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74-593: Govardhan, a very famous place of Hindu pilgrimage, is located 26 km west of Mathura (154 km from New Delhi ) on the state highway to Deeg. Govardhan is located on a narrow sandstone hill known as Giriraj which is about 8 km in length. When Vallabhacharya did parikrama (circumambulation) of Govardhana Hill while visiting Vrindavana in 1515 AD, he did not walk on the hill because he considered Govardhana as non-different from Lord Krishna. Therefore, traditionally Vaishnavas do not step on Govardhan Hill. The people of Vrindavan traditionally worshipped Indra as

148-547: A committee of trustees (goshtijana), built a large temple of Vishnu, brilliantly white and touching the clouds. Jajja was a vassal of the Gahadavalas in charge of Mathura, and the committee mentioned in the prasasti could have been of an earlier Vaishnava temple. The temple built by Jajja at Katra was destroyed by the forces of Qutubuddin Aibak , though Feroz Tughlaq (r. 1351–88 CE) was also said to have attacked it. It

222-407: A fast and break it at midnight when Krishna was believed to have been born. Devotional songs, dance performances, bhog and aartis are observed across Mathura-Vrindavan. Krishnadasa Kaviraja Krishnadasa (born 1496, date of death unknown), known by the honorific Kaviraja ( Bengali : কৃষ্ণদাস কবিরাজ , romanized :  Kṛṣṇôdas Kôviraj ; IAST : Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja ),

296-500: A great and well populated city, with splendid buildings and a great circuit of walls. The ruins plainly indicate how imposing its buildings were. For out of these forgotten ruins are dug up columns and very ancient statues, of skilful and cunning workmanship. Only one Hindu temple is left out of many; for the Musalmans have completely destroyed all except the pyramids. Huge crowds of pilgrims come from all over India to this temple, which

370-566: A knower of truth and destroyer of oppression as the zephyr of the garden of victory and the reviver of the faith of the Prophet, issued orders for the demolition of the temple situated in Mathura, famous as the Dehra of Kesho Rai. In a short time by the great exertions of his officers, the destruction of this strong foundation of infidelity was accomplished and on its site a lofty mosque was built by

444-574: A passage in the Vayu Purana as Samkarsana, Vasudev , Pradyumna, Samba, and Aniruddha. The English translation of the inscription read:- . . . of the son of mahakṣatrapa Rāṃjūvula, svāmi . . . The images of the holy paṃcavīras of the Vṛṣṇis is... the stone shrine... whom the magnificent matchless stone house of Toṣā was erected and maintained... five objects of adoration made of stone, radiant, as it were with highest beauty... The Mathura inscription of

518-466: A pilgrimage which began at Mathura, then proceeded to Gokul , the Yamuna , the pool of Kaliya, Vrindavan , Govardhan , and finished at Dwarka . The eleventh century Kashmiri poet, Bilhana visited Mathura and Vrindavan after leaving Kashmir en route to Karnataka. The city was sacked and many of its temples destroyed by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1018 CE. The capture of Mathura by Maḥmūd Ibn Sebüktegīn

592-765: A pot filled with dhoop (incense smoke) in another. An escort continuously fills up the pot with milk till the circumambulation is completed. Circumambulation is also done with candy being handed out to children, en route. Parikrama of Govardhana starts at the Manasi-Ganga Kund (lake) and then after having darsan of Lord Harideva, from Radha-kunda village, where the Vrindavan road meets the parikrama path. After parikrama of 38 km, covering important tanks, shilas and shrines such as Radha Kunda, Syama Kunda, Dan Ghati, Mukharavinda, Rinamochana Kunda, Kusuma Sarovara and Punchari, it ends at Mansi Ganga Kund only. A few of

666-441: A puja and a parikrama (circumambulation) around the hill. Thus, a festival in commemoration of the lifting of Mount Govardhan, near Mathura, by Krishna came into vogue as Govardhan Puja when Mount Govardhan is worshipped the day after Deepawali (festival of lights) is celebrated. Pious people keep awake the whole night and cook fifty-six (or 108) different types of food for the bhog (the offering of food) to Krishna. This ceremony

740-544: A respectable family in Bhagalpur, Bihár, and was an excellent soldier, administrator, and companion; he was at the same time so learned, that he was ordered to assist in the compilation of the Fatáwá i 'Alamgiri [the great code of Muhammadan laws]. He received a daily allowance of three rupees.'+ (Haásir i ’Alamgiri, pp. 92 to 91.) Hasan ’Alí Khán retained his office from 1080 to Sha'bán 1087 (October, 1676), when Sulțán Qulí Khán

814-427: Is a great wonder.” In composing his Charitamrita, Krishnadasa used the diaries of Murari Gupta and Svarupa Damodara , both of whom were intimate associates of Chaitanya. Krishnadasa was also given a great deal of information by his guru, Raghunatha Dasa Goswami , who had served Svarupa Damodara when the latter was Chaitanya's personal secretary. Due to its amount of detail on the life of Chaitanya and his precepts,

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888-564: Is adjacent to Shri Krishna Janmabhoomi believed to be over a Hindu temple . He also changed the city's name to Islamabad. In 1669, Aurangzeb issued a general order for the demolition of Hindu schools and temples, in 1670, specifically ordered the destruction of the Keshavadeva temple. Saqi Mustaid Khan recorded: On Thursday, 27th January/15 Ramzan (27 January 1670)... the Emperor as the promoter of justice and overthrower of mischief, as

962-699: Is also believed to be the homeland and birthplace of Krishna, who belonged to the Yadu dynasty. According to the Archaeological Survey of India plaque at the Mathura Museum , the city is mentioned in the oldest Indian epic, the Ramayana . In the epic, the Ikshwaku prince Shatrughna slays a demon called Lavanasura and claims the land. Afterwards, the place came to be known as Madhuvan as it

1036-462: Is an important group of temples built around what is considered to be the birthplace of Krishna . The temple complex contains Keshav Deva temple, Garbha Griha shrine, Bhagavata Bhavan and the Rangabhoomi where the final battle between Krishna and Kamsa took place. The Dwarkadheesh Temple is one of the largest temples in Mathura. Vishram Ghat at the bank of river Yamuna is said to be

1110-409: Is believed that it was founded by Shatrughna after killing Yadava Lavana at the site of Madhuvana. According to Ramayana it was founded by Madhu (a man of the Yadu tribe ). Later on Madhu's son Lavanasura was defeated by Satrughana. Madhu says all the territory of Mathura belongs to Abhiras . Mathura, which lies at the centre of the cultural region of Braj has an ancient history and

1184-525: Is called ankut or annakuta which means a mountain of food. Various types of food – cereals, pulses, fruit, vegetables, chutneys, pickles and salads – are offered to the Deity and then distributed as prasada to devotees. Thousands of devotees bring offerings for Giriraj. Followed by this pooja , the devotees perform the Govardhana parikrama. A Parikrama [circumambulation- going 38 km {24-miles} around

1258-639: Is described by the historian al-Utbi (Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad al Jabbaru-l 'Utbi) in his work Tarikh Yamini as follows: The wall of the city was constructed of hard stone, and two gates opened upon the river flowing under the city, which were erected upon strong and lofty foundations, to protect them against the floods of the river and rains. On both sides of the city there were a thousand houses, to which idol temples were attached, all strengthened from top to bottom by rivets of iron, and all made of masonry work; and opposite to them were other buildings, supported on broad wooden pillars, to give them strength. In

1332-599: Is how the practice arose of ladies accompanying military expeditions. The mother of Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao , Kashitai performed her famous pilgrimage for four years in the north, visiting Mathura, Prayag , Ayodhya , Banaras , and other holy places. Mathura is a holy city in Hinduism and is considered the heart of Brij Bhoomi , the land of Krishna. The twin-city to Mathura is Vrindavan . There are many places of historic and religious importance in Mathura and its neighbouring towns. Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex

1406-424: Is located 57.6 kilometres (35.8 mi) north of Agra , and 146 kilometres (91 mi) south-east of Delhi ; about 14.5 kilometres (9.0 mi) from the town of Vrindavan , and 22 kilometres (14 mi) from Govardhan . In ancient times, Mathura was an economic hub, located at the junction of important caravan routes. The 2011 Census of India estimated the population of Mathura at 441,894. In Hinduism ,

1480-606: Is notable for archaeological artefacts, especially those from the Kushan and Gupta empires. It has sculptures associated with Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. Krishna Janmashtami is grandly celebrated every year in Mathura. Every year 3 to 3.5 million devotees celebrate Janmashtami in Mathura, with the maximum number of devotees visiting the Keshav Deva temple and the Dwarkadheesh temple. Devotees generally observe

1554-628: Is situated on the high bank of the Jomanis ( Yamuna )... The Keshavadeva temple was rebuilt by the Bundela Rajput Rajah Vir Singh Deo at a cost of thirty-three lakh rupees when the gold was priced at around ₹ 10/- per tola . And the grand structure of the temple in Mathura was regarded a "wonder of the age". The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb , built the Shahi-Eidgah Mosque during his rule, which

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1628-451: Is thus shaped in this pose of a peacock. Followers of Vallabhacharya worship Krishna in a small stone form (Govardhana Shila) representing Mount Govardhan, with a gunja mala (garland) around it representing Radharani. It is said that the child Krishna was inseparable from his favourite gunja maala which was said to represent Radha. This mythology has made the Gunjā (Abrus precatorius) seeds -

1702-555: The Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath declared Govardhan as a pilgrimage centre (teerth sthal) along with Mathura , Baldev , Nandgaon , Radhakund and Gokul . Mathura, Uttar Pradesh Mathura ( Hindi pronunciation: [mɐ.t̪ʰʊ.ɾäː] , ) is a city and the administrative headquarters of Mathura district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . It

1776-645: The Yavanarajya inscription , which was found in Maghera , a town 17 kilometres (11 mi) from Mathura. The opening of the 3 line text of this inscription in Brahmi script translates as: "In the 116th year of the Yavana kingdom..." or '"In the 116th year of Yavana hegemony" (" Yavanarajya ") However, this also corresponds to the presence of the native Mitra dynasty of local rulers in Mathura, in approximately

1850-501: The Deity of Krishna in the temple. English translation of the relevant texts on Govardahan Hill from Srimad Bhagvatam state: Krishna assumed a great transcendental form and declared to the inhabitants of Vrindavana that He was Himself Govardhana Hill in order to convince the devotees that Govardhana Hill and Krishna are identical. The identity of Krishna and Govardhana Hill is still honoured, and great devotees take rocks from Govardhan Hill , and worship them exactly as they worship

1924-460: The Deity of Krishna in the temple. (Srimad Bhagavatam 10.24.35 purport) Of all the devotees, this Govardhana Hill is the best! O my friends, this hill supplies Krishna and Balarama, along with Their calves, cows and cowherd friends, will all kinds of necessities—water for drinking, very soft grass, caves, fruits, flowers and vegetables. In this way the hill offers respects to the Lord. Being touched by

1998-493: The bathing-stairs leading to the river, and ordered that no Hindus should be allowed to bathe there. He forbade the barbers to shave the beards and heads of the inhabitants, in order to prevent the Hindus following their usual practices at such pilgrimages. In Tarikh-i Daudi, of 'Abdu-lla (written during the time of Jahangir ) said of Sikandar Lodi: He was so zealous a Musulman that he utterly destroyed divers places of worship of

2072-551: The birthplace of Krishna , one of the main deities in that religion, is believed to be located in Mathura at the Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex . It is one of the Sapta Puri , the seven cities considered holy by Hindus , also is called Mokshyadayni Tirth. The Kesava Deo Temple was built in ancient times on the site of Krishna's birthplace (an underground prison ). Mathura was the capital of

2146-669: The bright red seed of a fig tree - also a favourite for native jewellery. The only other God who shows a twig with a gunja seed on his upturned right hand palm to indicate the divya ksehtra’s superiority over Kashi (Varanasi) is Lord Narasimha , in the Gunja Narasimha Swamy temple locaterd at T.Narsipur in Mysore district in Karnataka on the bank of the Kaveri - Kapila - Spatika Sarovar sangam (confluence). In 2018,

2220-479: The city in 634 CE, mentions it as Mot'ulo, recording that it contained twenty Buddhist monasteries and many Hindu temples. Later, he went east to Thanesar , Jalandhar in the eastern Punjab , before climbing up to visit predominantly Theravada monasteries in the Kulu valley and turning southward again to Bairat and then Mathura, on the Yamuna river . The famous female Alvar saint, Andal visualised going to

2294-577: The city was sacked again by Sikandar Lodi, who ruled the Sultanate of Delhi from 1489 to 1517 CE. Sikandar Lodi earned the epithet of 'Butt Shikan', the 'Destroyer of Idols'. Ferishta recorded that Sikandar Lodi was a staunch Muslim, with a passion for vandalising heathen temples: He was firmly attached to the Mahomedan religion, and made a point of destroying all Hindu temples. In the city of Mathura he caused masjids and bazaars to be built opposite

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2368-664: The dancing peacocks, while sitting in a pleasant cave of the Goverdhan Mountain" Chinese Buddhist Monk Faxian mentions the city as a centre of Buddhism about 400 CE. He found the people were very well off, there were no taxes other than for those on farmers who tilled the royal land. He found that people did not kill animals, no one consumed wine, and did not eat onion or garlic. He found that engraved title deeds were issued to land owners. Visiting priests were provided with accommodation, beds, mats, food, drinks and clothes to perform scholarly works. Xuanzang , who visited

2442-584: The direct followers of Chaitanya. At an advanced age and in poor health Krishnadasa commenced work on his magnum opus, the Chaitanya Charitamrita (c. 1557) after being repeatedly petitioned by the devotees in Vrindavan who had never met Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and who were eager for details. He vividly describes in the text itself: “I have now become too old and disturbed by invalidity. While writing, my hands tremble. I cannot remember anything, nor can I see or hear properly. Still, I write, and this

2516-522: The district of Bardhaman, Bengal (modern West Bengal ). His father was called Bhagiratha, and his mother was named Sunanda. He also had a younger brother. Both his parents died when he was young and he and his brother were raised by relatives. He died on October 15, 1588. His samadhi shrine exists within the Radha Damodar Temple, Vrindavan premises. Krishnadasa relates in his Chaitanya Charitamrita that once his brother argued with

2590-434: The entire quantity of gold yielded by the bodies of these idols, was ninety-eight thousand three hundred miskals. The idols of silver amounted to two hundred, but they could not be weighed without breaking them to pieces and putting them into scales. The Sultan gave orders that all the temples should be burnt with naphtha and fire, and levelled with the ground. The temple at Katra was sacked by Maḥmūd Ibn Sebüktegīn . A temple

2664-413: The entire route is covered. It is also said that some sadhus (Hindu holy men) perform 108 dandavata Parikrama by offering 108 obeisances in one spot before moving to the next. This can take a number of months to complete. This ritual of circumambulation is considered to be even better if it is done with milk. A clay pot filled with milk, with a hole at the bottom, is carried by the devotees in one hand and

2738-526: The epoch of the great Kushan emperors Kanishka, Huvishka , Vasudeva whose reign represents the Golden Age of Mathura sculpture . During the third century, Nagas ruled Mathura after decline of Kushan Empire. In the reign of Chandragupta Vikramaditya , a magnificent temple of Vishnu was built at the site of Katra Keshavadeva. Kalidasa , hailed as the greatest poet and dramatist in Sanskrit , in

2812-419: The expenditure of a large sum... Praised be the august God of the faith of Islam, that in the auspicious reign of this destroyer of infidelity and turbulence, such a wonderful and seemingly impossible work was successfully accomplished. On seeing this instance of the strength of the emperor's faith and the grandeur of his devotion to God, the proud Rajas were stifled, and in amazement they stood like images facing

2886-462: The fourth-fifth century CE mentioned the groves of Vrindavan and Govardhan hill as: "...the king of Mathura, whose fame was acknowledged in song even by the devatas... At that moment, though still in Mathura, it appears as if Ganga has merged with Yamuna at the Sangam... In a Vrindavan garden which is superior even to Kubera's garden, known as Chaitra-ratha... You can, as well, during rains, look at

2960-440: The hill] is a sacred ritual called Govardana parikrama performed by many believers. There is no time limit for performing Govardhana parikrama, but for those who perform the dandavata (full prostration) Parikrama, an arduous form which may take weeks and sometimes even months to complete. It is performed by standing in one spot, offering obeisances like a stick (danda) by lying flat on the ground and then continuing, contiguously, till

3034-514: The holy places with the result that they have become infected with evil. Besides, the holy people are full of sorrow. At such a time Krishna alone is my way. The Portuguese , Father Antonio Monserrate (1536 CE-1600 CE), who was on a Jesuit mission at the Mughal Court during the times of Akbar , visited Mathura in 1580–82, and noted that all temples built at sites associated with the deeds of Krishna were in ruins:- It (Mathura) used to be

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3108-599: The idolatrous rites of the infidels there; and no Hindu, if he wished to have his head or beard shaved, could get a barber to do it. Every city thus conformed as he desired to the customs of Islam. Vallabhacharya and Chaitanya Mahaprabhu arrived in the Braj region, in search of sacred places that had been destroyed or lost. In Shrikrsnashrayah , that make up the Sodashagrantha , Vallabha said of his age: The Malechchhas (non-Hindus in this context) have surrounded all

3182-470: The idols there were five made of red gold, each five yards high, fixed in the air without support. In the eyes of one of these idols there were two rubies, of such value, that if any one were to sell such as are like them, he would obtain fifty thousand dinars. On another, there was a sapphire purer than water, and more sparkling than crystal; the weight was four hundred and fifty miskals. The two feet of another idol weighed four thousand four hundred miskals, and

3256-433: The infidels, and left not a vestige remaining of them. He entirely ruined the shrines of Mathura, the mine of heathenism, and turned their principal Hindu places of worship into caravanserais and colleges. Their stone images were given to the butchers to serve them as meat-weights, and all the Hindus in Mathura were strictly prohibited from shaving their heads and beards, and performing their ablutions. He thus put an end to all

3330-567: The kingdom of Surasena , ruled by Kamsa , the maternal uncle of Krishna. Mathura is part of the Krishna circuit (Mathura, Vrindavan, Barsana , Govardhan , Kurukshetra , Dwarka and Bhalka ). Krishna Janmashtami is grandly celebrated in Mathura every year. Mathura has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for the Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme of Government of India. Traditionally it

3404-513: The lotus feet of Krishna and Balarama, Govardhana Hill appears very jubilant. (Srimad Bhagavatam 10.21.18) Presently at its highest point, the Govardhan hill is just 25 m (80 feet) high and is a wide hill. It is a narrow sandstone hill known as Giriraj which is about 8 km in length. After Krishna protected the inhabitants of Vraj (Vridavan) from the wrath of Indra , he counseled them to worship Govardhan Hill and they did by way of

3478-422: The middle of the city there was a temple larger and firmer than the rest, which can neither be described nor painted. The Sultan thus wrote respecting it :— " If any should wish to construct a building equal to this, he would not be able to do it without expending an hundred thousand thousand red dinars, and it would occupy two hundred years, even though the most experienced and able workmen were employed." Among

3552-460: The modern pilgrimage circuit. "The rebellion in Mathurá district seems to have gained ground. 'On the 14th Rajab, 1080, [28 November 1669], his Majesty left Dihlí for Akbarábád, and almost daily enjoyed the pleasures of the chase. On the 21st Rajab, whilst hunting, he received the report of a rebellion having broken out at Mauza' Rewarah, Chandarkah, and Surkhrú. Hasan 'Ali Khán was ordered to attack

3626-578: The next four hundred years the Jains and Hindus were unable to erect any temples that were not sooner or later demolished. Many of the sites that had been places of religious importance were abandoned and gradually sank beneath the earth. But some of them were not forgotten, owing to the persistence of oral tradition, the refashioning of a temple into a mosque, or the presence of humble shrines, some of which housed sculptural fragments of earlier buildings. Several of them have survived as places of significance in

3700-627: The place were Krishna had rested after killing Kamsa . Other notable Hindu religious sites and heritage locations includes the Gita Mandir, Govind Dev temple, ISKCON temple, Kusum Sarovar , Naam yog Sadhna Mandir , Peepleshwar Mahadeo Temple and Yum Yamuna Temple Kankali Tila brought forth many treasures of Jain art. The archaeological findings testify the existence of two Jain temples and stupas. Numerous Jain sculptures, Ayagapatas (tablet of homage), pillars, crossbeams and lintels were found during archaeological excavations. Some of

3774-487: The prominent Vaishnava devotee Minaketana Ramadasa over the ontological positions of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and Nityananda (Mahaprabhu's lifelong companion) and belittled the position of Nityananda. Krishnadasa considered this to be an unpardonable offence and rejected his brother forthwith. After receiving instructions in a vision from Nityananda, Krishnadasa left Bengal and travelled to Vrindavan where he took initiation from Raghunatha dasa Goswami (1494–1586 CE), one of

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3848-475: The provider of rain. Krishna, however, suggested that they honor the Govardhana hill instead since it supplied grass for cattle to graze. This change angered Indra and he sent an intense rainstorm. The villagers feared Indra's wrath. As narrated in the Shrimad Bhagavat , Lord Krishna picked up the Govardhana hill and held it above his head with his pinky finger for seven days to protect his kinsfolk from

3922-410: The rebels at night, which he did, and the firing lasted till 12 o'clock the next day. The rebels, unable longer to withstand, thinking of the honour of their families, now fought with short arms, and many imperial soldiers and companions of Hasan ’Alí were killed. Three hundred rebels were sent to perdition, and two hundred and fifty, men and women, caught. Hasan ’Alí, in the afternoon, reported personally

3996-582: The region and reached new heights and is now famously known as the Mathura School of Art . The Kushans took control of Mathura some time after Mahakshatrapa Sodasa , although several of his successors ruled as Kushans vassals, such as the Indo-Scythian "Great Satrap" Kharapallana and the "Satrap" Vanaspara , both of whom paid allegiance to the Kushans in an inscription at Sarnath , dating to

4070-503: The reign of the Indo-Scythian Mahakshatrapa ("Great Satrap") Rajuvula , c.  10 –25 CE. The Mora Well inscription of Mahakshatrapa Rajuvula , of the early decades of the first century CE, found in a village seven miles from Mathura, stated that images pratima(h) of the blessed ( bhagavatam ) five Vrishni heroes , were installed in a stone shrine of a person called Tosa. The heroes were identified from

4144-493: The result of the fight, and was ordered to leave the prisoners and the cattle in charge of Sayyid Zain ul-'Abidin, the jágirdár of the place. Çaf Shikan Khán also (who after ’Abdunnabí's death had been appointed Faujdár of Mathura) waited on the emperor, and was ordered to tell off two hundred troopers to guard the fields attached to the villages, and prevent soldiers from plundering and kidnapping children. Námdár Khán, Faujdár of Murádábád, also came to pay his respects. Çafshikan Khán

4218-483: The routes to Malwa (central India) and the west coast . Archaeologists have discovered a fragment of Mathura red sandstone from Rakhigarhi - a site of Indus Valley civilisation dated to third millennium BCE - which was used as a grindstone; red sandstone was also a popular material for historic period sculptures . By the sixth century BCE Mathura became the capital of the Surasena Kingdom . The city

4292-412: The sacred forests of Braj , and, on his return to Mathura, founded religious establishments and celebrated Holi . During the period of the expansion of Maratha Empire , pilgrimage to the holy places in the north became quite frequent. Pilgrims required protection on the way and took advantage of the constant movement of troops that journeyed to and back from their homeland for military purposes. That

4366-702: The same era. Archaeological excavations at Mathura show the gradual growth of a village into an important city during the Vedic age . The earliest period belonged to the Painted Grey Ware culture (1100–500 BCE), followed by the Northern Black Polished Ware culture (700–200 BCE). Mathura derived its importance as a center of trade due to its location where the northern trade route of the Indo-Gangetic Plain met with

4440-613: The same time frame (150 BCE—50 BCE), possibly pointing to a vassalage relationship with the Indo-Greeks. After a period of local rule, Mathura was conquered by the Indo-Scythians during the first century BCE. The Indo-Scythian satraps of Mathura are sometimes called the " Northern Satraps ", as opposed to the " Western Satraps " ruling in Gujarat and Malwa . However, Indo-Scythian control proved to be short lived, following

4514-612: The sculptures are provided with inscriptions that report on the contemporary society and organisation of the Jain community. Most sculptures could be dated from the second century BC to the 12th century CE, thus representing a continuous period of about 14 centuries during which Jainism flourished at Mathura. These sculptures are now housed in the Lucknow State Museum and in the Mathura Museum. The Mathura Museum

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4588-405: The sites include: In Govinda-lilamrita, Krishnadasa Kaviraja Gosvami states that Govardhana Hill is shaped like a peacock and that Radha Kunda and Syama Kunda are its eyes. Dan Ghati and Manasi Ganga are its long neck. Mukharavinda is the mouth, Kusuma Sarovara its face, and Punchari is its back and tail feathers. A peacock often curves its neck and puts his head under its stomach. Govardhana Hill

4662-535: The third year of the reign of the Kushan emperor Kanishka the Great c.  130 CE. Mathuran art and culture reached its zenith under the Kushan dynasty which had Mathura as one of its capitals. The preceding capitals of the Kushans included Kapisa (modern Bagram, Afghanistan), Purushapura (modern Peshawar, Pakistan) and Takshasila / Sirsukh / (modern Taxila, Pakistan). Mathura ateliers were most active during

4736-584: The time of Mahakshatrapa Rajuvula 's son, Mahakshatrapa Sodasa recorded erection of a torana (gateway), vedika (terrace) and chatuhsala (quadrangle) at the Mahasthana (great place) of Bhagavat Vasudeva. Several male torsos representing the Vrisni heroes were also found in a shrine in Mora dating to the time of Mahakshatrapa Sodasa . During the rule of the great Kushanas , art and culture flourished in

4810-518: The wall. The idols, large and small, set with costly jewels, which had been set up in the temple, were brought to Agra, and buried under the step of the mosque of the Begum Shahib in order to be continuously trodden upon. The name of Mathura was changed to Islamabad. The Muslim conquest resulted in the destruction of all Buddhist , Jain , and Hindu temples and monuments in and around Mathura. Buddhism , already in decline, never revived, and for

4884-613: The wrath of rain god Indra . This incident gave Krishna the epithet Govardhandhari. Since Lord Krishna declared that He and Govardhana hill was non-different, the followers of the Vallabhacharya tradition, devotees of Lord Krishna, worship the Govardhana hill. They worship the Govardhana hill along with the Saligrama, both considered as aniconic symbols of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, exactly as they worship

4958-476: Was appointed Faujdír of Mathurá.", Asiatic Society of Bengal , Proceedings According the biographer of Raja Jai Singh , Atmaram, when Jai Singh was campaigning against the Jat Raja Churaman Singh , he bathed at Radha kund on the full moon of Kartik, went to Mathura in the month of Shravan in 1724, and performed the marriage of his daughter on Janmashtami . He then undertook a tour of

5032-655: Was at last caught by Hasan ’Alí Khán and his zealous peshkár, Shaikh Razíuddin, and he was now sent with the Shaikh to Agrah, where by order of his Majesty he was executed. Kokila's son and daughter were given to Jawahir Khán Nazir [a eunuch]. The girl was later married to Shah Quli, the well-known Chelah; and his son, who was called Fázil, became in time so excellent a Hafiz [one who knows the Qorán by heart], that his Majesty preferred him to all others and even chaunted passages to him. Shaikh Razíuddin, who had captured Kokila, belonged to

5106-584: Was built to replace it in 1150 CE. The Mathura prasasti (Eulogistic Inscription) dated Samvat (V.S.) 1207 (1150 CE), said to have been found in 1889 CE at the Keshava mound by Anton Fuhrer , German Indologist who worked with the Archaeological Survey of India, recorded the foundations of a temple dedicated to Vishnu at the Katra site: Jajja, who carried the burden of the varga, together with

5180-596: Was later ruled by the Maurya empire (fourth to second centuries BCE). Megasthenes , writing in the early third century BCE, mentions Mathura as a great city under the name Μέθορα ( Méthora ). It seems it never was under the direct control of the following Shunga dynasty (2nd century BCE) as not a single archaeological remain of a Shunga presence were ever found in Mathura. The Indo-Greeks may have taken control, direct or indirect, of Mathura some time between 180 BCE and 100 BCE, and remained so as late as 70 BCE according to

5254-430: Was removed from his office, and Hasan 'Ali Khán was appointed Faujdár of Mathura, with a command of Three Thousand and Five Hundred, 2000 troopers, and received a dress of honour, a sword, and a horse. * * * On the 18th Sha'bán [1st January, 1670), his Majesty entered Agrah. Kokilá Ját, the wicked ringleader of the rebels of District*......, who had been the cause of ’Abdunnabí's death and who had plundered Parganah Sa'dábád,

5328-575: Was repaired and survived till the reign of Sikandar Lodi (r. 1489–1517 CE). In the twelfth century, Bhatta Lakshmidhara, chief minister of the Gahadavala king Govindachandra (r. 1114–1155 CE), wrote the earliest surviving collection of verses in praise of the sacred sites of Mathura in his work Krtyakalpataru, which has been described as "the first re-statement of the theory of Tirtha-yatra (pilgrimage)". In his Krtyakalpataru, Bhatta Lakshmidhara devoted an entire section (9) to Mathura. Later on

5402-496: Was the author of the Chaitanya Charitamrita , a biography on the life of the mystic and saint Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486–1533), who is considered by the Gaudiya Vaishnava school of Hinduism to be an incarnation of Radha and Krishna combined. There is scant information about the life of Krishnadasa Kaviraja. Krishnadasa was born in 1496 CE in a Bengali Baidya family in the village of Jhamatpur , within

5476-479: Was thickly wooded, then Madhupura and later Mathura. The most important pilgrimage site in Mathura was Katra ('market place'), now referred to as Krishna Janmasthan ('the birthplace of Krishna'). Excavations at the site revealed pottery and terracotta dating to the sixth century BCE, the remains of a large Buddhist complex, including a monastery called Yasha Vihara of the Gupta period, as well as Jain sculptures of

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