019/631

1904-490: The cars were first regulated. In further difference to passenger cars (where three-way catalytic converters were de facto required from Euro I), it was first with the introduction of the Euro III emissions standard in 2006 that motorcycles were de facto required to use three-way catalytic converters. With the introduction of Euro V, standard two-stroke engine motorcycles are challenged by the strict HC and PM emissions limits. It

1960-407: The coal industry, A Goninan & Co Limited was incorporated as a public company in 1905. It entered the rail business in 1917 via Commonwealth Steel Products Company of Waratah , Newcastle , a wheel and axle manufacturer, because those items could no longer be imported from Belgium due to World War I . A Goninan & Co moved to more convenient freehold land at Broadmeadow in 1919 and built

2016-571: The definition of the standard. These limits supersede the original directive on emission limits 70/220/EEC. The classifications for vehicle category are defined by: Emission standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles are summarized in the following tables. Since the Euro 2 stage, EU regulations introduce different emission limits for diesel and petrol vehicles. Diesels have more stringent CO standards but are allowed higher NO x emissions. Petrol-powered vehicles are exempted from particulate matter (PM) standards through to

2072-509: The design originated in a collaboration between Freightliner who required a more powerful freight locomotive, and General Electric who needed a launch customer for its entry into the European rolling stock market. The locomotives are the first GE locomotives manufactured for the European market since the Blue Tiger locomotive built in collaboration with AdTranz . To fit within European and UK mass and loading gauge restrictions GE used

2128-500: The direct responsibility of the companies involved, the authors blamed the violations on a number of factors, including "unrealistic test conditions, a lack of transparency and a number of loopholes in testing protocols". In 2017, the European Union introduced testing in real-world conditions called Real Driving Emissions (RDE), using portable emissions measurement systems in addition to laboratory tests. The actual limits will use 110% (CF=2.1) "conformity factor" (the difference between

2184-463: The dynomometer tests. RDE not to exceed limits have then been updated to take into account different test conditions such as PEMS weight (305–533 kg in various ICCT testing ), driving in the middle of the traffic, road gradient, etc. ADAC also performed NO x emission tests with a cycle representative of the real driving environment in the laboratory. Among the 69 cars tested: Since 2012, ADAC performs regular pollutant emission tests on

2240-499: The engine control system would recognise that the vehicle was being tested, and would automatically switch to a mode optimised for emissions performance. The use of a defeat device is expressly forbidden in EU law. An independent study in 2014 used portable emissions measurement systems to measure NO x emissions during real world driving from fifteen Euro 6 compliant diesel passenger cars. The results showed that NO x emissions were on average about seven times higher than

2296-479: The initial contract was reported to be for production of 50 units, 30 for GE and 20 for TCDD. In February 2011 Tülomsas completed the assembly of its first PowerHaul from a kit manufactured at GE's Erie plant; the locomotive, built to a UK loading gauge was shipped to the United Kingdom in October 2012. In April 2012 GE announced that it was to use a PowerHaul locomotive to test its "Tempo" European Rail Traffic Management System system (Level 1 & 2). The locomotive

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2352-536: The laboratory test and real-world conditions) in 2017, and 50% (CF=1.5) in 2021 for NO x , conformity factor for particles number P being left for further study. Environment organisations criticized the decision as insufficient, while ACEA mentions it will be extremely difficult for automobile manufacturers to reach such a limit in such short period of time. In 2015, an ADAC study (ordered by ICCT ) of 32 Euro 6 cars showed that few complied with on-road emission limits, and LNT/ NOx adsorber cars (with about half

2408-419: The locomotives are expected to be built to a cowl unit external design, with dimensions of 21.7 m (71 ft 2.3 in) long, width 2.9 m (9 ft 6.17 in), and height 4.3 m (14 ft 1.29 in). The locomotives retain a twin cab design. Fuel tank capacity is 9,000 L (2,000 imp gal; 2,400 US gal), with 3,490 hp (2,600 kW) available for traction, and

2464-469: The market) had the highest emissions. At the end of this study, ICCT was expecting a 100% conformity factor. NEDC Euro 6b not to exceed limit of 80 mg/km NO x will then continue to apply for the WLTC Euro 6c tests performed on a dynomometer while WLTC-RDE will be performed in the middle of the traffic with a PEMS attached at the rear of the car. RDE testing is then far more difficult than

2520-1025: The new design were expected to be shipped to Tülomsaş (Turkey) in early 2012. A Tulomsas assembled locomotive in Heavy Haul International branding was exhibited at Innotrans trade fair in September 2012. European freight operator Heavy Haul Power International took a delivery of pilot production 9 Powerhaul locomotives assembled at Tulomsas. They were stored in Cottbus, Germany for several years as their buyer had no use for them. In 2020 stored PH37ACai locomotives were returned to Turkey for conversion from 1435 mm gauge to 1524 mm gauge for operations in Finland. They were also equipped with Finnish JKV train protection system and Russian standard SA3 couplers . Locomotives were delivered for Estonian operator Operail in 2020 for traffic in Finland. Finnish locomotive registry designation for PH37ACai

2576-595: The power and traction package, with UGL constructing the locomotive frame, with some components sourced from India. The first of three prototypes was nearing completion at its Broadmeadow factory in January 2014. They were sold to Pacific National in 2016 for use in Queensland. UGL Rail UGL Rail is an Australian rail company specialising in building, maintaining and refurbishing diesel locomotives, diesel and electric multiple units and freight wagons. It

2632-518: The process of introducing consumer-friendly labels. European Union Directive No 443/2009 set a mandatory average fleet CO 2 emissions target for new cars, after a voluntary commitment made in 1998 and 1999 by the auto industry had failed to reduce emissions by 2007. The regulation applies to new passenger cars registered in the European Union and EEA member states for the first time. A carmaker who fails to comply has to pay an "excess emissions premium" for each vehicle registered according with

2688-626: The regulatory thresholds applicable to the tested vehicle. Since the Euro 3 regulations in 2000, performance has been measured using the New European Driving Cycle test (NEDC; also known as MVEG-B), with a " cold start " procedure that eliminates the use of a 40-second engine warm-up period found in the ECE+EUDC test cycle (also known as MVEG-A). The two groups of emissions standards for heavy duty vehicles each have different appropriate test requirements. Steady-state testing

2744-411: The results are much more nuanced and subtle. Some Euro 6 diesel cars perform as well as the best hybrid petrol cars; some other recent Euro 6 petrol indirect injection cars perform as the worst Euro 5 diesel cars; finally some petrol hybrid cars are at the same level as the best Euro 5 diesel cars. Tests commissioned by Which? from the beginning of 2017 found that 47 out of 61 diesel car models exceed

2800-411: The test, but in real world conditions, emitted up to forty times more NO x emissions than allowed by law. An independent report in September 2015 warned that this extended to "every major car manufacturer", with BMW , and Opel named alongside Volkswagen and its sister company Audi as "the worst culprits", and that approximately 90% of diesel cars "breach emissions regulations". Overlooking

2856-548: The use of new land surface vehicles sold in the European Union and European Economic Area member states and the United Kingdom, and ships in EU waters. The standards are defined in a series of European Union directives staging the progressive introduction of increasingly stringent standards. Euro 7, agreed in 2024 and due to come into force in 2026, includes non-exhaust emissions such as particulates from tyres and brakes. Until 2030 fossil fuelled vehicles are allowed to have dirtier brakes than electric vehicles. In

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2912-409: The vehicle by removing the back seats, improve aerodynamics by taping over grilles and door handles, or reduce the load on the generator by switching off the headlights, the passenger compartment fan, or simply disconnecting the alternator which charges the battery. The Euro emissions regulations for two and three wheelers (motorcycles) were first introduced in 1999 — some seven years after

2968-483: Was adopted, which introduced CO 2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and new light commercial vehicles for 2025 and 2030. The new Regulation went into force on 1 January 2020, and has replaced and repealed Regulation (EC) 443/2009 and (EU) No 510/2011. The 2019 Regulation set new emission targets relative to a 2021 baseline, with a reduction of the average CO 2 emissions from new cars by 15% in 2025, and by 37.5% in 2030. For light-commercial vehicles

3024-469: Was formally approval by EU countries in April 2024. The stages are typically referred to as Euro 1, Euro 2, Euro 3, Euro 4, Euro 5 and Euro 6 for Light Duty Vehicle standards. The legal framework consists in a series of directives, each amendments to the 1970 Directive 70/220/EEC. The following is a summary list of the standards, when they come into force, what they apply to, and which EU directives provide

3080-479: Was implemented in two stages, with Stage I implemented in 1999 and Stage II implemented between 2001 and 2004. In 2004, the European Parliament adopted Stage III/IV standards. The Stage III standards were further divided into Stage III A and III B, and were phased in between 2006 and 2013. Stage IV standards are enforced from 2014. Stage V standards are phased in from 2018 with full enforcement from 2021. As of 1 January 2015, EU Member States have to ensure that ships in

3136-544: Was originally built for Freightliner with the TOPS designation given Class 70 . The design is built to vehicle gauge defined by drawing 'UK L-A1-1806', with a mass of 129 tonnes, Route Availability of RA7, fuel tank capacity of 6,000 L (1,300 imp gal; 1,600 US gal) and starting tractive effort of 544 kN (122,000 lb f ). The locomotives have a hood unit design, with two cabs. A subtype PH37Aci has been designed to be built to fit within

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