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34-624: It is the ancestral home of the Holstein-Gottorp branch of the House of Oldenburg , from which emerged in the 18th century, among other things, four Swedish kings and several Russian Emperors. It is situated on an island in the Schlei , about 40 km from the Baltic Sea . It was first settled as an estate in 1161 as the residence of Bishop Occo of Schleswig when his former residence

68-697: A fief of the Empire, in fact by treaty its dukes co-governed both duchies with their formal overlord, the Danish king. In the Great Northern War , the duchy sided with Sweden and was defeated after Danish troops occupied the northern portions of Holstein-Gottorp. According to the 1720 Treaty of Frederiksborg , Swedish support for Gottorp ceased, making it impossible for the dukes to regain their lost territories in Schleswig and prolonging their feud with

102-412: Is a common kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is recorded through their father's lineage. It generally involves the inheritance of property, rights, names, or titles by persons related through male kin. This is sometimes distinguished from cognate kinship, through the mother's lineage, also called the spindle side or the distaff side. A patriline ("father line")

136-519: Is a person's father, and additional ancestors, as traced only through males. In the Bible , family and tribal membership appears to be transmitted through the father. For example, a person is considered to be a priest or Levite , if his father is a priest or Levite, and the members of all the Twelve Tribes are called Israelites because their father is Israel ( Jacob ). In the first lines of

170-535: Is located, was never part of Holy Roman Empire or under its jurisdiction. These heirs live in USA and have not staked a public claim to titles. Prince Dimitri Pavlovich Romanovsky-Ilyinsky has no sons. His only male heir, his brother Prince Michael Romanovsky-Ilyinsky, is also without male issue, and there are currently no further male heirs in the Romanovsky-Ilyinsky line to inherit this theoretical claim to

204-470: Is that by the end of the Holy Roman Empire it was a principle of German princely law that members of all princely families which held Reichsstand status therein were required to contract ebenbürtig in order to transmit dynastic rights to their descendants. If descendants of Grand Duke Dmitri's marriage with Audrey Emery are considered ineligible to succeed to the ducal Holstein claim, it

238-509: Is that the heir is the non- dynastic son of Grand Duke Dimitri , only son of Grand Duke Paul , himself the youngest brother of Alexander III. This heir is non-dynastic in the Russian sense, but the Danish branch of the House of Oldenburg had no declared ban against unequal marriages (but against non authorized marriages in Denmark), as Schleswig , where the (once sovereign) Schloss Gottorf

272-587: Is unclear which, if any, of the various male-line branches descended from the Imperial Romanovs remain eligible. If marriages-in-exile with Russian princesses or countesses meet the marital standard, male-line heirs may yet exist. If, however, all marriages deemed morganatic by Russian Imperial standards were also non-dynastic for the Gottorp succession, the genealogically senior Holstein-Gottorp dynast would be Christian, Duke of Oldenburg , current head of

306-616: The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III in 1474. In 1544, the so-called "one-third duchy" was ceded to Adolf , third son of King Frederick I of Denmark and the youngest half-brother of King Christian III of Denmark . Thus, the surviving House of Holstein-Gottorp is a cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg . The Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp shared the uneasy rule of Schleswig and Holstein with the Kings of Denmark. As such, they were often allies (practically clients) of

340-766: The New Testament , the descent of Jesus Christ from King David is counted through the male lineage. Patrilineal or agnatic succession gives priority to or restricts inheritance of a throne or fief to male heirs descended from the original title holder through males only. Traditionally, agnatic succession is applied in determining the names and membership of European dynasties . The prevalent forms of dynastic succession in Europe, Asia and parts of Africa were male-preference primogeniture , agnatic primogeniture , or agnatic seniority until after World War II . The agnatic succession model, also known as Salic law , meant

374-552: The senior branch ruled Russia briefly in 1762 and then again from 1796 until 1917 (while in 1762–1796 it was ruled by their widow, second cousin and mother ). However although agnatic members of this house reigned in Russia, they were commonly called Romanov, or more rarely, Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov. Dukes of Schleswig and Holstein at Gottorp: Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp at Kiel: Titular Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp at St Petersburg (House of Holstein-Gottorp- Romanov ): One view

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408-494: The 1616–1659 reign of Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp . The castle was built between 1697 and 1703 by the famous Swedish architect Nicodemus Tessin the Younger . After the ducal lineage of Gottorp were forced to move out in 1702, the palace, now occupied by the Danish, fell into disuse and disrepair in 1713 under the reign of Frederick IV of Denmark . Pieces of furniture, art and other interior were gradually moved out of

442-637: The Duchy. This claim would then pass on through the line of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia to Andrew Andreevich, Prince of Russia and his descendants. Another view determines that Nicholas II's August 11, 1903 renunciation of claims to the Oldenburg titles and duchy for himself and for all his family and descendants made it impossible for any of the Romanov heirs to bear the dynastically valid Schleswig Holstein titles independently. A third view

476-549: The Holstein-Gottorp dynasty of Sweden (ruled 1751–1818). By the Treaty of Roskilde (1658) and the Treaty of Copenhagen (1660) , Denmark-Norway released Gottorp from its feudal bonds and recognized the sovereignty of its dukes over the Gottorp portions of the duchy of Schleswig. In fact, these Schleswigers had been relatively independent already for more than a century. Although the duchy of Holstein remained officially

510-659: The Nordic powers. The House of Holstein-Gottorp acceded to several European thrones. The dynastic policy of the dukes of Holstein-Gottorp resulted in its cadet branch, the Swedish line, ruling Sweden from 1751 until 1818 and Norway from 1814 to 1818. In 1863, the related House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg — descended from King Christian III of Denmark — became Kings of Denmark and Greece and, in 1905, of Norway . The Lübeck branch became first dukes and later grand dukes of Oldenburg from (1773 until 1918), while

544-458: The Russian throne as Peter III in 1762, was determined to conquer his part of Schleswig from Denmark–Norway and to attach it to Holstein. When he became emperor in 1762, he immediately signed a generous peace with Prussia and withdrew Russia from the Seven Years' War in order to concentrate fully on an attack upon Denmark together with Prussia. This move angered Russian opinion, since it

578-607: The State Art and Cultural History Museum and the State Archeological Museum. 54°30′42″N 9°32′29″E  /  54.51167°N 9.54139°E  / 54.51167; 9.54139 Holstein-Gottorp Holstein-Gottorp ( pronounced [ˈhɔlʃtaɪn ˈɡɔtɔʁp] ) is the historiographical name, as well as contemporary shorthand name, for the parts of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein , also known as Ducal Holstein , that were ruled by

612-524: The Swedes, enemies of the Danes. This longtime alliance was sealed by several dynastic marriages: Christina of Holstein-Gottorp married Charles IX of Sweden , Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp married Charles X Gustavus , Duke Frederick IV married the eldest daughter of King Charles XI of Sweden , and ultimately Prince Adolf Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp ascended to the Swedish throne in 1751, founding

646-484: The branch descending from Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of Eutin , the younger brother of Duke Frederick IV. He already holds claim to the defunct title of grand duke of Oldenburg . Either way, the king of Denmark exercised sovereignty in the duchies and provided financial support to the cadet Schleswig-Holstein branches of the House of Oldenburg. The claim to Holstein inherited by Emperor Paul I from Peter III

680-429: The death of king Frederik IX of Denmark in 1972. In 1920, Northern Schleswig was returned to Danish rule after a plebiscite , the remainder of the former duchies remains part of Germany . Circles est. 1500: Bavarian , Swabian , Upper Rhenish , Lower Rhenish–Westphalian , Franconian , (Lower) Saxon Patrilineality Patrilineality , also known as the male line , the spear side or agnatic kinship ,

714-620: The duchy of Holstein in the Holy Roman Empire and over the duchy of Schleswig in the kingdom of Denmark . For the sake of convenience, the name Holstein-Gottorp is used instead of the technically more correct "Duke of Schleswig and Holstein in/at Gottorp". The oldest of the ducal titles was that of Schleswig, which had been confirmed in fief to a royal kinsman by the regent Queen Margaret I of Denmark, Sweden and Norway in 1386 on behalf of her son, Olaf II of Denmark . The kings of Denmark were granted Holstein as an imperial fief by

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748-558: The dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp , a side branch of the elder Danish line of the German House of Oldenburg . Other parts of the duchies were ruled by the kings of Denmark. The territories of Gottorp are located in present-day Denmark and Germany . The main seat of the dukes was Gottorf Castle in the city of Schleswig in the duchy of Schleswig. It is also the name of the ducal house, which ascended to several thrones. For this reason, genealogists and historians sometimes use

782-535: The dukes of Holstein-Gottorp on their part of Schleswig. in fact Russia wanted to have a port on the coast of the Northern sea so it needed not Schleswig but the friendship of dukes. But from this marriage was born Charles Peter Ulrich , who succeeded to Holstein-Gottorp in 1739, and became an heir to the Russian throne according to the will of Catherine I and especially upon the accession of his childless aunt Elizabeth in 1741. Charles Peter Ulrich, who acceded to

816-686: The first child born to a monarch inherits the throne, regardless of the child's sex. The fact that human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) is paternally inherited enables patrilines and agnatic kinships of men to be traced through genetic analysis. Y-chromosomal Adam (Y-MRCA) is the patrilineal most recent common ancestor from whom all Y-DNA in living men is descended. An identification of a very rare and previously unknown Y-chromosome variant in 2012 led researchers to estimate that Y-chromosomal Adam lived 338,000 years ago (237,000 to 581,000 years ago with 95% confidence ), judging from molecular clock and genetic marker studies. Before this discovery, estimates of

850-515: The king of Denmark. Following the peace settlement of 1721, Duke Charles Frederick fled to the court of Peter the Great of Russia , and for some time, the Russians plotted to restore Charles Frederick to his lands in Schleswig. Charles Frederick himself was married to Grand Duchess Anna , Peter's daughter. Peter II and his successors abandoned the policy of Peter the Great of backing the claims of

884-399: The name of Holstein-Gottorp for related dynasties of other countries. The formal title adopted by these rulers was "Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Dithmarschen and Stormarn ", but that title was also used by his kinsmen, the kings of Denmark and their cadet branches , as it was the common property of all these agnates . The Gottorp branch held Landeshoheit (territorial superiority) over

918-454: The palace, and the structures were used both as Danish and Prussian barracks in the 19th century. During World War II , the estate was used as a displaced persons camp . Since 1947, the palace has been renovated and restored through a series of initiatives. The restoration was considered complete in 1996. The palace is now owned by a foundation of the State of Schleswig-Holstein and houses

952-537: The part of Duchy, held by her husband, obtaining in exchange the German countships of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst , elevated in 1776 into the duchy of Oldenburg within the Holy Roman Empire. The duchy was given to the cousin of Paul's grandfather—the aged Prince-Bishop of Lübeck , head of a younger branch of the Holstein-Gottorp family. This put an end to the Gottorp question , which had generated so many conflicts between

986-437: The throne as Empress Catherine II . One of her first actions was to call off the war against Denmark and any territorial claims and restore normal relations. Peter III's son, Paul , the new Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, was a minor under the regency of his mother, the empress. With the 1773 Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo , she agreed to cede the territorial claims of her son to the Holstein-Gottorp lands still held by Denmark and to cede

1020-523: The total exclusion of women as hereditary monarchs and restricted succession to thrones and inheritance of fiefs or land to men in parts of medieval and later Europe. This form of strict agnatic inheritance has been officially revoked in all extant European monarchies except the Principality of Liechtenstein . By the 21st century, most ongoing European monarchies had replaced their traditional agnatic succession with absolute primogeniture , meaning that

1054-423: The years, and particularly during the 16th century. Frederick I , younger son of Christian I, made it his primary residence. In 1544 the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein were divided in three parts; Frederick's third son Adolf received one of these parts and made his residence at Gottorp. This state became known as the Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp . The estate became a European cultural centre during

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1088-450: Was considered a betrayal of Russia's sacrifices in the war, as well as placing national interests in jeopardy. At the same time, the Danish army had hastily moved across the border into Mecklenburg , to avoid an invasion of Holstein, and prepared for battle. The two armies stood less than 30 kilometres apart when news from Saint Petersburg suddenly reached the Russian army that its emperor had been overthrown by his wife, who had now acceded to

1122-462: Was destroyed. The Danish Duke of Schleswig acquired it through a purchase in 1268, and in 1340 it was transferred to the Count of Holstein at Rendsburg of the House of Schauenburg . The manor later, through maternal inheritance, became the possession of Christian I of Denmark , the first Danish monarch from the House of Oldenburg, in 1459. Both the island and the structure were extended through

1156-584: Was exchanged in 1773 for the Danish kings' duchy of Oldenburg (residual succession rights being retained), the rulers of which lost sovereignty there in 1918. King Christian IX of Denmark lost Schleswig and Holstein in the Second Schleswig War in 1864, subsequent to which both duchies were incorporated into the kingdom of Prussia and later the German Empire . Danish monarchs continued to use their traditional ducal titles in pretence until

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